Redhead Fungal Biogeography.pdf - Mushroom Hobby

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A biogeographical overview of the Canadian mushroom flora 

S. A. REDHEAD 

Biosystematics Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Research Branch, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ont., 

Canada KIA OC6 

Received November 24, 1988 

REDHEAD, S. A. 1989. A biogeographical overview of the Canadian mushroom flora. Can. J. Bot. 67: 3003-3062. 

Maps showing the North American distributions of 74 species of fleshy fungi, mainly Agaricales, are used to demonstrate 

variations in fungal ranges. Each map is based on examined specimens or selected literature. The maps are arranged to show 

North American floristic patterns, while the species in the text are grouped along worldwide patterns. Range patterns resemble 

those reported for vascular plants, ascolichens, and bryophytes. The names Hypholomaflavifolium (Smith) comb.nov. and 

Strobilurus trullisatus var. montezumae (Singer) comb. & stat.nov. are proposed. 

REDHEAD, S. A. 1989. A biogeographical overview of the Canadian mushroom flora. Can. J. Bot. 67 : 3003-3062. 

En vue de dtmontrer les variations dans leurs aires de distribution, l'auteur prksente les cartes de distribution de 74 espbces 

de champignons charnus de 1'Amkrique du Nord, surtout des Agaricales. Les cartes sont regroupies pour mettre en tvidence 

les patrons floristiques nord-amkricains, alors que dans le texte, les espbces sont regroupkes selon les patrons mondiaux. Les 

patrons des aires de distribution ressemblent 2 ceux qui existent pour les plantes vasculaires, les ascolichens et les bryophytes. 

L'auteur propose les noms de Hypholoma flavifolium (Smith) comb.nov. et de Strobilurus trullisatus var. montezumae 

(Singer) comb. & stat.nov. 

[Traduit par la revue] 

1 Introduction 

The study of mushrooms in North America is faced with 

1 many difficulties. Mushroom taxonomy, although armed with 

I sophisticated technology, is approximately 100 years behind 

I that for vascular plants. There is great debate over generic concepts 

and names, many new species are still being described 

from temperate areas of the world, and species concepts themselves 

are often vague, just as they were for vascular plants 

100 years ago. Within the past 20 years the literature aimed at 

the amateur mycologist has overtaken the scientific literature 

in many respects. Field guides give information on fungal distributions 

and other data not documented in the scientific 

literature (e.g., Aurora 1986; Bessette and Sundberg 1987; 

Courtenay and Burdsall 1982; Lincoff 1981; Miller 1972; 

Smith and Weber 1980). Precise information on the distribution 

of mushrooms is difficult to determine from the literature 

because of the mixture of useful data with misinformation 

based on misdeterminations, differing species concepts, or the 

misapplication of names. There is even uncertainty about the 

ranges of some of our commonest species! 

Luctarius deliciosus (L.:Fr.) S. F. Gray, a well known, 

edible species, is said to be "widely distributed in North 

America" (Lincoff 198 I), "under conifers. Alaska to Mexico 

and east across the conifer zones" (McKnight and McKnight 

1987), "under conifers (pine, spruce, etc.), common and 

widely distributed . . . " (Aurora 1986), "common on moist 

but well drained humus in the Rocky Mountains and Great 

Lakes region, as well as eastern North America . . . also abundant 

along the Pacific coast" (Smith and Weber 1980), and 

"under conifer forests . . . widely distributed . . ." (Miller 

1972). In Canada, L. deliciosus has been reported by amateurs 

and professionals from all provinces and territories except Saskatchewan 

and Newfoundland (e.g., Bandoni and Szczawinski 

1976; Bauchet 1967; Bell 1933; Bisby et al. 1938; Chung 

1984; Dearness 1908; Dickson 1981; Gates 1908; Gourley 

1982; Groves and Macrae 1963; Groves 1962; Giissow and 

Odell 1927; Halliday 1940; Hay 1908; Langton 191 1; Langton 

Printed in Canada 1 Imprime au Canada 

1913; Lebrun and GuCrineau 1981 ; Mains et al. 1939; Marr 

et al. 1986; Meloche 1977; Odell 1926; Pomerleau 1980; 

Pomerleau 1982; Pomerleau and Jackson 1951; Schalkwyk 

1975; Smith and Wehmeyer 1936; Snell 1943; Spence 1932; 

Stone 1939; Thorn 1986a; Traquair 1980; Van Home and Van 

Home 1915; Wehmeyer 1950; Winder 1871). However, in the 

most recent scientific North American monograph of Luctarius 

(Hesler and Smith 1979), L. deliciosus var. deliciosus was not 

recognized from North America, while var. areolatus A. H. 

Smith was reported from Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, New 

Mexico, Oregon and Wyoming, var. deterrimus (Groeger) 

Hesler & Smith from Michigan, var. olivaceosordidus Hesler 

& Smith from Oregon, and var. piceus F. Smotlacha from 

California, Idaho and Washington, i.e., no Canadian records, 

and only one state record east of the Rockies. The discrep- 

ancies result from the inability of the monographers to distin- 

guish the different varieties among older collections lacking 

notations of critical features, and skepticism about earlier 

reports without detailed descriptions. The end result of this dis- 

crepancy between common knowledge and scientifically docu- 

mented data is that we can only make very broad and vague 

statements regarding the overall distribution of this common 

macrofungus in Canada or in North America. 

Traditionally mycologists have hesitated to emphasize 

distributional patterns of macromycetes based on existing col- 

lections. Vast areas of North America are unexplored myco- 

logically. The apparent absence of a species from an area could 

result from the paucity of collectors, bad luck in a particular 

season, or the inability to spot or distinguish a species without 

special knowledge (Reid 1975a). For example, Marasmius 

limosus QuCl., a small ecologically restricted species in wet- 

lands, was not recognized from North America in the literature 

until 1980, although it had been collected once in southern 

Ontario in 1936 by H. S. Jackson (Redhead 1981b). However, 

after rediscovering it in 1979 in Manitoba, it was easily located 

along the coast of British Columbia the next month, again in 

the Rocky Mountain Trench in 1980 (Redhead 1981b), in 

southern Ontario in 198 1, and Newfoundland and Nova Scotia



3004 CAN. J. BOT. \ 

in 1983 (Redhead 1984b), i.e., coast to coast in 5 years. This 

pattern of distribution certainly brings to mind the anonymous 

quote cited in Smith and Weber (1980, p. 6), "Mushrooms are 

where you find them." The apparent hopelessness of studying 

the biogeography of mushrooms, as well as economical practices, 

have been contributing factors leading to the common 

practice of citing mushroom specimens in North American 

monographs by the state or province followed only by 

collector's numbers and no maps. For example, Lactarius 

glyciosmus (Fr.) Fr. was reported from unspecified locations 

in both Quebec and Ontario in addition to various other provinces 

and states by Hesler and Smith (1979). Ontario covers 

1 068 630 km2 and Quebec covers 1 540 681 km2, both span 

nearly 15" of latitude, and both have vegetation ranging from 

tundra to Carolinian hardwood forests. 

In questions of plant quarantine, legal issues concerning trafficking 

of illicit species, locating or protecting harvestable species, 

and in the formulation of national policies, it is 

imperative that some sense be made of the distributional patterns 

of macrofungi. Are there species truly endemic to Canada 

and not just known from a type locality in Canada? If a species 

is found in coniferous forests in British Columbia, and then in 

New York state, can we assume it occurs across the continent? 

If a fungus, new to North America, is found in Canada, where 

else in the world might it have been described? What were the 

mycofloristic elements that combined to form our present 

fungus flora? 

Comparable plant and lichen floras 

During the Pleistocene nearly all of Canada (Prest 1984), 

except for parts of the northern Yukon and the Arctic Archipel- 

ago (HultCn 1937), isolated parts of coastal British Columbia 

(Calder and Taylor 1968), and perhaps Newfoundland (Ahti 

1983; Brassard 1983, 1984; Steele 1983), was covered by con- 

tinental glaciers. In the past 8000 - 12 000 years, virtually all 

of Canada has been recolonized from elsewhere. HultCn (1937) 

suggested that some of the northern vascular plant flora of 

North America and Eurasia survived in isolated refugia, such 

as those mentioned above, from which they are radially 

spreading at different rates. Whitehead (1972) noted that much 

of the northern flora was displaced to the south, to form plant 

communities that differed from any extant flora. Some plant 

species have successfully recolonized circumpolar areas and 

others now have fragmented, disjunct distributions. Commonly 

recognized disjunctions among vascular plants are the eastern 

Asia - eastern North American disjuncts (Gray 1859; Wood 

1972), eastern North America - western North America dis- 

juncts (Schofield 1969; Wood 1972), amphi-Atlantic disjuncts 

(HultCn 1958), and amphitropical North America - South 

America disjuncts (Wood 1972). Culberson (1972), Schofield 

and Crum (1972), and Schofield (1972) have shown that 

lichens and bryophytes have nearly identical patterns of dis- 

junctions and contiguous ranges to those exhibited by vascular 

plants. Culberson (1972, p. 165) stated, "So similar in fact 

are the well documented ranges of lichens to the ranges 

of vascular plants that the conclusion that both result from 

the same physioecological and historical factors is inescap- 

able." With regard to the Canadian vascular plant flora, 

Porsild (1958) recognized eight major categories of plant 

distribution with additional subcategories: (i) Circumpolar 

(High-arctic Element, Arctic-alpine Element, Low-arctic Ele- 

ment); (ii) Amphi-Atlantic (Arctic Element, Subarctic Ele- 

ment); (iii) Amphi-Beringian, (iv) North American (Arctic 

Element, Boreal forest Element, Cordilleran Element, Pacific 

coast Element, Prairie and foothill Element, Southern hard- 

wood forest Element, Northern hardwood forest Element, 

Atlantic coastal plain Element); (v) Arctic Archipelago 

Endemic; (vi) Eastern Arctic Endemic Element; (vii) Western 

Arctic Endemic Element; (viii) Disjuncts. The disjunct distri- 

butions in North America can be further divided as done by 

Schofield and Crum (1972) for bryophytes. They recognized 

eastern American - East Asia disjuncts, tropical and sub- 

tropical - Southern Appalachian disjuncts, bipolar disjuncts, 

European - western North America disjuncts, as well as 

amphi-Pacific, amphi-Atlantic, and arctic-alpine disjuncts. 

Brodo and Hawksworth (1977) categorized the distributional 

patterns of various epiphytic North American lichen genera 

slightly differently. They treated many of the disjuncts as spe- 

cies with fragmented circumboreal ranges, and therefore, 

included them with species with more complete circumboreal 

distributional patterns. Thus, their categories were (i) Circum- 

boreal -Circumpolar species (1. arctic-alpine element; 2. low- 

arctic element; 3. amphi-Atlantic, southern element; 4. boreal 

forest element; 5. Appalachian - Great Lakes, temperate; 6. 

oceanic-suboceanic species; 7. western American - Euro- 

pean disjuncts); (ii) Asian affinities (8. bicoastal, Appala- 

chian - west coast disjuncts); (iii) North American endemics 

(9. North Pacific; 10. coastal lowland; 11. lowland to western 

montane humid forests; 12. Western montane and inter- 

montane dry forests; 13. Appalachians; 14. northeastern 

coastal plain; 15. Central American highlands). 

Current status of macromycete mycogeography 

Relatively few studies have been made of the distributions of 

macromycetes. Accumulation of accurate data is the most 

common problem. With fleshy fungi, detailed field notes are 

often required for precise determinations. Hence, relatively 

few herbarium specimens can be confirmed or redetermined 

accurately. The need for detailed notes slows the collecting 

process so that fewer collections are made. Added to these 

problems is the ephemeral nature of the fruitbodies. Another 

consideration of more importance in Eurasia than in North 

America, is the limitation of access by political boundaries. 

The latter factor severely limited the usefulness of maps of 50 

macromycetes prepared by the Committee for Mapping of 

Macromycetes in Europe (Lange 1974) and the two earlier 

maps by the committee- a an sen and Lange 1966). Contribu- 

tions were lacking from Spain, Portugal, Italy, and the USSR, 

and relatively few were received from Bulgaria and Ireland. To 

a lesser extent this occurs in North America. Kers (1988) 

mapped the disjunct European - western North American dis- 

tribution for the hypogeous ascomycete Geopora cooperi 

Hark. The species appears to abruptly stop at the border 

between Washington, U.S.A. and British Columbia, Canada, 

and again reappears in Alaska. This is clearly an artifact result- 

ing from monographers collecting only within their own 

country. Canadians have not collected many hypogeous fungi. 

To overcome some of the difficulties mentioned above, the 

European Mycological Congress chose 100 easily recognized, 

clearly defined macrofungi, e.g., Auriscalpium vulgare S. F. 

Gray, Strobilomyces floccopus (Vahl. : Fr.) Sacc., and 

Phaeolepiota aurea (Bull. : Fr .) Marie for mapping (Lange



I 

1974). The resulting maps and conclusions drawn from them 

helped to establish northern, southern, or host dependent limitations 

of a number of species, but by its limited European 

coverage, the survey did not reveal global or continental patterns 

except by extrapolation from reports in the literature. 

However, even with easily recognized species in areas purported 

to be adequately covered, serious problems occurred 

(Reid 1975~). A series of maps, on a global scale, has been 

prepared for plant pathogens in the CMI Distribution Maps of 

Plant Diseases. However. few of the treated s~ecies are 

macrofungi, and the distributions of the has been 

greatly modified by human activity. Hence, they may no 

longer represent "natural" patterns. 

On a regional scale there are published maps that are useful 

in establishing correlations with specific host ranges, altitudes, 

and precipitation or temperature gradients. Numerous 

examples occur in Zeitschriftfur Mykologie and its predecessor 

2. 5 Pilzkunde for species in Germany, and in the Nordic 

Journal of Botany for species in Scandinavia. Kotlaba (1984) 

published maps for 212 species of Czechoslovakian polypores, 

while Nikolaeva (1961) published dozens of maps for hydnaceous 

fungi in the USSR on a scale approaching continental 

in size. 

A number of attempts have been made to examine natural 

global distributional patterns of macromycetes. Gasteromycetes 

and polypores are particularly useful subjects because 

they are conspicuous, easily collected and air-dried, and often 

thev can be identified in the absence of notes on fresh features. 

These characteristics allow the researcher to make full use of 

the many specimens deposited in herbaria around the world. 

After examining nearly 900 collections, Kreisel (1967) 

prepared severd maps -showing the global distribution of 

Bovista species, Guzm6n (1970) did the same for Scleroderma 

after examining over 1500 specimens, and Demoulin (1973), 

who examined approximately 8500 specimens, prepared a 

number of maps for Lycoperdon, using one set to illustrate 

how amphi-Atlantic vicariant species pairs evolved. One of the 

most conspicuous features of these maps is the resolution of 

distributional patterns into discrete areas on continents and not 

just of ubiquitous bands of distribution as is sometimes suggested 

for fungi. 

Not surprisingly, distributional patterns for a number of species 

of macromycetes have been shown to reflect those for vascular 

plants. On the basis of far fewer collections than in the 

gasteromycete examples above, Horak (1983~) showed that 

many southern hemisphere agarics and boletes had roughly the 

same distribution as the genus Nothofagus. Imai (1961), 

Hongo (1978), and Hongo and Yokoyama (1978) discussed 

similarities between the Japanese mycota and that of both 

western North America and eastern North America and (or) \ , 

Mexico that share a number of species in common, hence 

mimicking the distribution of some flowering plant genera. 

Similar com~arisons have been made between the Chinese 

mycoflora aid eastern and southern North America (Mao et al. 

1986; Zang 1986). Welden and Lernke (1961) and Guzmin 

(1973) have shown disjunct Mexican links to both western 

montane species of macromycetes and eastern deciduous forest 

species, whereas on a different scale, Mazzer (1976) has 

shown a correlation between the distribution of the genus 

Pouzarella and vegetation zones and (or) precipitation patterns 

in North America. 

In general, however, it has been accepted for many years 

REDHEAD 3005 

that "fungi have a wider range than flowering plants" (Bisby 

et al. 1929, p. 12) and this belief has led to the commonly held 

assumption that fungi are either ubiquitous or most have 

extremely large ranges. 

Canadian macromycete mycoflora 

Smith (1978) divided North America into five mushroom 

provinces: (i) the Western Province; (ii) the Gulf Province; 

(iii) the Central and Eastern Province; (iv) the Tundra Prov- 

ince; and (v) the Great Plains Province. With the exception of 

the Gulf Province, portions of the others include parts of 

Canada. For the purposes of his discussion on poisonous 

mushrooms in the U.S.A., these subdivisions of North 

America may have sufficed. However, the scheme is overly 

simplified and contains obvious errors. For example, most of 

Canada, including the entire boreal forest zone (Rowe 1959; 

Hosie 1969), the largest forest zone in North America, is 

included in the Tundra Province and described (p. 60) as 

" . . . mainly the treeless area of northern Canada." The actual 

mushroom flora of Canada, and of North America, is much 

more complex. Information on the distribution of macromy- 

cetes in Canada is scattered and difficult to evaluate. It is only 

when a monographer examines extensive herbarium materials 

of selected species, makes additional collections, and maps the 

species that distributional patterns become meaningful. Elliott 

and Kaufert (1974) published a map showing broad boreal dis- 

tributions for both Peziza badia Pers. and P. phyllogena Cooke 

(as P. badio-confusa Korf, see Pfister 1987) that can be sup- 

plemented by additional records in Ginns (1980). Redhead 

(1977b) mapped the distributions of three Mitrula species, two 

of which had Great Lakes - Appalachian distributional pat- 

terns in eastern North America. Using a map of the North 

America range of Crepidotus cinnabarinus Peck, Luther and 

Redhead (1981) showed how the southern boreal populations 

in the western prairie provinces and the eastern deciduous 

forest populations were connected to form a peculiar coma- 

shaped range. Both Aleurodiscus amorphus (Purton) Schroet. 

and A. grantii Lloyd have overlapping coniferous hosts, but 

Ginns (1982) demonstrated with a map that the latter has a con- 

tiguous western range that virtually excludes the circumboreal 

A. amorphus. More recently Gilbertson and Ryvarden 

(1986- 1987) monographed the North America polypores and 

published maps for all treated species. A considerable amount 

of information can be derived from these, but their policy of 

placing only a single dot per state or province, merely to indi- 

cate political representation, limits any biogeographical inter- 

pretation, especially in Canada. 

Our mycoflora is composed of many species that can be 

categorized into groups with similar distributional patterns that 

complement categories outlined by Hulttn (1937, 1958), Por- 

sild (1958), Schofield and Crum (1972), or Brodo and Hawks- 

worth (1977). Excluding obviously introduced species or those 

associated with human or animal dispersal, it is possible to 

recognize the following groupings in the Canadian macro- 

mycete mycoflora. Group headings basically are adapted from 

those given in these publications. 

Canadian macromycete distributional patterns 

Circumpolar 

High Arctic: (1) Lepista multiforme. 

Arctic-alpine: (2) Arrhenia auriscalpium, (3) Bryoglossum



3006 

gracile, (4) Marasmius epidryas, (5) Phytoconis luteovi- 

tellina. 

Bipolar: (6) Arrhenia lobata, (7) Coprinus martinii, (8) Phy- 

toconis ericetorum . 

Circumboreal 

Taiga: (9) Cantharellula urnbonata, (10) Galerinapaludosa, 

(1 1) Marasmius androsaceus, (12) Marasmius epiphyllus, 

(13) Neolecta vitellina, (14) Phaeomarasmius erinaceus, 

(1 5) Xeromphalina campanella. 

Hardwood forest: (16) Crepidotus cinnabarinus, (17) Rho- 

dotus palmatus. 

Bicoastal: (1 8) Baeospora myosura, (19) Crinipellis piceae, 

(20) Cyphellostereum laeve, (2 1) Hypholoma dispersum, 

(22) Lyophyllum gibberosum, (23) Marasmiellus can- 

didus, (24) Psilocybe semilanceata. 

Boreal endemic 

(25) Marasmiellusfilopes, (26) Marasmius pallidocephalus, 

(27) Tricholoma magnivelare. 

Bicoastal endemics 

(28) Marasmiellus papillatus, (29) Mitrula elegans, 

(30) Strobilurus albipilatus. 

Western cordilleran endemics 

(31) Chrysomphalina aurantiaca, (32) Collybia bakerensis, 

(33) Marasmiellus pluvius, (34) Marasmius salalis, 

(35) Resinomycena montana, (36) Strobilurus occiden- 

talis, (37) S. trullisatus, (38) Tetrapyrgos subdendro- 

phora, (39) Xeromphalina fulvipes. 

Eastern deciduous forest endemics 

(40) Gerronema subclavatum, (41) Marasmius pyrrho- 

cephalus, (42) Mitrula lunulatospora , (43) Resinomycena 

acadiensis, (44) R. rhododendri, (45) Xerula fu&racea , 

(46) X. megalospora, (47) X. rubrobrunnescens. 

Eastern Maritime - Great Lakes endemics 

(48) Laccaria trullisata. 

Amphi-Beringian 

Eurasian - western cordillera: (49) Marasmius tremulae, 

(50) Mycena lohwagii, (51) Phaeolepiota aurea. 

Asian - western cordillera: (52) Boletus mirabilis, 

(53) Chroogomphus tomentosus. 

Asian - west coast: (54) Marasmius plicatulus, (55) Neo- 

lentinus kaufianii, (56) Stereopsis humphreyi. 

European - west coast 

(57) Hemimycena tortuosa, (58) Melanotus textilis, 

(59) Mycena culmigena, (60) Omphalina viridis, 

(61) Resinomycena saccharifera. 

Amphi-Atlantic 

European - east coast: (62) Laccaria maritima, (63) Panel- 

lus violaceofulvus. . 

European - boreal: (64) Lyophyllum palustre, (65) Hypho- 

loma jlavifolium. 

Mediterranean - eastern deciduous forest: (66) Lentinus 

tigrinus. 

Amphi-Pacific 

Asian-Appalachian, Great Lakes or coastal plain: 

(67) Crinipellis campanella, (68) Crinipellis setipes, 

(69) Lactarius indigo, (70) Neolecta irregularis, 

CAN. I. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989 

(7 1) Pleurojlammula flammea , (72) Xeromphalina kauff- 

manii. 

South Pacific - Appalachian - Great Lakes: (73) Mycena 

leaiana 

Gondwanaland-west coast: (74) Panellus longinquus. 

Pantropical - eastern deciduous forest 

(75) Cyptotrama asprata, (76) Tetrapyrgos nigripes, 

(77) Xeromphalina tenuipes. 

Mediterranean -continental 

(78) Heliocybe sulcata. 

Methods and guidelines 

The examples chosen here are species with which the author is 

familiar. There are many other species exhibiting these patterns and 

ranges, but detailed documentation would be much more time con- 

suming. It is important to note that many are saprophytic and not 

restricted in host or substrate to a single plant species or genus, thus 

they have their "own" independent range. Others switch hosts or 

substrates and therefore may exceed the range limits of their preferred 

substrate. The species chosen to demonstrate these patterns are, with 

few exceptions, believed to be native to Canada. There are several 

more categories of distribution not discussed here which are linked to 

either human or animal dispersal. These include weedy species in dis- 

turbed areas (e.g., Lacymaria velutina (Pers.: Fr.) Konrad & Maubl. 

and Coprinus comatus (Mull.: Fr.) S. F. Gray), urban lawns or 

gardens (e.g. Panaeolina foenisecii (Pers. : Fr.) Marie and Marasmius 

oreades (Bolt.: Fr.) Fr.), and on dung (e.g. Coprinus cinereus 

(Schaeffer: Fr.) S. F. Gray and Panaeolus semiovatus (Sow.: Fr.) 

Lundell & Nannf.). 

Most of the plotted distributions have been confirmed by examina- 

tion of specimens. Reports by experts who have monographed genera 

in the U.S. have been accepted in some cases. In other cases reports 

have been accepted as correct when adequately described or because 

the species is so distinctive that there is little chance for error. Caution 

has been foremost in my mind in accepting any unusual North 

American reports. The occasional misdetennined specimen was dis- 

covered among monographed genera, and even more troubling, a few 

specimens with incorrect locality data. 

All of the species chosen have one or more very distinctive features, 

some of which are mentioned in the Notes section. Verified collec- 

tions are cited under Additional specimens examined or in my earlier 

papers. The Selected literature sections list these papers and other 

North American references accepted for mapping, as well as repre- 

sentative extralimital citations. Synonymy is restricted to the 

basionyms for the accepted species and for any taxonomic synonyms. 

The Maps section gives the figure number for the map if present and 

any other relevant-published maps. The maps are groupkd to show 

basic North American floristic patterns, i.e., starting with high arctic 

(Figs. 1, 2) to arctic-alpine or arctic boreal distribution (Figs. 5 -8), 

boreal (Figs. 9-16), southern boreal or deciduous boreal (Figs. 17, 

18), continental (Fig. 19), bicoastal disjuncts (Figs. 20-29), western 

cordilleran (Figs. 30-34), western coastal and interior wet belt (Figs. 

35-40), western coastal alone (Figs. 41 -51), eastern maritime 

(Figs. 52-55), eastern boreal (Figs. 56-58), Great Lakes - Appa- 

lachians (Figs. 59-63), eastern deciduous (Figs. 64-66), eastern 

deciduous with southern extensions (Figs. 67-73), and eastern 

Maritime - Great Lakes (Fig. 74). 

It is important to note that the species discussed here are not neces- 

sarily indicator species. Other more conspicuous species may ulti- 

mately serve as indicators. In addition, several species used to 

demonstrate patterns have been recently described. However, all are 

easily characterized in one or more ways, and specific searches have 

been made both in the right habitats in the field and in herbaria under 

the names of confusingly similar taxa or among unidentified collec-



REDHEAD 3007 

tions or the appropriate genera. Based on data gathered in the future, HABITAT: Parasitic on moss cushions and carpets in open 

some of the species treated herein may be inappropriately placed, 

however most range patterns are not expected to change drastically. 

alpine or Arctic tundra, and down into valleys along steep 

ravines. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Durand (1908); Hallgrimsson 

Circumpolar: High Arctic 

(1987); Huhtinen (1985); Kallio (1980); Kankainen (1969); 

(1) Lepista multiforme (Romell) Gulden 

= Clitocybe polygonarum Laursen, Miller & Bigelow 

= Lepista polycephala Harmaja 

MAP: Fig. 1. 

RANGE: The north coast of Alaska, Bathurst Island, Shetland, 

Svalbard, northern Sweden, Norway, and Finland. 

HABITAT: Sandy and clayey soils in disturbed areas, or turf 

and peat sometimes associated with frost polygons. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Bigelow (1982); Gulden (1983); 

Gulden et al. (1985); Harmaja (1976); Laursen et al. (1976); 

Watling (1987, 1988a). 

NOTES: Lepista multiforme is a distinctive, large species 

characterized by incrusting pigments, roughened spores, and 

clamp connections. The genus Lepista has been monographed 

in both North America (Bigelow and Smith 1969; Bigelow 

1982) and Scandinavia (Harmaja 1974a, 19743, 1976, 1978) 

without uncovering more southerly finds. 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NORTHWEST 

TERRITORIES, Bathurst Island, Polar Bear Pass, Aug. 12, 1973, 

D. A. Gill (DAOM 165328), Aug. 14, 1977, J. Bissett 

(DAOM 165297, 165298, 165302). 

Lange (1957); Larsen (1932); Linder (1947); Mains (1955); 

Redhead (1977b); Ulvinen et al. (1981) 

NOTES: Bryoglossutn gracile is a small but brightly coloured 

orange parasite of mosses, made even more conspicuous 

because of necrotic areas it causes on moss carpets or 

cushions. Until 1977, B. gracile was included in the genus 

Mitrula, a genus that has been monographed for North 

America (Redhead 1977b). Subsequent examination of the 

types of Cudoniella borealis and C. muscorurn preserved in 

liquid at the Farlow Herbarium (FH) convinced me that they 

represent marginate forms of this species. 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH 

COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, Illecillewaet River Valley, 

Sept. 12 and 27, 1980, S. A. Redhead (DAOM 178083, 

178087); Trophy Mt., S of Wells Gray Prov. Park, Oct. 7, 

1980, T. Goward 80-670 (DAOM 186402). NEWFOUNDLAND: 

Labrador, Port Burwell, Sept. 25, 1936, N. Polunin 2643b-12 

(FH, TYPE of Cudoniella muscorum). NORTHWEST TERRI- 

TORIES, Franklin Dist., Baffin Island, Cape Dorset, Aug. 28- 

29, 1936, N. Polunin 2381a-52 (FH, TYPE of Cudoniella 

borealis). 

Circumpolar: arctic-alpine 

(4) Marasmius epidryas Kiihner 

MAP: Fig. 4. 

(2) Arrhenia auriscalpium (Fr.) Fr. 

RANGE: Alaska, Yukon, Northwest Territories, northern 

= Cantharellus auriscalpium Fr. 

Manitoba, the Rockies and Columbian mountain ranges, 

= Peziza foliacea Holmskjold 

Greenland, Iceland, northern Scandinavia, the Alps and Altai 

= Cantharellus buxbaumiaeformis Wallroth 

mountain range. 

= Cantharellus muhlenbeckii Trog 

HABITAT: In North America, restricted to stems and roots of 

= Cyphella cochlearis Bres. 

Dryas alaskensis Pors., D. drutnmondii Richards, D. integri- 

MAP: Fig. 5. 

folia Vahl and D. octopetala L., in alpine and arctic tundra and 

RANGE: Alaska, Northwest Temtories, the Rockies in down some mountain slopes onto gravelly flood plains. 

southern Alberta, Arizona, Greenland, Iceland, Scandinavia, SELECTED LITERATURE: Gulden et al. (1985); Hallgrimsson 

and the Alps, Carpathian and Caucasian mountain ranges, and (1981); Lamoure et al. (1982); Lange (1955); Miller (1982); 

the northwestern USSR. 

Redhead et al. (1982). 

HABITAT: Sandy or peaty soil with sparse, low, often pio- NOTES: This species is distinctive because of its host specialneering 

bryophyte cover, in tundra, recently glaciated areas, ization, and by numerous micro- and macro-morphological 

burned peat, and alpine zones. 

features. The Canadian distribution was detailed by Redhead 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Gulden and Jenssen (1988); et al. (1982). 

Hallgrimsson (1981); Lange (1957); Lamoure et al. (1982); ADDITIONAL SPECIMEN EXAMINED: CANADA: ALBERTA: 

Laursen and Ammirati (1982), Mikhailovskii (1975); Redhead Kootenay Plain, 2 O'clock Creek, July 31, 1982, H. M. E. 

(1984a); Ulvinen et al. (1981) 

Schalkwyk 1826 (DAOM 185537). 

NOTES: Arrhenia auriscalpium is a very distinctive, although 

inconspicuous species not likely to be confused with any other 

fungus. The genus Arrhenia has been monographed for North 

America (Redhead 1984a). 

(5) Phytoconis luteovitellina (Pilit & Nannf.) Redhead & 

Kuyper 

= Omphalia luteovitellina Pilit & Nannfeldt 

MAP: Fig. 3. 

(3) Bryoglossum gracile (Karsten) Redhead 

RANGE: Alaska, Yukon, Northwest Temtories, northern 

= Mitrula gracilis Karsten 

Manitoba, Quebec, Newfoundland, Greenland, Iceland, Scot- 

= Mitrula muscicola E. Henn. 

land and Wales, northern Scandinavia, western and Siberian 

= Mitrula rehmii Bres. 

USSR, Japan. 

= Cudoniella borealis Linder 

HABITAT: On mosses and peaty soil in arctic and alpine 

= Cudoniella muscorum Linder 

tundra, often in more mesic sites than P. ericetorum. 

MAP: Fig. 6. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Bigelow (1970); Dearness (1923, as 

RANGE: Arctic North America, alpine zones of the Coastal Hygrophorus cantharellus); Gulden et al. (1985); Halland 

Rocky Mountain ranges, Greenland, Iceland, northern grimsson (1 981); Heikkila and Kallio (1 966, 1969); Kallio 

Fennoscandia, alpine zones of the Carpathians and Alps. (1980); Kobayasi et al. (1971); Lamoure et al. (1982, as



3008 

Omphalina alpina); Lange (1955, 1957); Mikhailovskii 

(1975); Murata (1979); Pilfit and Nannfeldt (1954); Redhead 

and Kuyper (1987, 1988); Stepanova and Tomilin (1973); 

Ulvinen et al. (1981); Watling (1977, 1988b). 

NOTES: Phytoconis luteovitellina is a lichenized member of 

the Tricholomataceae, with a narrower northern range than the 

allied P. ericetorum (Pers.: Fr.) Redhead & Kuyper, a species 

with a bipolar distribution. The conspicuous bright yellow 

colouration of P. luteovitellina is easily spotted against the 

normally green to brown background colours. Microscopically 

the thick-walled hyphae subtending the globular thalli are dis- 

tinctive. The report of Omphalina luteovitellina from Alaska 

by Miller (1969) was based on a collection of P. viridis (Ach.) 

Redhead & Kuyper (specimen examined: Skoli Pass, July 21, 

1967, 0. K. Miller 5678, BPI). Horak (1987) reported the 

presence of clamp connections in a Chinese collection on 

coniferous wood he identified as Omphalina alpina (Britz.) 

Bres. & Stangl. Reexamination of this specimen (ZT 2843) 

confirmed it is a species of Phytoconis, complete with 

lichenized thalli and lacking clamp connections. However, the 

thallus is identical to that of P. ericetorum on coniferous wood 

from the Pacific Coast of North America, and not that of 

P. luteovitellina. It is probable that ZT 2843 represents the 

yellowish form of P. ericetorum equivalent to that described 

by Peck (1896) as Omphalia luteola Peck, and possibly war- 

rants a varietal name. Bigelow (1970) described different 

colour phases of P. ericetorum and concluded that the species 

could finally become "pale yellowish to whitish (near "ivory 

yellow, " "colonial buff"). " Horak (1987) described his col- 

lection as "at first pale brown-yellow turning primrose 

yellow. " In Ridgway (1912) "primrose yellow" and "ivory 

yellow" are adjacent colour chips. Peck described 0. luteola 

as being buff-yellow. 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMEN EXAMINED: U.S.A.: ALASKA: 

Camden Bay, July 6, 1914, F. Johansen (as Hygrophorus can- 

tharellus, Canadian Arctic Expedition, Dearness herb. in 

DAOM) . 

Circumpolar: bipolar 

(6) Arrhenia lobata (Pers.:Fr.) Kiihner & Lamoure ex 

Redhead 

= Merulius lobatus Pers. 

= Merulius uliginosus Pers. 

= Cantharellus bryophilus Peck 

= Leptoglossum lobatum var. antarcticum Horak 

MAP: Fig. 7. 

RANGE: Arctic and boreal North America, isolated southern 

eastern bogs, seepage or boggy montane sites in the Rockies, 

Sierra Nevada and Coastal mountains, also in Greenland, Iceland, 

northern Europe, the Faeroes, Alps, Carpathian and 

Ilgaz-Dagh mountains, Siberia, and Antarctica. 

HABITAT: Parasitic on mosses in wet arctic and alpine 

tundra, Sphagnum bogs in the boreal forest, and pothole bogs 

further south. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Gulden and Jenssen (1988); 

Kobayasi et al. (197 1); Lange (1955); Hallgnmsson (198 1); 

Lamoure et al. (1982); Larsen (1932); Redhead (1984a); 

Senn-Irlet (1988); Ulvinen et al. (1981); Urbonas et al. (1986). 

NOTES: The genus Arrhenia has been monographed for 

North America (Redhead 1984a). 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: U.S. A. : CALIFORNIA: 

Sierra Co., Yuba Pass, Webber L. Rd., June 6, 1987, R. E. 

CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67. 1989 

Halling 5300 (NY). MONTANA: Flathead Co., Rogers L., July 

12, 1964, R. L. Gilbertson 4558 (VPI). UTAH: Sanpete Co., 

Mt. Pleasant Creek Canyon, June 27, 1961, K. H. McKnight 

F5 184 (VPI) . 

(7) Coprinus martinii Favre ex Orton 

MAP: Fig. 2. 

RANGE: Northern Alaska, Bathurst Island, Greenland, Svalbard, 

Scotland, the Alps, north central Siberia, and south 

Georgia. 

HABITAT: On decaying sedges and rushes in wet tundra or 

alpine areas. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Dennis (1968); Favre (1937); 

Gorodkov (1956); Lamoure et al. (1982); Lange (1955); 

Laursen and Chmielewski (1982); Miller et al. (1982); Orton 

(1960); Pegler et al. (1981); Redhead (1984b); Schwenke 

(1 987). 

NOTES: This species and Arrhenia lobata are representatives 

of a group of species with bipolar distributions. Pegler et al. 

(1981) reported a number of common northern species from 

antarctic or subantarctic regions, e.g., Cystoderma amiantlzinum 

(Scop.) Fayod, Agrocybe semiorbicularis (Bull.) Fayod, 

Galerina moelleri Bas, G. pumila (Pers.) M. Lange ex Singer, 

G. vittiformis (Fr.) Singer, and Hypholoma elongatum (Pers.) 

Ricken. 

Veldre (1987) reported Coprinus martinii from Estonia, a 

record that needs confirmation based on specimens or more 

published data before being accepted. 

(8) Phytoconis ericetorum (Pers.:Fr.) Redhead & Kuyper 

= Byssus botryoides L. 

= Agaricus pseudoandrosaceus Bull. 

= Agaricus ericetorum Pers . 

= Agaricus nothus Gmelin 

= Agaricus valgus Holmskjold 

= Agaricus umbelliferus Fr. 

= Merulius tu$osus Pers. 

= Botrydina vulgaris Brkb. 

= Omphalia luteola Peck 

= Omphalia sphagnicola Peck 

= Omphalina fulvopallens Orton 

MAP: Fig. 8. 

RANGE: Arctic, boreal, and coastal North America, Greenland, 

Iceland, northern Europe to North Africa, western, central, 

Siberian and far eastern USSR, Japan, (?) south Georgia, 

and western Australia. 

HABITAT: Peaty or sandy soil and moss cushions in arctic or 

alpine tundra, Sphagnum bogs, or decaying coniferous wood 

in wet boreal or coastal forests. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Azbukina et al. (1984); Bigelow 

(1970); Dearness (1923); De Sousa Da Camera (1956); Eliade 

(1965); Gorodkov (1956); Hallgnmsson (1981); Heikkila and 

Kallio (1969); Hilton (1988); Kobayasi et al. (1971); Lamoure 

et al. (1982); Lange (1955); Malen~on and Bertault (1975); 

Mikhailovskii (1975); Murata (1978); Nakhutsrishvili (1975); 

Nezdojminogo (1976); Pegler et al. (1981); Redhead and 

Kuyper (1987, 1988); Schmid-Heckel (1985); Stepanova and 

Tomilin (1973); Ulvinen et al. (1981); Urbonas et al. (1986); 

Vasil'eva (1973); Vasil'kov (1970, 1971); Watling (1977). 

NOTES: Phytoconis ericetorum is the most widely distributed 

and apparently the most primitive member of this lichenized 

genus. Material from the Southern Hemisphere has not been 

reexamined in light of research indicating that species in Phytoconis 

can be distinguished by their thallic structure (Redhead



REDHEAD 3009 

and Kuyper 1987). It is possible that another species is = Agaricus molliculus Britz. 

involved, such as P. chromacea (Clel.) Redhead & Kuyper. MAP: Fig. 13. 

North American collections of Phytoconis ericetorum were RANGE: Boreal North America, especially common in the 

revised by Redhead and Kuyper (1 987). 

eastern sector, less common in the western cordillera (coastal 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH and Columbiana mountains), with one record from Alabama, 

COLUMBIA: Hastings, April 22, 1889, J. Macoun 39 (DAOM general in Europe, western, and central USSR, Japan. 

51393, as Marasmius subluteus E. & C. n.sp., ?nom. herb.); HABITAT: In North America in moss beds, usually Polytrinear 

Nelson, Cottonwood L., July 6, 1966, K. A. Hamson chum or allied genera, usually in coniferous forests. 

(MICH). NOVA SCOTIA: King Co., Aylesford, Aug. 29, 1968, SELECTED LITERATURE: Bigelow (1975); Hutchison et al. 

K. A. Hanison 7805 (MICH); Shelburne Co., Villagedale, (1988); Nezdojminogo (1976); Redhead and Malloch (1986); 

Sept. 27, 1987, S. A. Redhead 6230 (DAOM 198230); Ulvinen et al. (1981); Urbonas et al. (1986); Vasil'kov (1970). 

Victoria Co., Cape Breton Highlands Natl. Park, Warren L., NOTES: This is a distinctive species and the sole represen- 

Oct. 3, 1987, S. A. Redhead 6434 (DAOM 198229). NEW- tative of the genus in North America. As noted by Bigelow 

FOUNDLAND: Avalon Peninsula, Finnes Pond, junction of (1975), it is much commoner in eastern North America than in 

Hwy. 1 and Hwy. 13, Oct. 6, 1988, S. A. Redhead 6583 western North America. The species is notably absent in 

(DAOM 198749). NORTHWEST TERRITORIES: Baffin Is., Fro- Greenland and Iceland. Hesler (1937) reported it from the 

bisher Bay, July 10, 1948, Calder 3876 (MICH). ONTARIO: Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, however 

Ingolf, Sept. 17, 1931, J. E. Lange and G. R. Bisby (DAOM the only so identified collections from Tennessee in the her- 

198208). QUEBEC: Abitibi-Ouest Co., Chibougamau, July 28, barium at Knoxville (TENN 9358 and 12837) are misdeter- 

1953, A. Faessler (QFB); Parc Prov. de la GaspCsie, Mt. mined true Cantharellus species. No other confirmed records 

Albert, July 8, 1957, H. E. Bigelow 23583 (TENN); Ungava, are known from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 

Monts Otish, Aug. 2, 1949, R. Pomerleau (QFB 11639). but there is one verified collection at the New York Botanical 

YUKON TERRITORY: Herschel Island, July 3 1, 1916, F. Johan- Garden from Auburn, Alabama, collected by F. S. Earle in the 

sen (as Omphalia urnbellifera, Canadian Arctic Expedition, fall of 1899. However, the presence of this species in Alabama 

Dearness herb. in DAOM). U.S.A.: ALASKA: Katmai Natl. is suspect despite the apparent documentation. This species 

Monument, Brooks R., July 4, 1964, V. Wells and P. Kemp- was not treated in Earle's (1901) list of Alabama fungi, nor 

ton (MICH). CALIFORNIA: Humbolt Co., Trinidad, Nov. 30, was it listed from Alabama by Mumll (1910) in the North 

1931, A. H. Smith 3667 (MICH), Big Tree, S. H. 1075 (NY). American Flora series. 

IDAHO: Bonner Co., Priest L., Oct. 6, 1964, A. H. Smith Guzm6n (1961) has reported Cantharellula umbonata from 

71094 (MICH). MICHIGAN: Alger Co., Munsing, June 8, Mexico. This report also should be confirmed before being 

1933, A. H. Smith 33-202 (MICH); Keweenaw Co., Isle accepted. 

Royale, Rock Harbor, June 29, 1930, A. H. Povah Fp 27 ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: MANITOBA: 

(MICH); Luce Co., Tahquamenon Falls State Park, Aug. 17, Clear Lake, Sept. 23, 1933, G. R. Bisby et al. (DAOM 

1953, A. H. Smith 42222 (MICH). MONTANA: Flathead Co., 198192). NOVA SCOTIA: Annapolis Co., Melvern Square, 

Echo L., July 3, 1928, C. H. Kauffman (MICH). NEW YORK: Sept. 18, 1972, K. A. Hamson 12088 (MICH); Guysborough 

Lake Placid, Oct. 3-14, 1912, W. A. and E. L. Mumll Co., Aspen, Sept. 19, 1968, K. A. Hamson 7968 (MICH); 

(NY); Mt. Marcy, Aug. 16, 1934, J. L. Lowe (A. H. Smith Pictou Co., Blue Mountains, Oct. 8, 1968, K. A. Hamson 

332) (MICH); OREGON: at California State line on coast, 8177 (MICH); Inverness Co., Cape Breton Highlands Natl. 

Nov. 29, 1937, A. H. Smith 8205 (MICH); Eugene, Mar. 11, Park, French Mt., Sept. 30, 1987, S. A. Redhead 6333 

1945, F. P. Sipe 587 (MICH); Mt. Hood, Clackamas, Oct. 8, (DAOM 198234). ONTARIO: Ingolf, July 26, 1925, Denike 

1972, A. H. Smith 82701 (MICH); Sandy, Nov. 5, 1941, (DAOM 198193), Sept. 18, 1931, J. E. Lange and G. R. 

A. H. Smith 28540 (MICH); Tillamook Co., Neskowin Cr., Bisby (DAOM 198195); Kenora, Oct. 1, 1927, A. H. Buller 

Oct. 12, 1970, A. H. Smith 78975 (MICH). WASHINGTON: et al. (DAOM 198196); Minaki, Oct. 10, 1926, A. H. R. 

Camas, Feb. 1896, Yeomans (ISOTYPE of Omphalia luteola Buller (DAOM 198194). PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Kings Co., 

Peck, NY); Cape Flattery, May 5, 1939, A. H. Smith 13122 E. side of mouth of St. Peter's Bay, Oct. 17, 1988, S. A. 

(MICH); Hoh R., May 13, 1939, A. H. Smith 13401 (MICH); Redhead 6799 (DAOM 198740). QUEBEC: Gasp6 Peninsula, 

Joyce, Oct. 2, 1935, A. H. Smith 2780 (MICH); King Co., Forillon Natl. Park, Penouille, Oct. 2, 1988, S. A. R~dhead 

Snoqualmie Pass, Sept. 26, 1954, H. E. Bigelow 2123 6530 (DAOM 198739); Parc des Laurentides, Lac 5 L'Epaule, 

(MICH); Lake Crescent, Oct. 10, 1935, A. H. Smith 3071 Aug. 9, 1967, R. L. Shaffer 5772 (MICH). U.S.A.: 

(MICH); Lake Ozette, May 15, 1939, A. H. Smith 13418 ALABAMA: Auburn, fall of 1899, F. S. Earle (NY). IDAHO: 

(MICH); Lake Quinnault, Sept. 21, 1925, C. H. Kauffman 

(MICH); La Push, April 28, 1939, A. H. Smith 12087 

Bonner Co., Priest L., Oct. 16, 1956, A. H. Smith 54831 

(MICH); Warren, California L., Aug. 26, 1964, A. H. Smith 

(MICH); Lewis Co., Gifford Pinchot Natl. Forest, Burley 69769 (MICH). MAINE: Aroostook Co., Madawaska L., 

Mt., Nov. 2, 1972, A. H. Smith 83373 (MICH); Pierce Co., Sept. 3, 1956, H. E. Bigelow 4700 (MICH). MARYLAND: 

Mt. Rainier, Sept. 28, 1954, H. E. Bigelow 2155 (MICH); Laurel, Sept. 16, 1965, H. and 0. K. Miller 3225 (VPI). 

Seattle, Oct. 20 to Nov. 1, 1911, W. A. Mumll (NY). MASSACHUSETTS: Belmont, Oct. 11, 1890, C. H. Peck (NY); 

Franklin Co., Mt. Toby, Aug. 30, 1970, R. E. Halling 1476 

Circumboreal: taiga 

(NY); Stockbridge, Oct. 1911, W. A. Mumll and W. G. 

Thompson (NY); Waltham, Nov. 2, 1907, G. E. Monis 

(9) Cantharellula umbonata (Gme1in:Fr.) Singer 

(NY). MICHIGAN: Emmet Co., Wilderness Park, Sept. 6, 

= Agaricus rnuscoides Jacq. 

1953, H. E. Bigelow 1518 (MICH); Livingston Co., Oak 

= Merulius umbonatus Gmelin 

Grove, Sept. 26, 1971, A. H. Smith 88031 (MICH); Luce 

= Cantharellus dichotomous Peck 

Co., Tahquamenon Falls, Aug. 12, 1953, D. E. Stuntz,



3010 

CAN. I. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989 

H. E. B. 1327 (MICH); Marquette Co., Chocolay R., Oct. 5, boardwalk, June 28, 1974, P. Johnson (DAOM 186557); 

1970, K. A. Harrison 9964 (MICH); Oakland Co., Proud L., Cochrane Dist., 4.8 km NW Timmins, June 13, 1973, D. Mal- 

July 21, 1970, M. Gilliam 741 (MICH); Rock R., Sept. 14, loch 13067311 l (TRTC); Carp, July 4, 1956, J. W. Groves 

1929, A. H. Smith (MICH); Washtenaw Co., Waterloo area, (DAOM 54124); Mer Bleue bog, May 24, 1977, S. A. Red- 

Aug. 11, 1977, A. H. Smith 88509 (MICH). MINNESOTA: head (DAOM 162815), May 24, 1978, S. A. Redhead 2624 

Anoka Co., Cedar Creek Natl. Hist. Area, Sept. 25, 1968, (DAOM 175741), June 26, 1979, S. A. Redhead (DAOM 

M. G. Weaver 1754 (MICH). NEW JERSEY: Newfield, 183604); Petawawa, Aug. 29 and Sept. 7, 1947, A. H. Smith 

Nov. 16, 1895 (NY). NEW HAMPSHIRE: Hillsboro Co., Fox (DAOM 17481, 17428); Ramsayville, May 30, 1957, J. W. 

Forest, Aug. 26, 1959, 0. K. Miller 3300 (MICH). NEW Groves et al. (DAOM 55789); Russell Co., 6 km NW 

YORK: Hamilton Co., Raquette L., Sept. 6, 1986, R. E. Halling Bourget, May 4, 1987, S. Darbyshire 3278 and E. Morton 

4851 (NY); Ostego Co., Aug. 17, 1985, E. Farwell 5042 (DAOM 197244); South March, Aug. 21, 1956, J. W. Groves 

(F 1068373); Tompkins Co., Michigan Hollow, Sept. 13, (DAOM 54174); Thunder Bay Dist., Black Sturgeon L. area, 

1981, S. M. Camazine (NY); Ultster Co., L. Mohonk, Aug. 8, 1974, S. A. Redhead 1049, 1059 (DAOM 174663, 

Sept. 27, 1975, E. L. Conklin (NY). OHIO: Portage Co., W. 174664), Aug. 9, 1974, S. A. Redhead 1109, 1100, 1113, 

Branch Res., F. Hoseney 2040 (MICH). PENNSYLVANIA: 1 114, 11 15, 11 19 (DAOM 174665, 174666, 174667, 174668, 

Butler Co., N of Freeport, Sept. 30, 1944, M. B. Knauz (NY); 174669, 174670), Aug. 14, 1974, S. A. Redhead 1252, 1261, 

Mercer Co., SE of Sandy L., Sept. 30, 1950, L. K. Henry 1262, 1263 (DAOM 17467 1, 174672, 174673, 174674), 

14898 (NY); Westmoreland Co., S. Rector, Nov. 12 1960, 4.8 km S of Eskwanonwatin L., Aug. 15, 1974, S. A. 

L. K. Henry 19501 (NY). VERMONT: Orange Co., L. Fairlee, Redhead 1282, 1284, 1285, 1288, 1293, 1298, 1299, 1300, 

Sept. 19, 1975, E. Conklin (NY); Windham Co., Williams- 1302, 1304 (DAOM 174679, 174680, 174681, 174675, 

ville, Aug. 31, 1961, R. L. Shaffer 3535 (MICH). WEST 174676,174677, 174678, 174682, 174683, 174684), Aug. 16, 

VIRGINIA: Tucker Co., near Davis, Sept. 1, 1946, M. B. 1974, S. A. Redhead 1335 (DAOM 174685), Poshkakagan R. 

Walters (NY). WISCONSIN: Rhinelands, Sept. 23, 1977, N. S. at Hurket road, Aug. 22, 1974, S. A. Redhead 1393, 1403 

Weber 4419 (MICH); Taylor Co., Chequamegon Natl. Forest, (DAOM 174686, 174687), 8 krn S. Eskwanonwatin L., 

Oct. 15, 1970, S. J. Mazzer 6321 (MICH). 

June 16, 1977, S. A. Redhead 2230 (DAOM 174689), Twerp 

L., June 19, 1977, S. A. Redhead 2273 (DAOM 174690). 

(10) Galerina paludosa (Fr.) Kiihner 

QUEBEC: Gatineau Park, Aug. 20, 1972, J. White (DAOM 

= Agaricus paludosus Fr. 

148707); La Verendrye Park, near Rolland L., July 8, 1980, 

= Galera sphagnorum var. velata Peck 

S. A. Redhead 3526 and K. Spicer (DAOM 176550); Parc 

MAP: Fig. 15. 

Laurentide, near Grandprk L. and L. Nadrea, 47"27'N, 

RANGE: Across boreal North America but commonest in the 71°14'W, Aug. 15, 1981, S. A. Redhead et al. (DAOM 

eastern half, one record from the southern Appalachians, 180847), Mercier, Aug. 31, 1959, A. H. Smith 61682 

northern and central Europe to western, central and far (MICH); Reserve Chibougamau, Lac Nicabau, Aug. 20, 

eastern USSR. 

1976, S. A. Redhead 1949 (DAOM 174691), Aug. 30, 1976, 

HABITAT: Always on living Sphagnum, parasitic and pos- S. A. Redhead 21 17, 2120 (DAOM 174692, 174693); St. 

sibly saprophytic on underlying peat. 

Adolph, June 22, 1957, H. E. Bigelow et al. 4969 (DAOM 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Einhellinger (1976, 1977); Favre 55762); Ste. Lucie de Beauregard, July 7, 1979, R. McNeil 

(1948); Gulden (1980); Kotlaba and KubiEka (1960); Kiihner 365 (DAOM 18090 1). ENGLAND: Borrowdale, Langstroath 

(1935); Lange (1948); Nezdojminogo (1976); Redhead Valley, May 2, 1956, D. A. Reid (DAOM 66587). U.S.A.: 

(1981a); SdilHgeanu and 9tefureac (1972); Schmid-Heckel ALASKA: Bird Creek, June 29, 1959, V. Wells and P. Kempton 

(1985); Smith and Singer (1964); Ulvinen et al. (1981); (MICH). CONNECTICUT: New London Co., Pachaug State 

Urbonas et al. (1986) Vasil'eva (1973); Vasil'kov (1970); Forest, Aug. 6, 1988, NE Mycol. Foray (DAOM 198646). 

Wells and Kempton (1969). 

MAINE: Aroostook Co., Sinclair, July 13, 1956, H. E. and M. 

NOTES: Galerina paludosa is an easily identified bog- E. Bigelow 3222 (MICH). MASSACHUSETTS: Franklin Co., 

inhabiting species. Among the Galerinas on living Sphagnum, Hawley, Hawley Bog, R. Kerrigan and T. Baroni (DAOM 

it is distinguished by prominent bands of velar tissue, rugose 188081); Hampshire Co., Belchertown, June 3, 1958, H. E. 

spores with a smooth plage, and its ochraceous tawny lamel- Bigelow 6457 (MICH). MICHIGAN: Alger Co., Munising, 

lae. Galerina paludosa was shown to parasitize Sphagnum in Sept. 7, 1933, A. H. Smith 33-897 (MICH); Cheboygan Co., 

pure culture (Redhead 1981a) and also has been grown on Douglas L., July 6, 1953, D. Stuntz (DAOM 40107); Chipsterilized 

peat. 

pewa Co., Sheephead L., Aug. 27, 1959, A. H. Smith 61251 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ALBERTA: (MICH); Emmet Co., Stuntzman's ville bog, June 19, 1955, 

Sandy L., July 23, 1977, H. M. E. Schalkwyk 814 (DAOM A. H. Smith 49558 (MICH); Luce Co., Pike L., Sept. 11, 

191310). MANITOBA: Riding Mountain Natl. Park, Swanson 1953, A. H. Smith 42578 (MICH); Marquette Co., Huron 

Creek, Aug. 19, 1979, S. A. Redhead 2854 (DAOM 176599). Mts., June 20, 1970, J. F. Ammirati 4113 (MICH); Oakland 

NEW BRUNSWICK: Kouchibouguac Natl. Park, June 20 and Co., Oxbow L., June 3, 1937, A. H. Smith 6249 (MICH); 

Aug. 28, 1978, K. Egger (DAOM 169730, 169720). NOVA Upper Taquamenon Falls State Park, July 27, 1953, S. C. 

SCOTIA: Colchester Co., Upper Brookside, June 27, 1931, Hoare (DAOM 40067). NEW YORK: Adirondack Mts., Catlin 

A. H. Smith 508 (MICH); Peggy's Cove, July 12, 1977, S. A. L., Aug. 13, 1934, A. H. Smith 144 (MICH); Huntington 

Redhead 2335 (DAOM 170682). ONTARIO: Algonquin Prov. Forest, Arbutus L., Aug. 8, 1934, A. H. Smith 67 (MICH); 

Park, Nightingale Twp., Booth's Rock trail, Aug. 30, 1974, Seneca Co., Junius Marshes, June 1892, C. H. Peck (type of 

P. Johnson (DAOM 186756), Sproule Twp., Spruce Bog Galera sphagnorum var. velata, NYS). NORTH CAROLINA:



NW of Highlands, Cliffside L., July 31, 1986, D. E. Desjar- 

din (TENN 47173). WASHINGTON: Pierce Co., Mt. Rainier, 

Meadow Creek, Sept. 25, 1952, A. H. Smith 40260 (MICH). 

REDHEAD 

(12) Marasmius epiphyllus (Pers.:Fr) Fr. 

= Marasmius subvenosus Peck 

MAP: Fig. 12. 

RANGE: Across boreal North America from the Yukon to 

(1 1) Marasmius androsaceus (L. :Fr.) Fr. 

Cape Breton Island, N.S., south along the Rockies to Arizona 

= Androsaceus vulgaris Karsten 

and in the Sierra Nevada, Greenland, northern Europe to North 

= Marasmius melanopus Morgan 

Africa and Israel, through to central and far eastern USSR 

MAP: Fig. 9, see also MacDonald (1977, Fig. I). 

including Kamchatka. 

RANGE: Across boreal North America and south along the HABITAT: Deciduous forests on fallen deciduous leaves, 

Rockies, Coastal Mts., and the Appalachians, Mexican High- often Populus, but also other vegetation such as overwintered 

lands, Greenland, Iceland, northern Europe to North Africa apple skins, standing dead Equisetum stalks, etc. 

through to western, central, and far eastern USSR including SELECTED LITERATURE: Azbukina et al. (1984); Binyamini 

Kamchatka, and Tibet. 

(1976); Desjardin (1985, 19876); Eliade (1965); Favre (1955); 

HABITAT: On coniferous debris (needles, twigs, cones, bark) Gilliam (1976); Kuhner and Romagnesi (1954); Horak (1985); 

especially pine, ericaceous debris (parasitic on some erica- Kalamees and Vaasma (1981); Lamoure et al. (1982); Lange 

ceous plants), and occasionally plant litter of adjacent species, (1955); Nakhutsrishvili (1975); Nezdojminogo (1976); 

in mesic and boggy locations. 

Schmid-Heckel (1985); Ulvinen et al. (1981); Urbonas et al. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Azbukina et al. (1984): Chastukhin (1986); Vasil'eva (1973). 

(1966); De Sousa Da Camera (1956); Desjardin (1985, NOTES: Caution must be used to separate M. tremulae V6l. 

19876); Einhellinger (1976, 1977); Eliade (1965); Favre and M. minutissimus Peck from M. epiphyllus. 

(1948); Gilliam (1976); Guzmfin (1979); Hallgrimsson (1981); ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ALBERTA: 

Horak (1985); Hutchison et al. (1988); Kalamees and Vaasma Calgary, Aug. 20, 1972, R. M. Danielson 376 (DAOM 

(1981); Kobayasi et al. (1967); Kuhner and Romagnesi 143585); Kananaskis Valley near Seebe, Aug. 1980, S. Visser 

(1954); Lange (1948, 1955); Liu (1978); MacDonald (1949, 5001 (DAOM 184720); Sandy Lake, Aug. 23, 1980, H. M. E. 

1977); Malen~on and Bertault (1975); Nakhutsrishvili (1975); Schalkwyk 1629 (DAOM 197032), Aug. 8, 1981, H. M. E. 

Nezdojminogo (1976); Redhead (1984~); Schmid-Heckel Schalkwyk 1760 (DAOM 185611); Wolf L., 54"42'N, 

(1985); Ulvinen et al. (1981); Urbonas et al. (1986); Vanev 110°57'W, Aug. 11, 1978, H. M. E. Schalkwyk 1112 

and Reid (1986); Vaasma et al. (1986); Vasil'eva (1973); (DAOM 179151). BRITISH COLUMBIA: Fireside, Hwy. 97 and 

Vasil'kov (1970); Zang (1980). 

Alaska Hwy. Kilometre 872, 59"43'N, 127"16'W, Aug. 23, 

NOTES: Until Gilliam's (1976) monograph, both M. pallido- 1980, J. Ginns 6205 (DAOM 199038); 115 Creek, Hwy. 97 

cephalus and M. androsaceus were badly confused in North and Alaska Hwy. Kilometre 644, 58"17'N, 124"56'W, 

America. 

Aug. 24, 1980, J. Ginns 6227 (DAOM 199039). MANITOBA: 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NEW- Riding Mountain Natl. Park, Katherine L., Aug. 17, 1979, 

FOUNDLAND: Avalon peninsula, Butter Pot Prov. Park area, S. A. Redhead 2835 (DAOM 192174); Sandilands Prov. 

Oct. 9, 1988, S. A. Redhead 6646 (DAOM 198747). NOVA Forest, Hwy. 1,49"39'N, 96"07'W, Aug. 28, 1980, J. Ginns 

SCOTIA: Kings Co., West Halls Harbour, July 21, 1972, K. A. 6277 (DAOM 199043); Winnipeg, Oct. 6, 1926, G. R. Bisby 

Hanison 11630 (MICH); Victoria Co., Cape Breton Highlands (DAOM 152319, 157345), Sept. 24, 1931, G. R. Bisby 

Natl. Park, Jack Pine trail, Oct. 4, 1987, S. A. Redhead 6469 (DAOM 5 1360). NEW BRUNSWICK: Kouchibouguac Natl. Park, 

(DAOM 198233). YUKON TERRITORY: 32 km WSW of Mt. Oct. 6, 1978, S. A. Redhead (DAOM 169903). NOVA SCOTIA: 

Tyrrell, 63"41rN, 140°34'W, July 20, 1984, J. Ginns 9531 Queens Co., Kejimkujik Natl. Park seaside adjunct, Port Joli 

and W. Cody (DAOM 196955). U.S.A.: ALASKA: Glacier Bay Head, Sept. 22, 1987, S. A. Redhead 6102 (DAOM 198228); 

Natl. Park, July 14, 1980, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 58886 Victoria Co., Cape Breton Highlands Natl. Park, Clyburn 

(DAOM 193747). CALIFORNIA: Alameda Co., Sequoia Park, Brook, Oct. 1, 1987, S. A. Redhead 6357 (DAOM 198227). 

Oct. 31, 1937, L. Bonar (MICH); Oakland, Mar. 26, 1933, ONTARIO: Algonquin Prov. Park, Sproule Twp., Opeongo 

W. Lucke 3 (MICH). COLORADO: Larimer Co., S. of Estes Road, Sept. 21, 1982, G. Thorn 820921105 (DAOM 190178); 

Park, Aug. 24, 1940, E. B. Mains 5189 (MICH); Tolland, Kemptville, Oct. 7, 1984, G. P. White (DAOM 190973); 

Sept. 8, 1920, C. H. Kauffman (MICH). CONNECTICUT: Litch- Petawawa, Sept. 3, 1941, J. W. Groves (DAOM 10518), 

field Co., Colebrook, Sept. 26, 1982, R. E. Halling 3535 Sept. 27, 1944, J. W. Groves (DAOM 11902), Oct. 9, 1986, 

(NY). IDAHO: Bonner Co., Granite Cr., July 4, 1939, A. W. S. A. Redhead 5893 (DAOM 196393); Renfrew Co., Quade- 

Slipp 103-sta.-1 (MICH); Custer Co., Stanley L., July 20, ville Rd., Oct. 6, 1969, J. W. Groves (DAOM 128831); St. 

1958, A. H. Smith 58991 (MICH); Idaho Co., Burgdorf Hot Lawrence Islands Natl. Park, Mallorytown Landing, Sept. 24, 

Springs, July 20, 1954, H. E. Bigelow (A. H. Smith 45254, 1975, P. Leclair (DAOM 153833); Thunder Bay Dist., Black 

MICH). OREGON: Eugene, Oct. 28, 1938, F. P. Sipe 117 Sturgeon L., Aug. 11, 1974, S. A. Redhead 1169 (DAOM 

(MICH); Josephine, Grants Pass, Nov. 10, 1956, F. Lawrence 198240). QUEBEC: Cantley, Sept. 10, 1981, J. Ginns (DAOM 

and A. H. Smith 55396 (MICH); Siskiyou Natl. Forest, 180785), Oct. 17, 1983, A. Ginns (DAOM 187928); Gasp6 

Takilma, Dec. 5, 1925, C. H. Kauffman and C. A. Brown Peninsula, Forillon Natl. Park, Penouille, Oct. 2, 1988, S. A. 

(MICH). PENNSYLVANIA: Monroe Co., Lutherland, Aug. 25, Redhead 6510 (DAOM 198746); Gatineau Park, Sept. 17, 

1938, D. R. Sumstine (NY). VIRGINIA: Floyd Co., Beaver 1953, S. C. Hoare (DAOM 39061); La Salle, Sept. 24, 1938, 

Cr., Sept. 8, 1987, Miss Baldwin (det. by D. E. Desjardin, H. A. C. Jackson (DAOM 87186). YUKON: Alaska Hwy. Mile 

TENN). WASHINGTON: Stevens Co., E. Springdale, Oct. 18, 1016, Sept. 8, 1962, J. Y. Tsukamoto (DAOM 90989); Can01 

1947, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 21463 (F). 

Road Kilometre 264, Majorie Creek, 62"04'N, 13 1 "58'W,



3012 CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989 

Aug. 3, 1980, J. Ginns 5378 (DAOM 197102); Dawson, 

July 19, 1984, J. Ginns 8464 (DAOM 199042); Dempster 

Hwy. Kilometre 37, 64"14'N, 138"32'W, Aug. 7, 1980, 

J. Ginns 5555 (DAOM 199040); Klondike Hwy. Kilometre 

598, 63"37'N, 137"36'W, Aug. 10, 1980, J. Ginns 5772 

(DAOM 199041); Mayo, Aug. 1, 1949, J. Gillet et al. 

(DAOM 2 1932). ENGLAND: Huntingdonshire, Oct. 15, 

1961, R. W. G. Dennis (DAOM 88830). FINLAND: Pohjois- 

Pohjanmaa, Muhos, Leppiniemi, Oct. 29, 1974, E. Ohenoja 

(DAOM 149773). SWEDEN: UPPLAND: Upsala, Sept. 27, 

1945, A. Melderis and S. Lundell (DAOM 65120). U.S.A.: 

ALASKA: Glacier Bay Natl. Park, Sept. 7, 1979, W. B. and 

V. G. Cooke 57300 (DAOM 193754), Sept. 4, 1981, W. B. 

and V. G. Cooke 59789 (DAOM 193753). MICHIGAN: Neebish, 

Sept. 1919, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F 1286325). NEW 

HAMPSHIRE: Belknap Co., Gilmanton, Oct. 12, 1942, D. H. 

Linder (F). NEW YORK: Long Is., Sept. 29, 191 1, Dr. Thomas 

(NY); Warren Co., Brayton, near L. George, Oct. 11, 1944, 

H. D. House (NYS). UTAH: Rich Co., Cache Natl. Forest, 

near Leo Reservoir, Sept. 3, 1971, C. T. Rogerson 4107 

(MICH). WYOMING: Albany Co., Medicine Bow Mts., Sept. 1, 

1923, C. H. Kauffman (MICH), Pole Mt., Aug. 10, 1950, 

W. G. Solheim (A. H. Smith 35544) (MICH). 

(13) Neolecta vitellina (Bres.) Korf & Rogers 

= Geoglossum vitellinum Bres. 

MAP: Fig. 11. 

RANGE: Across boreal North America, south along the 

Rockies and Appalachians, northern Europe (Finland, Nor- 

way, and Sweden) to the Mediterranean, far eastern USSR, 

and Japan. 

HABITAT: Parasitic on rootlets of unidentified vascular plant 

hosts in moss or needle-covered soil in coniferous forests. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Azbukina et al. (1984); Ohenoja 

(1975); Redhead (1977a, 1979); Huhtinen (1982, 1985); 

Ulvinen et al. (1981). 

NOTES: This is a bright, orange-yellow fungus that is conspicuous 

against bare or mossy needle beds. 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ALBERTA: 

Mildred Lake Research Facilities, Sept. 11, 1980, R. M. 

Danielson 304 1 (DAOM 184723). BRITISH COLUMBIA: Mt. 

Revelstoke Natl. Park, Sept. 26, 1980, S. A. Redhead 4095 

(DAOM 178081). QUEBEC: Sandy-Bay Ouest, CtC. Pontiac, 

Sept. 11, 1985, Y. DalpC (DAOM 196173). YUKON TERRI- 

TORY: S. Can01 Road, Kilometre 1, 133"18'N, 60°29'W, 

Aug. 1, 1980, J. Ginns 5 196 and W. Cody (DAOM 178036); 

Dempster Hwy., Kilometre 8, 138"33'N, 64"08'W, Aug. 6, 

1980, J. Ginns 5509 and W. Cody (DAOM 178035). 

(14) Phaemarasmius erinaceus (Fr.) Romagnesi 

= Agaricus erinaceus Fries 

= Agaricus aridus Pers. 

= Agaricus lanatus Sowerby 

= Agaricus adpressus Briganti & Briganti 

= Naucoria badia Murr. 

= Crinipellis alnicola Murr. 

MAP: Fig. 16. 

RANGE: Across boreal North America from California to the 

Yukon and Nova Scotia, Greenland, northern and eastern 

Europe to the mountains in North Africa. 

HABITAT: Small diameter hardwood twigs, often Alnus, on 

or slightly above the ground. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Berch and Redhead (1982); De 

Sousa Da Camera (1956); Elidae (1965); Horak (1986); Josserand 

and Smith (1941); Kallio (1980); Lange (1957); 

Malen~on and Bertault (1970); Redhead (1980a, 1984); Smith 

and Hesler (1968); Ulvinen et al. (1981); Urbonas et al. 

(1986). 

NOTES: This species is notable for its apparent absence in 

eastern Asia. Singer (1950) knew of only one report from the 

U.S.S.R., the western part, and the species has not been 

reported from central or eastern Asia to my knowledge. 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: U. S. A. : CALIFORNIA: 

Marin Co., Alpine Lake, Oct. 26, 1969, H. D. Thiers 24099 

(SFU); San Mateo Co., San Francisco Watershed, Mar. 6, 

1970, R. Keller 782 (SFU). MASSACHUSETTS: Franklin Co., N. 

Sunderland, July 7, 1958, H. E. Bigelow (TENN 30103). 

(15) Xeromphalina campanella (Batsch:Fr.) Kiihner & Marie 

= Agaricus campanella Batsch 

= Agaricus fragilis Schaeffer 

= Cantharellus valentini Vel. 

= Valentinia cornea Vel. 

MAP: See Redhead (1988, Fig. 92). 

RANGE: Across boreal North America, south along the 

Rockies, Coastal Mts., and Appalachians or Coastal Plain, 

Mexican Highlands, the Azores, northern Europe to North 

Africa, western, central, and far eastern USSR, Tibet, northern 

India, and Japan. 

HABITAT: Mainly coniferous stumps, logs and branches, 

sometimes associated with a heart rot. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Azbukina et al. (1984); Dennis et al. 

(1977); Guzmin (1977); Ito (1959); Kiihner and Romagnesi 

(1954); Miller (1968); Nakhutsrishvili (1975); Nezdojminogo 

(1976); Redhead (1988); Urbonas et al. (1986); Schmid- 

Heckel (1985); Singer (1957); Smith (1953); Ulvinen et al. 

(1981); Vaasma et al. (1986); Vanev and Reid (1986); 

Vasil'eva (1973); Wang and Zang (1983); Watling and 

Gregory (1980); Welden and Guzmin (1978); Zang (1980). 

NOTES: A report of X. campanella from Clear Lake, Manitoba 

(Bisby et al. 1938) was based on a misidentified specimen 

of X. cornui (QuC1.) Favre (DAOM 198213, Sept. 23, 1933, 

G. R. Bisby et al.). 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: MANITOBA: 

Victoria Beach, May 24, 1926, G. Cameron (DAOM 198209), 

June 2, 1928, G. R. Bisby et al. (DAOM 1982 10). ONTARIO: 

Ingolf, Sept. 16, 1931, J. E. Lange and G. R. Bisby (DAOM 

1982 1 1). 

Circumboreal: hardwood forest 

(16) Crepidotus cinnabarinus Peck 

= Crepidotus cinnabarinus Moeller 

= Crepidotus decurrens States 

MAP: Fig. 17, also see Luther and Redhead (198 1, Fig. 7). 

RANGE: Eastern deciduous forests of the U.S.A. to southern 

Quebec, westward along the southern edge of the boreal forest 

to Alberta, Denmark, Japan, far eastern USSR. 

HABITAT: Decorticated hardwood logs, especially abundant 

on Populus in the arid portions of the south-central boreal 

forest. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Azbukina et al. (1984); Bulakh 

(1977); Hesler and Smith (1965); Luther and Redhead (1981); 

McNeil (1983); Moeller (1945~); Murata (1978); States 

(1972). 

NOTES: Crepidotus cinnabarinus is a distinctive, cinnabar-



. . 

red coloured species unlike any other species in the genus. It is 

found on a variety of hardwoods, but is particularly abundant 

on Populus. 

ADDITlONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: MANITOBA: 

Matlock, July 17, 1927, G. R. Bisby (DAOM 198202); 

Winnipeg, Aug. 7, 1926, July 20, 1927, Aug. 3, 1928, July 6, 

1933, July 15, 1935, G. R. Bisby et al. (DAOM 198199, 

198201, 198197, 198200, 198198). 

(17) Rhodotus palmatus (Bull.:Fr.) Maire 

= Agaricus palmatus Bull. 

= Agaricus subpalmatus Fr. 

= Agaricus reticeps Mont. 

= Agaricus phlebophorus var. reticulatus Cooke 

= Agaricus cookei Richon 

= Agaricus reticulatus Johnson 

= Agaricus alveolatus Cragin 

= Panus meruliiceps Peck 

= Pleurotus pubescens Peck 

MAP: Fig. 18. 

RANGE: Commonest in the Great Lakes region to Missis- 

.'. . sippi, rare across the southern boreal forest Poplar belt in 

Canada and east of the Appalachians in the U.S.A.; western, 

central, and eastern Europe to the western Caucasus mountains 

(Krasnodar region) USSR, North Africa, far eastern USSR, 

and Japan. 

HABITAT: Standing or fallen hardwood trunks and branches, 

in deciduous forests. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Bisby et al. (1929, 1938); Ito 

(1959); Kiihner and Romagnesi (1954); Maire (1924); Miller 

1948, M. K. Nobles (DAOM 21277); Honey Harbor, Georgian 

Bay, Aug. 12, 1925, W. S. Odell (129 as Pleurotus subpalmatus 

in Dearness herb., DAOM); Hope Bay, Aug. 1980, 

F. DiCosmo (DAOM 179168); Magnetawan, Aug. 19, 1922, 

L. C. C. Krieger 1742 (MICH); Ottawa, Billings Bush, 

June 18, 19 19, W. S. Odell (as Lentinula salmonicolor nom. 

herb., in Dearness herb. in DAOM); Point Pelee Natl. Park, 

Sept. 17, 1981, J. E. and S. A. Redhead 4211 (DAOM 

188325), Aug. 21, 1983, G. Thorn (DAOM 187615); 

Rondeau Park, Oct. 24, 193 1, C. C. Be11 (765 1 as P. subpalmatus 

in Dearness herb. in DAOM); Shaw Woodlot near 

Eganville, Sept. 2, 1986, S. A. Redhead 5254 (DAOM 

196059); South March, June 27, 1955, S. C. Thomson and 

M. E. Elliott (DAOM 46816), July 22, 1971, D. Malloch 

(DAOM 137531). QUEBEC: Aylmer, July 15, 1918, W. S. 

Odell (as L. salmonicolor in Dearness herb. in DAOM); 

Cantley, July 22, 1952, J. W. Groves (DAOM 28837), 

Aug. 26, 1952, J. W. Groves (DAOM 23748), July 11, 1976, 

J. Ginns 3102 (DAOM 157067); Gatineau Park, July 18, 

1951, J. W. Groves (DAOM 26678), July 3 1, 1958, M. Elliott 

(DAOM 62874), Oct. 3, 1971, H. A. Thomson (DAOM 

151 195), July 4, 1973, K. Pirozynski and D. Malloch (DAOM 

157861), Aug. 9, 1973, B. Malloch (DAOM 144514), 

Sept. 13, 1979, N. Binyamini (DAOM 173596), Sept. 24, 

1979, A. Juneau (DAOM 177914), June 24, 1981, G. Thorn 

(DAOM 190426), Aug. 2, 1983, Y. Dalpe 524 (DAOM 

187693); Montcalm Co., St.-Donat, Aug. 5, 1971, L. Sirrad 

(QFB 17464). ENGLAND: Ashurst, Surrey, Sept. 1, 1960, 

et al. (1980); Mumll (1915); Pilk (1935-1936); Pouchet 

Mr. Tennant (DAOM 74815). U.S.A.: ILLINOIS: Chicago, 

June 1905, W. S. Moffat (NYS as Panus meruliceps); Geneseo, 

Aug. 1915, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F); Neebish Is., 

(1932); Redhead (1986~); Urbonas et al. (1986); Vaasma et al. 

(1986). 

Aug. 9, 191 1, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F); Rock River, Aug. 

1920, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F). INDIANA: Indianapolis, 

NOTES: Like Crepidotus cinnabarinus, Rhodotus palmatus Oct. 1, 1950, J. Cottingham 14 (MICH); Owen Co., Green 

has a more fragmented circumboreal distribution than species Bluffs near Spencer, Aug. 22, 1970, R. L. Shaffer 6335 

characteristic of the northern coniferous forests. In North (MICH). IOWA: Boone Co., Ledges State Park, June 25, 1983, 

America, unlike C. cinnabarinus, it is commonest in the J. Ammirati and R. E. Halling 3821 (NY). KANSAS: Riley Co., 

eastern deciduous forests. Its near absence in the Adirondack Manhattan, Sept. 24, 1957, C. T. Rogerson (NY), Oct. 15, 

and Appalachian mountains and points east is noteworthy. 1973, B. Nyberg (MICH). MICHIGAN: Antrim Co., Aug. 27, 

. . . . 

. . 

Neither C. H. Peck nor W. A. Mumll collected it personally, 

knowing it only from specimens sent to them from further 

west. L. R. Hesler never picked it up in the southern Appala- 

1967, M. Ellison (MICH); Cheboygan Co., Douglas L., 

July 16, 1951, H. Bailey (DAOM 27618); Chelsea, Sharon 

Hollow, June 26, 1927, A. H. and H. V. Smith 6400 (MICH); 

chians or other parts of the southeast. Miller et al. (1980) are Emmet Co., Boyne Highlands area, July 5, 1967, A. H. Smith 

the only authors to record it from the east coast (Lucketts, 74445 (MICH); Gratiot Co., Ithaca, Aug. 6, 1961, V. Potter 

Anne Amndel Co., Md., OKM 8237, VPI). In Eurasia, it has 12838 (MICH); Houghton, Aug. 16, 1906, C. H. Kauffman 

been found in the east and west but not points between. It is (MICH); Oakland Co., Timberland Natl. Center, Sept. 24, 

possible that R. palmatus is still in the process of migrating 1974, F. Hoseney 2909 (MICH). MINNESOTA: Clearwater 

eastward from its glacial refuge, which was probably not in the Co., Itasca State Park, Aug. 1, 1967, M. G. Weaver 1442 

southern Appalachians but some area further to the west. (MICH); Minneapolis, no date, M. M. Whetstone (F) also 

One collection deposited at Ann Arbor (MICH) was origi- (NYS as Panus meruliceps). NEBRASKA: Washington Co., 

nally labelled A. H. Smith 39343, West Branch, Mt. Rainier, Desoto Natl. Wildlife Refuge, Sept. 6, 1981, G. Mueller 

Aug. 3, 1952, in handwriting by B. Kanouse. Mount Rainier is (TENN 44817). NEW YORK: Lyndonville, C. E. Fairman 

in Washington; however, during the summer of 1952 Dr. (NYS, type of Pleurotus pubescens). OHIO: Butler CO., 

Smith was at the University of Michigan Biological Station, Oxford, 1971, G. Williamson (MICH). PENNSYLVANIA: Alleand 

on Aug. 3 he made collections from the west branch of the gheny Co., Sutersville, July 15, 1939, H. Roslind (NY). 

Maple River, Emmet Co., Michigan (R. L. Shaffer, personal VIRGINIA: Cascades near Pembroke, Sept. 30, 1976, S. Brown 

communication, 1988). 

(0. K. Miller 15878, VPI). WISCONSIN: Blue Mounds, July 13, 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ALBERTA: 1907, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F). 

Sandy L., June 23, 1981 and Aug. 15, 1982, H. M. E. Schalkwyk 

1669 and 1858 (DAOM 189103, 185561). ONTARIO: 

Circurnboreal: bicoastal 

. . Algonquin Prov. Park, Canisbay Twp., Minessing Road, (18) Baeospora myosura (Fr.) Singer 

Aug. 24, 1980, P. Kotanen (DAOM 180304); Dorset, July 9, = Agaricus myosura Fr.



3014 

CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989 

40213), Sept. 25, 1956, M. E. Elliott (DAOM 5 1996). ENG- 

LAND: South Ascot, Berks, NOV. 8, 1959, D. A. Reid 

(DAOM 74782). SWEDEN: UPPLAND: Upsala, Sept. 26, 

1946, A. Melderis (DAOM 65290). SWITZERLAND: Part 

= Collybia strobilina Velen. 

= Collybia friesii Bres. 

MAP: Fig. 22. 

RANGE: Coastal from Alaska to northern California and 

along the Coastal and Cascade Mts., again in the interior wet Barton, Genkve, Nov. 13, 1948, J. Favre (MICH). U.S.A.: 

belt (Selkirk Mts.), disjunct to the Great Lakes - Appalachian ALABAMA: Lee Co., Auburn, Dec. 6, 1896, F. S. Earle (NY). 

region to Nova Scotia, western, northern and eastern Europe to ALASKA: Glacier Bay Natl. Monument, Aug. 18 and 20, 1952 

the western Caucasus (USSR), North Africa, Japan. 

(WS 42555, 42597); Haines, Sept. 19, 1970, V. Wells and 

HABITAT: Restricted to fallen, buried cones of conifers, P. Kempton 4934 (MICH); Juneau, Sept. 18, 1972, V. Wells 

mainly Picea spp. in western North America and Pinus strobus and P. Kempton 5966 (MICH); Wrangell Island, Aug. 12, 

L. in eastern North America. 

1931, J. C. Scudder et al. (BPI as Marasmius papillatus). 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Andersson (1978); Desjardin (1985, CALIFORNIA: Humbolt Co., Big Tree, Aug. 11, 1986, S. H. 

19876); Favre (1939a); Hongo (1953); Ito (1959); Jahn 1067 (NY); Marin Co., Carson Ridge, Oct. 27, 1984, J. Par- 

(1962); Lennox (1979); Malenqon and Bertault (1975); Mat- sons 33 (NY); Mendocino Co., Jackson State Forest, Oct. 20, 

suda and Hongo (1955); Redhead (19806); Schmidt (1978); 1984, D. Davis 132 (NY). IDAHO: Bonner Co., Upper Priest 

Toumikoslu (1953); Ulvinen et al. (1981); Urbonas et al. Lake, Sept. 20, 1966 (WS 56575). ILLINOIS: Peoria Co., 

(1986); Vaasma et al. (1986); Wells and Kempton (1975). Peoria, 1969, Mrs. Runde (MICH). MAINE: Oxford Co., 

NOTES: In the field, this is a conspicuous species because of Canton Point, J. C. Parlin (A. H. S. 15370, MICH). MARYits 

habitat. Macroscopically, it might be confused with the LAND: Laurel, Oct. 25, 1968, 0. K. Miller 7091 (VPI). 

genus Strobilurus, but microscopically the two genera are MASSACHUSETTS: Conway, Sept. 16, 1960, J. W. Groves 

easily separated. The eastern North American population dif- (DAOM 7 1683). MICHIGAN: Cheboygan Co., Colonial Point, 

fers from the western population by its restriction to pine Sept. 22, 1949, A. H. Smith 34132 (MICH). MINNESOTA: 

cones, Pinus strobus in the north and P. palustris P. Mill. from Anoka Co., Cedar Creek Natl. Historical area, Sept. 8, 1969, 

Alabama and Texas in the south, beyond the range of P. stro- M. G. Weaver 1885 (MICH); Crow Wing Co., Pelican L., 

bus. However, the species has been collected on exotic spruce Sept. 12, 1964, M. G. Weaver 1109 (MICH). NEW YORK: 

(Picea abies) in Maryland. In western North America spruce Adirondack Mountains, Star Lake, Sept. 6, 1981, J. Ginns 

cones almost exclusively are the normal substrate, i.e., Picea 6350 (DAOM 180879); Albany, Oct. 4, 1952, S. J. Smith and 

sp. (Alaska, B.C., Oregon, and Washington), Picea engel- K. L. Brooks 12543 (NYS); Ithaca, Oct. 4, 1902, C. Thom 

manii Pany (Idaho) and Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. (B.C., (BPI); Warrensburg, Sept. 5, 1934, A. H. Smith 704 (MICH). 

California), except for some of the southern most coastal col- NORTH CAROLINA: Asheville, Aug. 1917, H. C. Beardslee 

lections in California beyond the range of P. sitchensis that are (MICH); Swain Co., Deep Creek, Sept. 5, 1971, K. A. Hamon 

Pseudotsuga menzesii (Mirb.) Franco. 

son 11046 (MICH). OREGON: Lake Tahenitsch, Nov. 11, 


COLUMBIA: Alice Lake Park, Nov. 3, 1973, S. A. Redhead 

1935, A. H. Smith 3426 (MICH); Tsiltcoos L., Nov. 13, 

1935, A. H. Smith 3457 (MICH). TENNESSEE: Cades Cove, 

BC-1 (UBC), Oct. 21, 1973, S. A. Redhead BB-2, BB-8 Aug. 31, 1938, A. H. Smith and L. R. Hesler 10720 (MICH). 

(UBC); Queen Charlotte Islands: Graham Is., Yakoun River TEXAS: Hardin Co., Big Thicket Natl. Preserve, Nov. 5, 1983, 

6 krn S of Port Clements, Sept. 15, 1982, S. A. Redhead 4262 0. K. Miller 20888 (VPI). VERMONT: Middlesbury, Sept. 24, 

(DAOM 187549); Rossland, Sheep L., Oct. 3, 1966, K. A. 1898, E. A. Burt (BPI). VIRGINIA: Jefferson Natl. Forest, 

Hamson (MICH); Squamish, Nov. 3, 1973, S. A. Redhead Oct. 4, 1983, 0. K. Miller 20813 (VPI). WASHINGTON: Lake 

BC-7a (UBC); Vancouver Island: Pacific Rim Natl. Park, Quinnault, Oct. 14, 1925, C. H. Kauffman (MICH). ISC CON- 

Pachena Bay, Oct. 6, 1979, S. A. Redhead 3392 (DAOM SIN: Door Co., Newport State Park, Sept. 6, 1987, E. 0. Far- 

175388). NEW BRUNSWICK: Kouchibouguac Natl. Park, Sept. well (F 1070570); St. Croix Co., Sept. 4, 1970, S. J. Mazzer 

22, 1977 and Oct. 5, 1978, S. A. Redhead 2495,2696 (DAOM 

166765, 169976). NOVA SCOTIA: Queen's Co., Kejimkujik 

6326 (MICH); Vernon Co., Viroqua, Aug. 26, 1973, F. Hoseney 

2747 (MICH) . 

Natl. Park, Grafton L., Sept. 19, 1987, S. A. Redhead 5989 

(DAOM 198239). ONTARIO: Algonquin Prov. Park: Blue 

Beech Creek at Petawawa River, Sept. 8, 1982, G. Thorn 

820908114 (DAOM 190184), Frontier L., Sept. 30, 1982, 

G. Thorn 820930103 (DAOM 190122); Fallowfield, Oct. 4, 

1956, J. W. Groves and M. E. Elliott (DAOM 54060); 

Gananoque, Sept. 13, 1982, G. Thorn 820913101 (DAOM 

190189); Lake Temagami, Sept. 11, 1935, R. F. Cain 

(DAOM 80336); Petawawa, Sept. 5, 1941, J. W. Groves and 

I. L. Conners (DAOM 10581); St. Lawrence Islands Natl. 

Park: Mallorytown, Sept. 5, 1975, M. McCauley (DAOM 

153505), Thwartway Is., Sept. 18, 1975, J. Ginns (DAOM 

153504); Shaw Wood lot near Eganville, Sept. 10, 1987, S. A. 

Redhead 5975 (DAOM 197385); Simcoe Co., S of Alliston, 

Sept. 23, 1962, R. F. Cain (DAOM 165005); York Co.: W of 

Maple, Sept. 27, 1937, H. S. Jackson (DAOM 48488), Nashville, 

Sept. 19, 1953, R. F. Cain (DAOM 50892); Rockcliffe, 

(19) Crinipellis piceae Singer 

MAP: Fig. 27, also see Redhead (19866, Fig. 3). 

RANGE: Coastal North America from the Alaskan panhandle 

to northern California, disjunct to the east coast Acadian forest 

zone and one locality in northeastern Ontario, central and far 

eastern USSR. 

HABITAT: Individual needles of Picea sitchensis, other Picea 

spp., Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., and Abies balsamea 

(L.) Mill. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Bulakh (1977): Desjardin (1987b); 

Redhead (19866); Singer (1939, 19426); Vasil'eva (1973). 

NOTES: Along the west coast the species is often found on 

the ridge tops of colonized dunes, and elsewhere in the fog belt 

where Picea sitchensis occurs. It is the only species of Crinipellis 

in North America that regularly colonizes spruce 

needles. 

Sept. 14, 1898, J. Macoun (DAOM F 7920). QUEBEC: (20) Cyphellostereum laeve (Fr.) Reid 

Gatineau Park, Sept. 17, 1953, C. A. Loveland (DAOM = Relephora muscigena Pers.

= Cantharellus laevis Fr. 

= nelephora vulgaris var. candida Pers. 

= Stereophyllum boreale Karst. 

= Craterellus pogonati Peck 

= Leptoglossum seticola Comer 

MAP: Fig. 26. 

RANGE: West coast of North America from the Queen 

Charlotte Islands to Oregon, also in the interior wet belt 

(Selkirk Mts.), disjunct to eastern North America east of the 

Great Lakes, Sierra Nevada range in Venezuela, northern, 

western and central Europe, Malaya, New Zealand. 

HABITAT: Associated with Polytrichaceae (Bryophytes), 

mainly Polytrichum and Pogonatum in seepage areas or along 

creeks. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Comer (1966); Redhead (1973, 

1984a); Reid (1965). 

NOTES: Cyphellostereum laeve is a small but distinct species 

in the field notable for its pure white colour against the green 

hosts and its association with the Polytrichaceae. Microscopically 

it is readily separated from other muscigenous 

basidiomycetes. 

. . ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ONTARIO: 

Nepean, Sept. 29, 1984, S. A. Redhead 5110 (DAOM 

190883). U.S.A.: NEW YORK: Hamilton Co., Raquette L., 

I Sept. 11, 1976, T. Baroni 2994 (DAOM 183343). OREGON: 

1 Corvallis, Oct. 20, 1970, R. H. Petersen (TENN 34809); 

i Waldport, Oct. 18, 1970, R. H. Petersen (TENN 34804). 

; VERMONT: Bennington Co., near Bennington, Aug. 28, 1981, 

I 

T. Baroni 4085 (DAOM 183344). 



: 

1 (2 1) Hypholomu dispersum QuC1. 

= Agaricus marginatus Pers. non A. marginatus Batsch 

= Agaricus fascicularis var. marginatus Pers. :Fr. 

I 

= Agaricus dispersus Fr., nom. illeg., non A. dispersus Pers. 

= Psilocybe ochraeceps Kauff. 

MAP: Fig. 29. 

RANGE: Common along the west coast from the Queen 

Charlotte Islands south to northern California, and in a smaller 

band in the interior wet belt (Selkirk Mts.), in eastern North 

America known only from Newfoundland, northem, eastern, 

western, and southern Europe, westem USSR as far east as the 

western Caucasus mountains (Krasnodar region), and again in 

the far eastern USSR and Japan. 

HABITAT: On fragmented coniferous debris and branches, 

often silt or moss covered, often on slopes, in wet coniferous 

forests. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Dennis et al. (1960); Eliade (1965); 

Hongo (1965); Kuhner (1936); Schmid-Heckel (1985); Smith 

(1951); Urbonas (1975); Urbonas et al. (1986); Vaasma et al. 

(1986); Watling and Gregory (1 987). 

NOTES: Smith (1951) recognized three varieties of Naematolomu 

dispersum (Quel.) Karst. (= Hypholoma dispersum) in 

North America. Both N. dispersum var. dispersum and var. 

idakonese (Smith) Smith are included in the above synopsis. 

Variety jlavifolium Smith is considered to be a distinct species 

with an arnphiatlantic distribution, H. jlavifolium, which is 

conspecific with Hypholomu polytrichi sensu Kuhner (1936), 

non Fries. Hypholomu dispersum appears to be toally absent 

from the interior of the North American continent. Smith 

(1951, p. 513) reported a single collection of variety dispersum 

from "Tequamenon State Park, Mich., 1949"; however, reexamination 

of that collection, A. H. S. 33538 (MICH), revealed 

that it was a misdetermined specimen of H. jlavifolium. 

REDHEAD 3015 


COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, Roger's Pass summit, Sept. 14, 

1980, S. A. Redhead 3728 (DAOM 182449); Mt. Revelstoke 

Natl. Park, Woolsey Creek, Sept. 23, 1980, S. A. Redhead 

4003 (DAOM 182448); North Vancouver, Mt. Seymour, 

Sept. 22, 1973, S. A. Redhead AI-42 (DAOM 185541); 

Prince Rupert, Sept. 1962, R. Sharpe (DAOM 89716); Queen 

Charlotte Islands, Graham Is., Naikoon Prov. Park, Tow Hill, 

Sept. 24, 1982, S. A. Redhead 4514 (DAOM 187530); Vancouver 

Is.: 40 krn E of Ucluelet, Hwy. 4, Oct. 6, 1973, S. A. 

Redhead AM-17 (DAOM 182548). NEWFOUNDLAND: Avalon 

Peninsula, Butter Pot Prov. Park area, Oct. 9, 1988, S, A. 

Redhead 6645 (DAOM 198748); Gros Morne Natl. Park, 

Southeast Brook Falls, Sept. 23, 1983, S. A. Redhead 4941 

(DAOM 187960), between Feny and Crow Gulch brooks, 

Sept. 18, 1983, S. A. Redhead 4770 (DAOM 187967). ENG- 

LAND: YORKSHIRE: Malham, Sept. 1964, C. Jeffrey (DAOM 

107762). SWEDEN: SMALAND: Eksjo, Oct. 21,1945, G. Haglund 

(DAOM 64884); Femsjo, Sept. 23, 1947, A. Melderis 

(DAOM 64422); Nassjo, Oct. 16, 1945, G. Haglund (DAOM 

64421). U.S.A. : CALIFORNIA: Del Norte Co., Crescent City, 

Nov. 21, 1956, A. H. Smith 55932 (MICH); Humboldt Co., 

Big Lagoon Park, Dec. 19, 1956, A. H. Smith 56836 (MICH); 

Humboldt State Park, Dec. 30, 1956, A. H. Smith 56122 

(MICH); Mendocino Co., Jackson State Forest, Nov. 23, 

1975, R. Halling 1129 (DAOM 180678); Patrick's Point State 

Park, Nov. 2, 1965, H. D. Thiers 13965 (DAOM 128265); 

Prairie Creek Park, Nov. 23, 1937, A. H. Smith 9020 

(MICH); Smith R., Nov. 16, 1937, A. H. Smith 8787 

(MICH); Trinidad, Nov. 29, 1935, A. H. Smith and H. E. 

Parks 3656 (MICH); Trinity Natl. Forest, Nov. 7, 1937, A. H. 

Smith 851 1 (MICH). IDAHO: Bonner Co., Priest L., Sept. 27, 

1964, A. H. Smith 70871 (MICH); Nordman, Oct. 12, 1956, 

A. H. Smith 54590 (MICH). OREGON: Belknap Springs, Oct. 

23, 1937, A. H. Smith 8149 (MICH); Clackamas Co., Mt. 

Hood area, Oct. 8, 1972, A. H. Smith 82655 (MICH); Eugene 

area, Nov. 24, 1946, F. P. Sipe 947 (MICH); Lake Tahkinitah, 

Nov. 18, 1935, A. H. Smith 3336 (MICH); Lane Co., 

Andrew Experimental Forest, Dec. 15, 1970, F. Rhoades 

(MICH); McKenzie R., S. Fork, Oct. 20, 1937, A. H. Smith 

7993 (MICH); Tillamook Co., Van Duzen Comdor, Nov. 8, 

1970, A. H. Smith 79692 (MICH); Wemme, Oct. 21, 1947, 

A. H. Smith 28024 (MICH); Wildwood near Rhododendron, 

Oct. 14, 1947, H. V. and N. Smith (A. H. S. 27737, MICH); 

Willamette area, Oct. 29, 1944, F. P. Sipe 539 (MICH); Zig 

Zag, Oct. 28, 1946, A. H. Smith 25058 (MICH). WASHING- 

TON: Hoh R., June 30, 1939, A. H. Smith 14715 (MICH); 

King Co., Preston, Sept. 26, 1954, A. H. Smith 47947 

(MICH); Lake Crescent, Oct. 10, 1935, A. H. Smith 3077 

(MICH); Lake Quinnault, Oct. 7, 1925, C. H. Kauffman 

(MICH); LaPush, along Quillayote R., Oct. 26, 1935, A. H. 

Smith 3344 (MICH); Mt. Rainier Natl. Park, Sept. 11, 1954, 

A. H. Smith 47373 (MICH); Olympic Mts., Heart O'Hills, 

June 28, 1939, A. H. Smith 14674 (MICH); Siskiyou Natl. 

For., Takilma, Nov. 29, 1925, C. H. Kauffman and C. A. 

Brown (MICH); Zenith, Nov. 30, 1940, J. B. Flett (MICH). 

(22) Lyophyllum gibberosum (Schaeff.) M. Lange 

= Collybia gibberosa J. Schaeffer 

= Collybia f. gracilis J. Lange 

MAP: Fig. 53. 

RANGE: Western Newfoundland, northern Europe (Austria, 

Denmark, Finland, Germany), Japan.



3016 

Noordeloos (1983); Overholts (1940); Singer (1973a); 

Urbonas et al. (1986). 

NOTES: This is a conspicuous white species that usually 

fruits in groups. A variety described from the southern Appala- 

chians, Marasmius candidus var. setulosus Josserand & Smith, 

represents a distinct species with setuliform pileocystidia and 

other distinguishing features (Singer 1973a; D. E. Desjardin, 

personal communication). 


COLUMBIA: Haney area, Oct. 25, 1959, G. Rouse (UBC); 

Squamish, Oct. 17, 1979, S. A. Redhead 3480 (DAOM 

188780); Vancouver, July 25, 1949, J. Bowman (DAOM 

34685), Feb. 9, 1961, R. J. Bandoni BC-1545 (DAOM 

91078), Nov. 17, 1963, E. Hancock (DAOM 114371), 

Jan. 20, 1982, R. J. Bandoni 6880 (DAOM 182706); Vancouver 

Island: Lake Cowichan, Meade Creek, Oct. 2, 1979, 

S. A. Redhead 3282 (DAOM 180410); Goldstream Prov. 

Park, Oct. 8, 1971, J. Ginns 1898 (DAOM 181027); 24 krn W 

of Port Alberni, Oct. 7, 1973, S. A. Redhead AP-10 (DAOM 

175327); Saanich, Jan. 11 and 19, 1958, W. G. Ziller (DAOM 

63342, 63341), Nov. 12, 1964, M. C. Melburn (DAOM 

109149); Sidney, Oct. 29 and Nov. 1, 1915, J. Macoun 

(DAOM 5 1362, 5 1363, both misdetermined as Marasmius 

subvenosus by Dearness), July 5, 1948, W. G. Ziller (DAOM 

21379); Sooke, Oct. 23, 1965, M. C. Melburn 560 (DAOM 

CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989 

HABITAT: Coniferous duff. 

113217); Victoria, Dec. 2, 1943, G. A. Hardy 89 (DAOM 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Hongo (1972); Lange (191 7); 16326), Jan. 8, 1959, M. C. Melburn (DAOM 63338), 

Lange (1946, 1948, 1954); Lange and Munk (1948); Lange Nov. 4, 1961, M. C. Melburn 419 (DAOM 87895), Jan. I, 

and Sivertsen (1966); Moser (1949); Petersen (1970); Sagara 1967, M. C. Melburn (DAOM 116769); White Rock area, 

(1973, 1975); Schaeffer (1942); Ulvinen et al. (1981). V. J. Krajina (UBC). ONTARIO: Point Pelee Natl. Park, 

NOTES: Macroscopically this is not an overly distinctive spe- Sept. 14, 1981, J. E. and S. A. Redhead 4153 (DAOM 

cies; however, microscopically it is very easily identified. 186919). U.S.A.: CALIFORNIA: Crescent City, Dec. 7, 1937, 

Collybioid fungi have been studied intensively in both the A. H. Smith 9496 (MICH); Mendocino Co., Jackson State 

northwestern and northeastern U.S. (Halling 1983; Lennox Forest, Nov. 25, 1972, M. Concannon (DAOM 144090); 

1979) without turning up additional collections, thus making Orick, Dec. 4, 1937, A. H. Smith 9396 (MICH); Santa Barits 

find in Newfoundland noteworthy. In Eurasia it has a bara, Jan. 14, 1939, P. M. Rea 18 (MICH); Santa Cruz Mounbicoastal 

distributional pattern and hence, if native to North tains, Oct. 5, 1933, M. Mentzes (as Marasmius magnisporus 

America, may have or have had a bicoastal distribution. in Dearness herb. in DAOM). INDIANA: Bloomington, Aug. 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NEW- 20, 1981, R. E. Halling 3424 (NY). MISSOURI: Boone Co., 

FOUNDLAND: Gros Morne Natl. Park, Sept. 2 1, 1983, J. Ginns Columbia, June 14, 1940, J. B. Routin 1057 (TENN 13288) 

and S. A. Redhead 4904 (DAOM 187843). FINLAND: Oulum confirmed by D. E. Desjardin. OHIO: Hocking Co., Conkles 

Pohjanmaa, Pudasjarvi, Ala-Livo, Oct. 6, 1969, E. Ohenoja Hollow State Park, July 16, 1977, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 

(DAOM 179546). 

54635 (DAOM 193769). NORTH CAROLINA: Chapel Hill, July 

22, 1920 (NCU 4493) confirmed by D. E. Desjardin. OREGON: 

(23) Marasmiellus candidus (Bolt. :Fr.) Singer 

Benton Co., Mary's Peak, Nov. 17, 1970, A. H. Smith 80010 

= Agaricus candidus Bolton 

(MICH); Eugene, Nov. 10, 1946, F. P. Sipe 931 (MICH); 

= Agaricus albus-corticis Secr., nom. invalid. 

Garibaldi, Sept. 21, 1944, A. H. Smith 19013 (MICH); Lin- 

= Marasmius magnisporus Mum. 

coln Co., Van Duzer Corridor, Oct. 11, 1970, A. H. Smith 

MAP: Fig. 24. 

RANGE: Coastal in western North America from southern 

78946 (MICH); Polk Co., Van Duzer Corridor, Nov. 18, 

1970, A. H. Smith 80081 (MICH); Salmon River above 

Vancouver Island and the Vancouver region south to southern Welches, Oct. 24, 1947, A. H. Smith 28247 (MICH); Tila- 

California, also in eastern North America from Pt. Pelee east mook Co., Pacific City dunes, Nov. 9, 1972, A. H. Smith 

to New York and south to North Carolina, the Azores, 83572 (MICH). PENNSYLVANIA: Allegheny Co., Ben Avon 

western, eastern, and southern Europe, south to North Africa, Heights, Sept. 19, 1937, L. K. Henry (NY); Westmoreland 

east to Georgia (USSR), Japan. 

Co., July 30, 1908, D. R. Jenkins (NY). WASHINGTON: Bell- 

HABITAT: Woody angiosperm debris on mossy ground, or ingham, Oct. 21, 1962, B. J. M. (UBC); ElwhaR., Olympics, 

bark, twigs, and exposed roots slightly elevated above the June 1939, A. H. Smith 14264 (MICH); Joyce, Sept. 22, 

ground. 

1935, A. H. Smith 2562 (MICH); Lake Crescent, Sept. 20, 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Binyamini (1980); De Sousa Da 

Camara (1956); Dennis et al. (1977); Desjardin (1985, 

1935, A. H. Smith 2520 (MICH); San Juan Island, Nov. 20, 

1966, M. A. Waugh (UBC). THE NETHERLANDS: LIM- 

19876); Eliade (1965); Hardy (1946); Ito (1959); Malen~on BURG: Gronsveld, Savelsbos, Aug. 5, 1981, T. W. Kuyper 

and Bertault (1975); Murrill (1912~); Nakhutsrishvili (1975); 1670 (DAOM 185425). 

(24) Psilocybe semilanceata (Fr.) Kummer 

= Agaricus semilanceatus Fr. 

MAP: Fig. 28. 

RANGE: Coastal from the Queen Charlotte Islands to northern 

California, rare in the interior wet belt of British Columbia 

(Columbian Mts.), disjunct to eastern New Brunswick, Prince 

Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland (and possibly 

Vermont); northern, western, eastern, and southern Europe 

through to Georgia, USSR; disjunct to the far eastern USSR; 

Australia and Chile in the southern Hemisphere. 

HABITAT: On herbaceous debris in wet pastures of coarse 

grasses and rushes, usually on bottom lands near rivers or the 

ocean, an exception being the California collection associated 

with charred mossy wood. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: De Sousa Da Camara (1956); Eliade 

(1965); Guzmin (1983); Guzmin and Watling (1978); HBiland 

(1978); Jokiranta et al. (1984); Lange (1936~); Michaelis 

(1977); Moeller (19456); Nakhutsrishvili (1975); Redhead 

(19796); Schmid-Heckel (1985); Singer and Moser (1964); 

Ulvinen et al. (1981); Urbonas (1978); Urbonas et al. (1986); 

Watling and Gregory (1987). 

NOTES: Psilocybe semilanceata is one of the more distinctive 

small species, often harvested for its hallucinogenic drug, 

psilocybin. The genus Psilocybe was monographed for the



world by Guzmin (1983). Among other locations, he reported 

P. semilanceata from Albany, New York, filed as Psilocybe 

foenisecii, "Peck s.n." (NYS). In actuality two lids appear to 

have been switched on collections identified as P. foenisecii 

deposited at Albany (NYS). On the reverse of one is informa- 

tion indicating it came from "Nova Scotia A. H. MacKay 

St 05" where it caused a "short sickness in children," and that 

contradicts data on the lid that reads "Menands, Chas. H. 

Peck June." This is the specimen of P. semilanceata cited by 

Guzmin. On an identically sized box is a lid inscribed "Psilo- 

cybe foenisecii A. H. MacKay Nova Scotia Sept. 1905." The 

specimen in that box is P. foenisecii, which I believe is the 

Menands collection. MacKay (1913) detailed the symptoms 

produced in children who had ingested the species he sent to 

Peck from Glace Bay, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. 

A third unrelated collection, not cited by Guzmin, from 

Bethlehem, New York, was identified as P. semilanceata by 

Peck (NYS), but is actually P. subcoprophila (Britz.) Sacc. 

Psilocybe semilanceata has also been reported from Akpatok 

Island, N.W.T., by Polunin (1934). No specimens could be 

located at the British Museum or Kew. This record, in an arctic 

region and over 1000 krn from documented sightings, is almost 

certainly based on a misdetermination and should not be 

accepted unless verified by voucher specimens. 

Guzmin (1983) also reported P. semilanceata from "Vir- 

ginia, Vermont, Middlebury" leg. Langlois s.n. (Oct. 24, 

1898) (BPI). I have seen a number of Langlois collections of 

various species at Beltsville with such confusing labels indicat- 

ing different sites. I would expect to find P. semilanceata in 

coastal Vermont but not in Virginia. 

ADDlTIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH 

REDHEAD 3017 

CALIFORNIA: Humbolt Co., Nov. 8, 1986, B. L. Thompson 

(SFU) . 

Boreal endemic 

(25) Marasmiellus filopes (Peck) Redhead 

= Marasmius $lopes Peck 

= Marasrnius thujinus Peck 

= Marasrnius piceina Kauff. 

MAP: Fig. 20. 

RANGE: From southern British Columbia and western Alberta 

to northern California and Colorado in the Coastal, Columbian, 

and Rock Mountain ranges; apparently disjunct to the eastern 

boreal forest, east of the Great Lakes to Newfoundland. 

HABITAT: Individually on fallen needles of Abies, Pinus, or 

Picea species, usually covering needle beds by the hundreds or 

thousands. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Desjardin (1985, 1987b); Gilliam 

(1976); Redhead (1980d). 

NOTES: This species is conspicuous because of the large 

numbers of basidiomes it produces in concentrated patches. 

There is an old report from Orca, Alaska by Saccardo et al. 

(1904) that may be correct. 

ADDlTIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ALBERTA: 

Marmot Creek basin, Kananaskis valley near Seebe, R. M. 

Danielson 1855 (DAOM 184722); Waterton Lakes Natl. Park, 

Cameron Lake, Aug. 15, 1980, G. P. White 899 (DAOM 

177003). BRITISH COLUMBIA: Rocky Mt. Trench near Donald 

Stn., Hwy. 1 and Columbia River, Sept. 21, 1980, S. A. Redhead 

3976 (DAOM 180995). NEW BRUNSWICK: Moncton, 

Oct. 28, 1987, G. P. White (DAOM 197820). NEWFOUND- 

LAND: Gros Morne Natl. Park, Berry Hill Pond, Sept. 17, 

COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, upper Illecillewaet River valley 1983, S. A. Redhead 4745 (DAOM 187965). ONTARIO: 

by old railway station, Sept. 27, 1980, S. A. Redhead 4107 Algonquin Prov. Park, Smoke Lake, Sept. 23, 1982, G. Thorn 

(DAOM 178932); Mission, Oct. 1977, P. Kroeger and 820923120 (DAOM 190127), Peck Twp., Hardwood Lookout 

S. Czolowski (DAOM 175141); Queen Charlotte Islands, Trail, Oct. 14, 1985, G. Thorn and P. Macquame 85 1014105 

Graham Is., Masset, Oct., 1980, B. Fulford (DAOM 177915), (DAOM 195327). PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Prince Co., Cabot 

Sept. 18, 1982, S. A. Redhead 4387 (DAOM 187508); Port Prov. Park, Oct. 14, 1988, S. A. Redhead 6727 (DAOM 

Clements area, Sept. 15, 1982, S. A. Redhead 4254 (DAOM 198745). QUEBEC: St. Fabien-de-Panet, Oct. 12, 1980, 

187597); Vancouver Island, Duncan, Oct. 8, 1979, S. A. R. McNeil 961 (DAOM 180924). U.S.A.: IDAHO: Bonner 

Redhead 3400 (DAOM 175061); Vedder Canal, Oct. 14, Co., Priest L., Sept. 23, 1964, A. H. Smith 70709 (MICH); 

1973, S. A. Redhead AY-4 (DAOM 175237). NEW BRUNS- Latah Co., Dry Creek, Nov. 13, 1946, W. B. and V. G. 

WICK: Fredericton, Nov. 2, 1977, E. Fiander (DAOM Cooke 18764 (MICH). MICHIGAN: Isle Royale, Oct. 17, 1942, 

165480); Kouchibouguac Natl. Park, Sept. 22, 1977, S. A. H. and V. Bailey 140 (MICH). NEW YORK: Lake placid, 

Redhead 2484 (DAOM 165834), Oct. 9, 1978, S. A. Redhead Oct. 13, 1913, W. A. Mum11 (MICH). UTAH: Rich Co., W. 

2769 (DAOM 169937). NEWFOUNDLAND: Avalon Peninsula, of Randoph, Sept. 3, 1971, C. T. Rogerson 4106 (MICH). 

St. John's, Oct. 9, 1988, S. A. Redhead 6636 (DAOM 

198741); western Newfoundland, late summer 1976, comm. (26) Marasmius pallidocephalus Gilliam 

J. Webster (DAOM 160725); Gros Morne Natl. Park, Green MAP: Fig. 10. 

Point, Sept. 24, 1983, S. A. Redhead 4962 (DAOM 187936); RANGE: From the Queen Charlotte Islands to the Yukon and 

Berry Head Pond Trail, Sept. 21, 1983, S. A. Redhead 4887 northern California, across boreal Canada to Newfoundland, 

(DAOM 187935). NOVA SCOTIA: Cape Breton Island, Glace also in the Great Smoky Mountains. 

Bay, Sept. 1905, comm. by A. H. MacKay (as Psilocybe HABITAT: On needles in needle beds, most commonly Picea, 

foenisecii, NYS, see text above); Glenmont, Oct. 13, 198 1, Tsuga, less often Pinus. 

G. Thorn 430 (DAOM 187594). PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: SELECTED LITERATURE: Desjardin (1985, 1987b); Gilliam 

Kings Co., Red Point Prov. Park, Oct. 17, 1988, S. A. Red- (1975b, 1976); Ginns (1986); Redhead (1984~). 

head 6764 (DAOM 198743); Prince Co., Cabot Prov. Park, NOTES: In the field it is difficult to always distinguish 

Oct. 14, 1988, S. A. Redhead 67 14 (DAOM 198742); Queens between M. androsaceus and M. pallidocephalus. However, 

Co., Tea Hill Prov. Park, Oct. 17, 1988, S. A. Redhead 6773 section Androsacei is easily recognized, and commonly col- 

(DAOM 198744). ENGLAND: Ashdown Forest, Aug. 1, lected on field trips. Distributional data are based upon speci- 

1954, J. W. Groves (DAOM 44788); Ashridge, Oct. 13, mens segregated from M, androsaceus collections for the most 

1951, D. A. Reid (DAOM 27820). SWEDEN: SMALAND: part originally filed under the latter name in herbaria. 

Nassjo, Sept. 24, 1945, G. Haglund (DAOM 66226). U.S.A.: ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ALBERTA:



3018 CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989 

Sandy L., 72 krn NW of Edmonton, June 21, 1979, H. M. E. NOTES: The report of this species from Wrangell Island, 

Schalkwyk 1374 (DAOM 193918). BRITISH COLUMBIA: Mt. Alaska (Cash 1953) was based on a misdetemined specimen 

Robson Prov. Park, July 12, 1978, W. B. and V. G. Cooke of Baeospora myosura (q. v.). 

55578 (DAOM 193760). NOVA SCOTIA: Annapolis Co., ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH 

Kejimkujik Natl. Park, Big Dam L., Sept. 20, 1987, S. A. COLUMBIA: Queen Charlotte Islands, Graham Is., Naikoon 

Redhead 6030 (DAOM 198232). YUKON TERRITORY: Indian Prov. Park, Tow Hill, Sept. 24, 1982, S. A. Redhead 4524 

River at Yukon River, 60°47'N, 139"44'W, July 16, 1984, (DAOM 187536). ONTARIO: Magnetawan, Aug. 1920, H. C. 

J. Ginns 8292 and W. Cody (DAOM 196952); Yukon River Beardslee (BPI, Weir 17133). U.S.A. : MICHIGAN: Univ. 

6.4 km NNW of Coal Creek, 64"311N, 140°33'W, July 19, Mich. Biol. Station, July 26, 1961, M. V. Charlton 189 

1984, J. Ginns 8481 and W. Cody (DAOM 196957). U.S.A.: (MICH). NEW YORK: Ithaca, Oct. 10, 1902, C. Thom (BPI). 

CALIFORNIA: Tehama Co., Mineral, Oct. 7 and 9, 1981, W. B. PENNYSLVANIA: Clarion Co., Cook Forest, Oct. 7, 1938, 

and V. G. Cooke 60722, 60807 (DAOM 193759, 193758). L. K. Henry 2684 (NY). 

COLORADO: Huerfano Co., Pass Creek Pass, Sept. 3, 1964, 

H. R. Simms (NY); Snow Mass Creek, Aug. 9, 1976, 

R. Singer N 5035 (F). MONTANA: Flat Head Natl. Forest, 

Echo L., June 1930, C. H. Kauffman (MICH). NEW MEXICO: 

Santa Fe Co., Sangre de Cristo Mts., July 1957, C. Barrows 

452 (MICH). NEW YORK: Lake Placid, July 17-29, 1912, 

W. A. and E. L. Mum11 (NY). VIRGINIA: White Top Mt., July 

22 to Aug. 25, 1946, R. Singer V 202 (F). WASHINGTON: Clallam 

Co., Joyce, Sept. 29, 1941, A. H. Smith 17427 (MICH); 

Steven Co., Sept. 27, 1947, W. B. and V. G. Cooke (NY). 

WYOMING: Medicine Bow Mts., Sept. 1, 1923, C. H. Kauffman 

(MICH). 

(29) Mitrula elegans (Berk.) Fr. 

= Leotia elegans Berk. 

MAP: Fig. 21, also see Redhead (1977b, Fig. 2). 

RANGE: From the Queen Charlotte Islands to northern California, 

northern Idaho, and from Manitoba to Nova Scotia, 

south along the Appalachians to North Carolina and Georgia. 

HABITAT: Stagnant pools or slow-moving streams, on leaf 

and twig litter. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Redhead (1977b). 


Riding Mountain Natl. Park, Swanson Creek, Aug. 18, 1979, 

S. A. Redhead 2853 (DAOM 178937). NEW BRUNSWICK: 

Kouchibouguac Natl. Park, July 7, 1977, S. A. Redhead 23 13 

(DAOM 1667763). ONTARIO: Algonquin Prov. Park, Pitcher 

Plant Pond, June 23, 1980, G. Thorn (DAOM 186875). 

U.S.A.: CALIFORNIA: Nevada Co., near Bowman Dam, June 

1965, L. S. Mott (SFU); Shasta Co., Lassen Volcano Natl. 

Park, June 29, 1976, D. Showers 3579 (SFU); Sierra Co., 

12.8 km W of Yuba Pass, June 14, 1985, D. E. Desjardin 

3403 (SFU). MAINE: Waldo Co., Palermo, June 12, 1975, 

S. Ristich (NY). NEW YORK: Hamilton Co., Raquette Lake, 

July 21, 1983, R. E. Halling 3605 (DAOM 188109). 

(27) Tricholoma magnivelare (Peck) Redhead 

= Agaricus magnivelaris Peck 

= Agaricus ponderosus Peck, non A. ponderosus Pers. 

= Armillaria ponderosa Sacc. 

= Armillaria arenicola Murr. 

= Tricholoma murrillianum Singer 

MAP: Fig. 14, also see Kinugawa and Goto (1978, Fig. 2). 

RANGE: Abundant in the western cordillera and coastal areas 

from northern California to British Columbia, less common 

east of the continental divide in the boreal forest from the 

Northwest Temtories to the eastern Maritimes, and in the 

southern Appalachians. 

HABITAT: Mycorrhizal, often associated with Pinus spp. and 

Tsuga spp. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Kinugawa and Goto (1978); Ogawa 

(1979); Redhead (1984e); Smith (1979); Zeller and Togashi 

(1934). 

NOTES: Tricholorna magnivelare is a well known, large, 

edible species harvested commercially for domestic consumption 

and export to Japan. 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: U.S.A.: NORTH CARO- 

LINA: Highlands, Nov. 3, 1956, A. J. Sharp (TENN 22474). 

TENNESSEE: Great Smoky Mts. Natl. Park, Cades Cove, 

Nov. 16, 1947, L. R. Hesler (TENN 18325). 

Bicoastal endemics 

(28) Marasmiellus papillatus (Peck) Redhead & Halling 

= Marasmius papillatus Peck 

= Marasmius alienus Peck 

= Marasmius umbilicatus Kauff. 

MAP: Fig. 25. 

RANGE: Coastal from the Queen Charlotte Islands to Oregon, 

northern Idaho, again in eastern North America east of the 

Great Lakes, Michigan to northern Maine. 

HABITAT: On decorticated wood in forests. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Baroni and Halling (1989), Redhead 

and Halling (1982). 

(30) Strobilurus albipilatus (Peck) Wells & Kempton 

= Collybia albipilata Peck 

= Marasmius subpilosus Peck 

= Prunulus myceliosus Murr. 

= Strobilurus lignitilus Wells & Kempton 

= Marasmius uliginosus Gilliam 

MAP: Fig. 23. 

RANGE: From south central Alaska to northern California 

along the coastal mountains and into higher elevations in the 

Sierra Nevada, also in northern Idaho and adjacent British Columbia, 

again east of the Great Lakes to Newfoundland. 

HABITAT: colonizing rotting coniferous wood (Nfld., Ont., 

Que., B.C.), or fallen conifer cones of Pseudotsuga menziesii 

(B.C.) and Pinus (NY, WA) often buried in the duff, and on 

piles of cone scales left by squirrels. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Desjardin (1987b); Gilliam (1975b); 

Lennox (1979); Redhead (1980b). 

NOTES: The large gap separating the known eastern and 

western populations indicates that this species has a disjunct 

east - west distribution like Baeospora myosura. 


COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, Illecillewaet River valley, 

Sept. 13, 1980, S. A. Redhead 368 1 (DAOM 178927); Vancouver, 

Univ. B.C., Sept. 9, 1973, S. A. Redhead AE-1p.p. 

(DAOM 160759). NEWFOUNDLAND: Gros Morne Natl. Park, 

Berry Hill Pond, Sept. 21, 1983, S. A. Redhead 4893 (DAOM 

187964). U.S.A.: CALIFORNIA: Tahoe Natl. Forest, S of Yuba



Pass, June 10, 1986 (TENN 47008). WASHINGTON: Dock 

Butte, Oct. 5, 1986, B. McAdoo (DAOM 198968); Sumas, 

Oct. 3, 1986, B. McAdoo (DAOM 198977). 

Western cordilleran endemics 

(3 1) Chrysomphalina aurantiaca (Peck) Redhead 

= Omphalia aurantiaca Peck 

= Omphalia luteicolor Munill 

MAP: Fig. 37. 

RANGE: Southern British Columbia to northern California. 

HABITAT: Rotting coniferous logs in wet forests. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Bigelow (1970); Bigelow and Smith 

(1962); Redhead (1986~); Smith (1949). 

NOTES: This is a brightly coloured, conspicuous species, 

unlikely to be mistaken for any other species. 

(32) Collybia bakerensis A. H. Smith 

MAP: Fig. 34. 

RANGE: From the interior wet belt of British Columbia 

(Columbian Mts.) to the Rockies in Colorado and along the 

Cascades to the Sierra Nevada in California. 

HABITAT: On standing or fallen dead conifers, often Abies 

near melting snow in California, typically on Tsuga in the 

northern parts of its range. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Desjardin and Halling (1987). 

(33) Marasmiellus pluvius Redhead 

MAP: Fig. 51. 

RANGE: Southwestern British Columbia to northern California. 

HABITAT: On fallen needles of Pseudotsuga or 7huja. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Desjardin (1985, 19876); Redhead 

(19826). 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: U.S.A.: CALIFORNIA: 

Humboldt Co., Big Lagoon, Sept. 24, 1983, D. E. Desjardin 

2203 (DAOM 191 186). 

(34) Marasmius salalis Desjardin & Redhead 

MAP: Fig. 46. 

RANGE: Queen Charlotte Islands to Oregon along the coast. 

HABITAT: On leaves and stems of Gaultheria shallon Pursh. 

and occasionally Mahonia nervosa (Pursh.) Nutt. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Desjardin (1987~); Desjardin and 

Redhead (1 987); Redhead (1 982a). 

NOTES: This species is closely allied to M. copelandii Peck 

var. copelandii on oak leaves in California and M. copelandii 

var. olidus (Gilliam) Desjardin, on oak in the eastern U.S.A. 

REDHEAD 3019 

manii, P. glauca (Moench) Voss, and only once on a cone 

scale of Pinus monticola Dougl. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Desjardin (1985, 19876); Lennox 

(1979); Redhead (1980b); Wells and Kempton (1971). 

NOTES: There are at least two varieties of this species, a 

coastal one on Picea sitchensis cones, and an interior one on 

cones of P. engelmanii and P. glauca. The former is usually 

paler and has more conspicuously fusoid pleurocystidia. Strobilurus 

wyomingensis (Smith & Arenberg) Wells & Kempton 

is possibly a third variety. It is generally the darkest of the 

three, has fewer pleurocystidia, and usually has slightly larger 

basidiospores. It occurs in subalpine areas of Wyoming and 

Colorado on spruce cones and other coniferous debris. Two 

collections from Colorado previously reported to be S. occidentalis, 

DAOM 167625 and 172150 (Redhead 1980b), are 

now considered to be S. wyomingensis. 


COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, Beaver River Valley, Sept. 11, 

1980, S. Redhead 3602 (DAOM 183688); Illecillewaet River 

valley, Sept. 9, 1980, S. A. Redhead 3537 (DAOM 178943); 

Manning Prov. Park, Lightening Lake, Oct. 15, 1979, S. A. 

Redhead 3443 (DAOM 173697); Queen Charlotte Islands, 

Graham Is., Naikoon Prov. Park, Tow Hill, Sept. 16 and 25, 

1982, S. A. Redhead (187492, 187489). U.S.A.: WASHING- 

TON: Forks, Sept. 1986, B. McAdoo (DAOM 198978). 

(37) Strobilurus trullisatus (Murr.) Lennox 

= Gymnopus trullisata Murr. 

= Strobilurus kemptonae Wells 

MAP: Fig. 33. 

RANGE: Southern British Columbia in the Coastal, Cascade, 

and Columbian mountains to northern California and Colorado 

along the Cascades, Rockies, Sierra Nevada, and Coastal 

mountain ranges, with one variety in Mexico. 

HABITAT: Typically on fallen, bumed cones of Pseudotsuga 

menziesii (B.C., California, Oregon, Washington) along the 

coast, but also on Pinus spp. in inland areas, viz. P. contorta 

Dougl. (B.C .), P. flexilis James (Colorado), P. lambertiana 

Dougl. (California), P. monticola (B.C.), P. ponderosa 

Dougl. (California), and on P. montezumae Lamb. (Mexico). 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Desjardin (1985, 19876); Lennox 

(1979); Redhead (1980b); Singer (1973); Wells and Kempton 

(197 1). 

NOTES: This species is distinctive because of its pinkish 

colouration and the bubblelike swelling on its pleurocystidia 

that breaks off leaving an apical collar. As with S. occidentalis 

and Xerom~halina cauticinalis ssp. cauticinalis. the most 

typical fo4 of the species is found along the coast,'in this case 

on Douglas-fir cones. Atypical specimens often occur on pine 

cones in the mountains. The Colorado collection was particularly 

abnormal, nearly lacking the collared pleurocystidia characteristic 

for the species, and by its thicker walled hyphae. 

Similarly the type of Strobilwus esculentus var. montezumae 

Singer (19736) represents an atypical form where the collars 

are poorly developed and only occur on some pleurocystidia. It 

(35) Resinomycena montana Redhead & Singer 

MAP: Fig. 39. 

RANGE: From the Queen Charlotte Islands to the Olympic 

Peninsula of Washington, and the Rocky Mountain trench in 

British Columbia. 

HABITAT: On twigs and cones under conifers. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Redhead and Singer (1981). 

NOTES: The genus Resinomycena was monographed by Redis 

considered to be a distinct variety: Strobilurus trullisatus 

head and Singer (1981). 

var. montezumae (Singer) - Redhead, comb. nov., basionym 

(36) Strobilurus occidentalis Wells & Kempton S. esculentus var. montezumae Singer, Beih. Sydowia, 7: 

MAP: Fig. 3 1. 32-33, 1973. 

RANGE: From Alaska to California along the coast, east to ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH 

Alberta. COLUMBIA: Clearwater, Sept. 2, 1982, T. Goward 82-1563 

HABITAT: On fallen cones of Picea sitchensis, P. engel- (DAOM 192072); Mt. Revelstoke Natl. Park: Inspiration



3020 CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989 

Woods trail, Sept. 17, 1980, S. A. Redhead 3862 (DAOM 

178945); Woolsey Creek, Sept. 23, 1980, S. A. Redhead 4021 

(DAOM 178947); Rocky Mountain trench, Hwy. at Columbia 

River near Donald Stn. on CPR, Sept. 21, 1980, S. A. Red- 

head 3958, 3965 (DAOM 178944, 178946); Shuswap Lake, 

Scotch Creek Park, Oct. 2, 1982, T. Goward 82-1647 (DAOM 

192068); Vancouver Island, Cowichan Lake, Sept. 28, 1979, 

S. A. Redhead 3219 (DAOM 188775). U.S.A.: CALIFORNIA: 

Sierra Co., Gilman Flat, Oct. 15, 1972, G. Wong (DAOM 

167626); Siskiyou Co., Mt. Shasta, Sept. 25, 1977, W. B. and 

V. G. Cooke 54890 (DAOM 167343); Tehama Co., Mineral, 

Oct. 7 & 9, 1981, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 60684, 60790, 

60608 (DAOM 193789, 193788, 193787). COLORADO: 

Boulder Co., 8.8 krn SE of Ward, 10 000 ft (1 ft = 0.3048 m) 

alt., Sept. 15, 1973, S. Shushan sf-1353 (MICH). IDAHO: 

Priest Lake, Sept. 29, 1968, D. H. Mitchell 2279 (DAOM 

166720). 

and also from Washtenaw CO., Michigan (MICH), in addition 

to published sites. 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: U.S.A.: ILLINOIS: Cook 

Co., Ottawa Trail Woods Forest Preserve, Aug. 3, 1956, R. L. 

Shaffer 644 (MICH). MICHIGAN: Washtenaw Co., Sharon 

Hollow, Aug. 4, 1960, R. L. Shaffer 2516 (MICH). PENNSYL- 

VANIA: location and date not known, leg. Herbst, filed as 

"Omphalia herbstii" nom. herb. (NYS). 

(41) Marasmius pyrrhocephalus Berk. 

= Marasmius macorrhizus Mont. 

= Marasmius longipes Peck non M. longipes Mont. 

= Marasmius elongatipes Peck 

= Marasmius hirtipes Clements non M. hirtipes Speg. 

MAP: Fig. 65. 

RANGE: Southern and eastem Ontario west to Minnesota, 

east to Massachusetts, south to North Carolina. 

(38) Tetrapyrgos subdendrophora (Redhead) Horak 

= Campanella subdendrophora Redhead 

MAP: Fig. 50. 

RANGE: Coastal from Vancouver, B.C., to northern Oregon. 

HABITAT: On grasses and Rubus canes in cavities in dense, 

enclosing vegetation. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Horak (19836, 1986); Redhead 

(1974). 

NOTES: This rarely collected species is a representative of a 

primarily pantropical genus. Tetrapyrgos nigripes (q.v.), a 

pantropical species with a range extending to southern Quebec 

and Ontario, is the only other species in Canada. 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: U.S.A.: OREGON: Lincoln 

Co., Van Duzer State Park, Comdor, on Rubus canes, 

Oct. 11, 1970, A. H. Smith 78943 (MICH); Tillamook Co., 

Neskowin Creek, on Rubus canes and grass stems, Oct. 26, 

1980, F. Boyden (MICH). 

HABITAT: On decaying oak leaves, petioles and twigs, usually 

slightly buried in soil. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Gilliam (1975~). 

NOTES: In addition to specimens cited below, and published 

records by Gilliam that were used for mapping, the following 

specimens for deposit at TENN were confirmed by D. E. Desjardin: 

U.S.A.: ILLINOIS: Coles Co., S. Charleston, Oct. 30, 

1987, A. Methven. NORTH CAROLINA: Mason Co., Ball Cr. 

area, Sept. 4, 1986, D. E. Desjardin 4130. TENNESSEE: Knox 

Co., S. Knoxville, Nov. 9, 1986, D. E. Desjardin 4209. 

VIRGINIA: Horton Center, NW of Blacksburg, Aug. 18, 1987, 

D. E. Desjardin 4467. Also confirmed by Desjardin was a 

Kansas record: Miami Co., Fontana, Sept. 30, 1970, A. Bujakiewicz 

61 (MICH). 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ONTARIO: 

Big Rideau Lake, Portland, Aug. 30, 1961, J. W. Groves 

(DAOM 84474); Ottawa, June 17, 1951, M. Stuart (DAOM 

27480); Pt. Pelee Natl. Park, Sept. 18, 198 1, J. E. and S. A. 

(39) Xeromphalina Jitlvipes (Murr.) Smith 

Redhead 4232 (DAOM 192755); St. Lawrence Islands Natl. 

= Gymnopus Jitlvipes Murr. 

Park: Beaurivage Is., Sept. 1, 1976, J. Bond (DAOM 

= Marasmius subnauseosus Kauffman 

158948); Mallorytown Landing, June 6, 1975, S. A. Redhead 

MAP: see Redhead (1988, Fig. 101). 

RANGE: From the Alaskan panhandle to Oregon along the 

coast and again in the interior wet belt of British Columbia to 

northern Idaho. 

HABITAT: On coniferous debris on the ground. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Redhead (1988). 

1573 (DAOM 153671); Sept. 5, 1975, M. McCauley (DAOM 

153877), Sept. 24, 1975, J. Ginns, E. Kokko (DAOM 

153669, 154540); MacDonald Is., Oct. 10, 1975, J. Ginns 

(DAOM 153885), July 27, 1976, J. Bond (DAOM 158841), 

Sept. 13, 1979, G. P. White (DAOM 175473); Thwartway 

Is., July 12, 1975, S. A. Redhead 1666 (DAOM 153670), 

Sept. 18, 1975, M. Kaufert (DAOM 153667), P. Leclair 

Eastern deciduous forest endemics 

(DAOM 153666, 153897, 153668), June 30, 1976, P. Leclair 

(DAOM 158842), Aug. 11, 1976, J. Bond (DAOM 158840). 

(40) Gerronema subclavatum (Peck) Singer ex Redhead QUEBEC: Cantley, Aug. 26, 1952, E. and J. W. Groves 

= Omphalia subclavata Peck 

(DAOM 35178); Cascades, July 11, 1954, S. C. Hoare 

= Omphalina subchrysophylla Murr. 

(DAOM 44476); Gatineau Park, Aug. 1, 1957, M. Pantidou 

= Omphalina lenta Murr. 

(DAOM 57645). U.S.A.: ILLINOIS: Geneseo, June 2, 1909, 

MAP: Fig. 72. 

E. T. and S. A. Harper (F 1286365). MICHIGAN: Ann Arbor, 

RANGE: Southern Ontario near the Great Lakes, west to Aug. 14, 1921, L. E. Wehmeyer (DAOM 124164). OHIO: 

Missouri, south to Florida, Mexico, Jamaica, and Brazil. Fairfield Co., Crumley and Dumont Rd., Oct. 1, 1979, W. B. 

HABITAT: On twigs and woody debris under hardwoods. and V. G. Cooke 57905 (DAOM 193763); Highland Co., 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Bigelow (1970); Bigelow and Rocky Fork Lake State Park, May 5, 1975, W. B. and V. G. 

Hesler (1960); Peck (1900); Redhead (1986~); Singer (1970). Cooke 49709 (DAOM 193762); Portage Co., Eagle Creek 

NOTES: Another lignicolous species with a similar distribu- State Preserve near Memttsville, May 16, 1976, W. B. and 

tion, ranging from the American tropics in Brazil to the Ottawa V. G. Cooke 52032 (DAOM 193761). PENNSYLVANIA: Allevalley, 

is Asterotus dealbatus (Berk.) Singer (Comer 1981; gheny Co., Fern Hollow, Sept. 22, 1906, D. R. Sumstine 

Singer 1943, 1955; Thorn and Barron 1986). It is a much rarer (NY); Butler Co., NE of Harmony, Sept. 11, 1936, L. K. 

species, having been collected in undocumented localities in Henry (NY); Fayette Co., Ohio Pyle, June 15, 1940, L. K. 

Alabama (NY and NYS), Missouri (NY), and Ohio (NYS), Henry (NY); Huntington Co., Masser's Gap, June 30, 1936,



REDHEAD 3021 

L. 0. Overholts (NY). WISCONSIN: Madison, June 6, 1911, RANGE: Southern Ontario and Quebec to Nova Scotia, west 

E. T. and S. A. Harper (F 1287708). to Missouri, south to Virginia. 

(42) Mitrula lunulatospora Redhead 


RANGE: From Lake Nipigon, Ontario to Nova Scotia, south 

along the coast and Appalachians to Alabama and Mississippi. 

HABITAT: On decaying leaves and needles in stagnant forest 

pools. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Redhead (1977b). 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NEW BRUNS- 

WICK: Kouchibouguac Natl. Park., June 12 and July 18, 1978, 

K. Egger (DAOM 169447, 169444). 

HABITAT: Colonizing roots of hardwoods in the eastern 

deciduous forest. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Redhead et al. (1987). 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NOVA 

SCOTIA: Annapolis Co., North Mt. near Delaps Cove, Sept. 24, 

1987, S. A. Redhead 6172 (DAOM 19823 1); Colchester Co., 

Upper Brookside, Penny Mt., July 8, 1931, A. H. Smith 

(MICH); Pictou Co., Mt. Thom, Aug. 15, 1931, A. H. Smith 

758 (MICH); Tmro, A. H. Smith 630 (MICH). ONTARIO: 

Magnetawan, M. Broedel and L. C. Krieger (H. A. Kelly 

1536, MICH). QUEBEC: Portneuf Co., L. St. Joseph, July 18, 

(43) Resinornycena acadiensis Redhead & Singer 

1967, R. L. Shaffer 5433 (MICH). U.S.A.: CONNECTICUT: 

MAP: Fig. 55. 

RANGE: Eastern New York to southern Quebec and New 

Bmnswick. 

HABITAT: Twigs in coniferous forests. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Redhead and Singer (1981). 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: QUEBEC: 

Brossard, Rte. 10, June 20, 1980, G. Guerin 18 (DAOM 

185078). U.S.A.: NEW YORK: Westchester Co., Arrnonk, 

July 7, 1981, S. Stein (NY); Snyder's (14 mi W of Albany), 

July 25, C. H. Peck (NYS as Omphalia candida). RHODE 

ISLAND: Washington Co., Aug. 6, 1988, R. Lowen (DAOM 

198647). 

(44) Resinomycena rhododendri (Peck) Redhead & Singer 

= Agaricus rhododendri Peck 

= Marasmius decurrens Peck, non M. decurrens Montagne 

= Marasmius resinosus Peck 

= Marasmius resinosus var. niveus Peck 

MAP: Fig. 64. 

RANGE: Southern Ontario west to Minnesota, east to Massachusetts, 

south to northern Georgia. 

HABITAT: On leaf and twig litter of Quercus, Fagus, 

Castanea, Carya, and Rhododendron, and occasionally Pinus. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Redhead and Singer (198 1). 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: U.S.A.: CONNECTICUT: 

Redding, Aug. 22, 1902, E. M. Underwood (NY). MASSA- 

CHUSETTS: Berkshire Co., N of Williamstown, Aug. 16, 1986, 

R. E. Halling 4793 (NY); Franklin Co., Conway, July 17, 

1977, R. E. Halling 2133 (NY); Stow, Sept. 11, 1901, 

S. Davis (NYS). NEW YORK: Albany Co., Selkirk, Aug., C. H. 

Peck (NYS, as Marasmius resinosus); Bronx, July 27, 1902, 

F. S. Earle (NY); Deleware Co., Arkville, Aug. 7 - 17, 1916, 

W. A. Mumll (NY); Long Is., Aug. 6, 1912, C. H. Peck and 

F. S. Earle (NY); Worchester, North Greenbush, C. H. Peck 

(NYS as M. resinosus). OHIO: Lima, C. W. Dawson (NY). 

PENNSYLVANIA: Allegheny Co., Glenshaw, Aug. 15, 1939, 

L. K. Henry 3021 (NY); Berks Co., Antietum, Aug. 19, 1938, 

L. K. Henry 2334 (NY); Indiana Co., Glen Campbell, Aug. 4, 

1938, L. K. Henry 2100 (NY); Monroe Co., Delaware Water 

Gap, Aug. 1 - 15, 1917, W. A. Mumll (NY); Somerset Co., 

NW of Trent, July 27, 1949, L. K. Henry (NY ex CM 

147031); Warren Co., SW of Youngsville, Sept. 17, 1947, 

L. K. Henry (NY ex CM 14267); Westmoreland Co., Waterford, 

Sept. 1, 1940, D. R. Sumstine (NY ex CM 12510). 

VIRGINIA: Giles Co., Mountain Lake, July 8- 14, 1909, 

W. A. Mumll (NY). 

New London Co., Pachaug State Forest, Aug. 5, 1988, 

J. Poirier (DAOM 198644). KENTUCKY: Cumberland State 

Park, Oct. 22, 1955, L. R. Hesler (TENN 22196 p.p.). 

MAINE: Aroostook Co., Madawaska L., July 10, 1956, H. E. 

and M. E. Bigelow 3140 (MICH). MARYLAND: Baltimore, 

July 29, 1919, L.C.C. Krieger (H. A. Kelly 42, MICH). 

MICHIGAN: Baraga Co., Slate R., June 27, 1969, J. F. Ammirati 

2851 (MICH); Bany Co., Yankee Springs, Sept. 3, 1955, 

A. H. Smith 51191 (MICH); Cheboygan Co., Burt L., July 5, 

1969, A. H. Smith 77562 (MICH); Chelsea, June 1937, A. H. 

Smith (MICH); Chippewa Co., Detour, Aug. 14, 1949, 

H. Imshaug 3401 (MICH); Cross Village, June 30, 1959, 

A. H. smith 60861 (MICH); Emerson, ~ u29, l 1959, ~ A. H. 

Smith 61203 (MICH); Emmet Co., Wilderness Park, July 20, 

1953, A. H. Smith 41634 (MICH); Frankfort, Aug. 1908, 

E. T. and S. A. Harper 2208 (F); Ithaca, June 23, 1949, 

V. Potter 7465 (MICH); Kalamazoo, Aug. 21, 1966, S. J. 

Mazzer 4363 (MICH); Kalkaska Co., Lannin School, June 15, 

1968, J. LaRue 17 (MICH); Luce Co., Tahquamenon Falls 

State Park, Sept. 2, 1949, A. H. Smith 33193 (MICH); Mackinac 

Co., Hessel, Aug. 22, 1949, H. Imshaug 3837 (MICH); 

Mackinaw City, Sept. 4, 1949, A. H. Smith 33295 (MICH); 

Marquette Co., Huron Mts., July 8, 1968, H. D. Thiers 594 

(MICH); Milford, 1945, A. H. Smith (MICH); Mt. Nebo 

Wilderness State Park, H. D. Thiers 3538 (MICH); Oakland 

Co., LaBadie L., Aug. 8, 1937, A. H. Smith 6870 (MICH); 

Oceana Co., Shelby, Aug. 20, 1972, F. Hoseney 2284 

(MICH); Portage Co., West Branch, F. Hoseney 2037 

(MICH); Quincy, Sept. 3, 1928, B. B. Kanouse (MICH); 

Washtenaw Co., Sharon Hollow, R. L. Shaffer 2772 (MICH). 

MISSISSIPPI: Adams Co., Natchez Trace Parkway, April 27, 

1973, D. Guravich 284 (MICH). NEW YORK: Alcove, Aug. 

and Sept. 1892, C. L. Shear (New York Fungi 6, F); Genesseo 

Co., Oct. 14, 1961, R. H. Petersen (TENN 27566); 

Newcomb, Aug. 16, 1934, A. H. Smith 357 (MICH). NORTH 

CAROLINA: Flat Creek, Aug. 27, 1938, A. H. Smith 10580 

(MICH); Highlands, Aug. 18, 1970, L. R. Hesler (TENN 

35664); Pisgah, July 31, 1963, R. H. Petersen (TENN 26684 

p.p.); Swain Co., Deep Cr., Sept. 15, 1971, K. A. Harrison 

11 158 (MICH). OHIO: Warren Co., Fort Ancient, Oct. 21, 

1961, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 32986 p.p. (MICH). PENNSYL- 

VANIA: Blue Ridge Summit, July 3, 1920, L. C. C. Krieger 

(H. A. Kelly 475, MICH). SOUTH CAROLINA: Winnsboro, 

June 4, 1966, C. Fyles (TENN 2915 1 p.p.). TENNESSEE: Great 

Smoky Mountains Natl. Park, Cades Cove, Sept. 21, 1972, 

L. R. Hesler (TENN 37523), La Conte, Aug. 12, 1938, A. H. 

(45) Xerulafi&racea (Peck) Redhead, Ginns & Shoemaker Smith 10076 (MICH). VERMONT: orleans Co., Barton, 

= Collybia radicata var. firjkracea Peck Aug. 20, 1986, E. 0. Farwell (F 1068942); Windham Co., 

MAP: Fig. 62. Newfane Hill, July 26, 1961, R. L. Shaffer 3072 (MICH).



3022 

CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67. 1989 

VIRGINIA: Giles Co., Oct. 5, 1962, R. H. Petersen (TENN MICH); Nashville, Sept. 1976, M. Dement (MICH); New 

26808); Mountain Lake, Sept. 15, 1958, H. R. Milliken Hopewell, Aug. 27, 1950, L. R. Hesler (TENN 19726); 

(TENN 3981 p.p.). WISCONSIN: Bayfield Co., Chequamegon Noms, June 11, 1955, L. R. Hesler (TENN 21679). VIRGINIA: 

Natl. Forest, July 7, 1971, S. J. Mazzer (MICH). 

Fairfax Co., N. Rochester, Sept. 19, 1977, D. Nash (F 

1059677). WISCONSIN: Lake ~eneva, July 16, 1983, R. singer 

(46) Xerula megalospora (Clements) Redhead, Ginns & N5 124 (F). 

Shoemaker 

= Clitocybe megalospora Clements 

(47) Xerula rubrobrurzrzescens Redhead, Ginns & Shoemaker 

= Collybia umbrina Clements 

MAP: Fig. 60. 

= Collybia radicata var. minor Peck 

RANGE: From Iowa to southern Quebec, south to the Great 

MAP: Fig. 66. 

Smoky Mountains along the Appalachians. 

RANGE: Southern Ontario and Quebec, west to Nebraska, HABITAT: Colonizing roots of hardwoods in the eastern 

east to eastern New York, south to Louisiana. 


HABITAT: Colonizing roots of hardwoods in the eastern 





Shaw Wood Lot near Eganville, Aug. 11, 1987, J. Ginns and 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ONTARIO: S. A. Redhead 5931 (DAOM 197189). U.S.A.: ILLINOIS: 

Magnetawan, July 26, 1921, H. A. Kelly 1272 (MICH). Evanston, Sept. 29, 1968, R. Singer (F 101437 p.p.); Glencoe, 

U.S.A. : ILLINOIS: Evanston, Sept. 29, 1968, R. Singer N1753 Aug. 1907, E. T. and S. A. Harper 1627 (F 1322726). IOWA: 

(F); Geneseo, Aug., 1915, E. T. and S. A. Harper 3705 (F); Iowa City, Sept. 12, 1938, J. M. McGuire (MICH). KEN- 

Lake Co., Highland Park, Sept. 3, 1975, R. Singer N7558 (F); TUCKY: Cumberland State Park, Oct. 22, 1955, T. H. Camp- 

Port Byron, June 13, 1898, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F); bell and L. R. Hesler (TENN 22196). MICHIGAN: Bemen Co., 

Wheaton, June 10, 1982, R. Singer N4106 (F). INDIANA: Warren's Woods, Oct. 7, 1955, R. L. Shaffer and A. H. Smith 

Montgomery Co., The Shades State Park, Aug. 25, 1961, 50713 (MICH); Cheboygan Co., Sept. 13, 1964, A. H. Smith 

W. B. and V. G. Cooke 327 16 (MICH); Owen Co., Spencer, 78083 (MICH); Emmet Co., W Branch of Maple R., Aug. 5, 

Aug. 22, 1970, R. L. Shaffer 6341 (MICH); Warren Co., 1953, L. R. Hesler (MICH); Luce Co., Tahquamenon Falls 

High Bridge, Aug. 26, 1961, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 32853 State Park, July 6, 1955, A. H. Smith 49733 (MICH); Mar- 

(MICH). MICHIGAN: Alpen Co., Sinks, June 26, 1959, A. J. quette Co., Canyon L. Rd., Aug. 29, 1970, A. H. Smith 

Sharp (MICH); Baraga Co., Slate R., June 27, 1969, J. F. 78696 (MICH), Ives L., Aug. 27, 1970, A. H. Smith 78580 

Ammirati 2850 (MICH); Belleville, June 30, 1970, F. Hose- (MICH); Oakland Co., Highlands Rec. area, Aug. 10, 1972, 

ney 2021 (MICH); Bois Blanc Island, July 27, 1947, M. Lange A. H. Smith 81432 (MICH), Milford, Sept. 18, 1945, A. H. 

and A. H. Smith 26053 (MICH); Emmet Co., Pellston Hills, Smith 20547 (MICH), Proud L., Sept. 3, 1969, A. H. Smith 

June 27, 1957, R. L. Shaffer 1302 (MICH); Iosco Co., Iargo 75101 (MICH). NEW HAMPSHIRE: Grafton Co., W. Thorton, 

Pond, July 29, 1973, C. Nimke 372 (MICH); Ithaca, Aug. 12, Aug. 31, 1940, P. M. Rea 703 (MICH). NEW YORK: Adiron- 

1948, V. Potter 6029 (MICH); Kalamazoo Co., Kalamazoo, dack Park; Floodwood, Meacham L., Aug. 21, 1987, 

June 3, 1973, S. Rosegrant 1 (MICH); Kalkaska Co., Lannin M. Waitkins (DAOM 197354), North Elba, Aug. 22, 1987, 

School, June 29, 1968, J. LaRue 56 (MICH); Livingstone M. Illich (DAOM 197334). NORTH CAROLINA: Blue Ridge 

Co., E. S. George Res., July 19, 1971, F. Hoseney 1804 Parkway, mile post 363, Aug. 4, 1955, L. R. Hesler (TENN 

(MICH); Luce Co., Tahquamenon Falls State Park, July 23, 232 16 p.p.). RHODE ISLAND: Washington Co., Aug. 6, 1988, 

1953, A. H. Smith 41655 (MICH); Mackinac Co., Hessel, Van Matie (DAOM 198645). TENNESSEE: Great Smoky Mts. 

Aug. 22, 1949, H. Imshaug (MICH); Mackinac Island, July Natl. Park, Husky Gap, Aug. 4, 1938, A. H. Smith 9717 

13, 1899, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F); Mackinaw City, July (MICH). VIRGINIA: Giles Co., Mountain Lake, Sept. 15, 

26, 1949, A. H. Smith 32713 (MICH); Oakland Co., Haven 

Hill, July 24, 1972, A. H. Smith 81 182 (MICH); Ontonagon 

1958, H. R. Milliken (TENN 3981 p.p.). 

Co., Porcupine Mts. State Park, Aug. 23, 1962, H. Peters 

1124 (MICH); Summer, July 19, 1948, V. Potter 5702 Eastern maritime - Great Lakes endemic 

(MICH); Washtenaw Co., Ann Arbor, July 24, 1970, (48) Laccaria trullisata (Ellis) Peck 

R. Chaud 15 (MICH), Sept. 24, 1894, L. N. Johnson = Agaricus trullisatus Ellis 

(MICH). MINNESOTA: Dakota Co., June 14, 1968, M. G. MAP: Fig. 74. 

Weaver 1298 (MICH); Rice Co., Wheeling Twp., June 23, RANGE: Scattered along the eastern seaboard from Florida to 

1965, M. G. Weaver 1 164 (MICH). MISSOURI: Franklin Co., New Bmnswick, P. E. I., and GaspC, Quebec, and to Missis- 

Meramec State Park, May 31, 1940, J. B. Routien (TENN sippi on the Gulf coast, around the Great Lakes and Ottawa 

13232). NEW YORK: Alleghany State Park, July 7, 1964, R. H. valley, also associated with the Mississippi drainage. 

Petersen (TENN 27589); Kingston, Binnewater L., July 9, HABITAT: Sparsely vegetated dunes along ocean, lake, and 

1955, R. P. Korf and Denison (MICH); Wyoming Co., July river shores. 

15, 1964, R. H. Petersen (TENN 27450). NORTH CAROLINA: SELECTED LITERATURE: Anderson (1950); Anonymous 

Great Smoky Mts. Natl. Park, Mt. Mitchell, July 30, 1958, (1903); Bigelow and Barr (1962); Ellis (1874); Hgiland 

L. R. Hesler (TENN 23087). OHIO: Warren Co., Fort (1976); Huhtinen (1988); Malloch and Thorn (1985); Peck 

Ancient, Oct. 21, 1961, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 32986 p.p. (19 12); Redhead and Watling (1979); Singer (1942a, 196 1); 

(MICH). TENNESSEE: Great Smoky Mts. Natl. Park, Cades Smith (1934, 1952); Weaver and Shaffer (1969). 

Cove, July 20, 1966, L. R. Hesler (TENN 29200); Hamilton NOTES: This species is easily recognized by its habitat and its 

Co., Lookout Mt., May 27, 1934, L. R. Hesler (TENN 3634); elongated, nearly smooth spores. It is assumed to be mycor- 

Knoxville, May 8, 1944, R. M. Boarts (ex TENN 18342, rhizal with dune inhabitors such as Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt.



REDHEAD 3023 

(Malloch and Thorn 1985). Its distribution is mostly linked to M. tremulae as suggested by Favre (1955) nor synonymous 

the ocean or the Great Lakes, and therefore follows a pattern with M. epiphyllus as suggested by Gilliam (1976), but is a 

exhibited by a number of dune-inhabiting vascular plants. The distinct species restricted to the east coast of North America. 

Ottawa valley collections are in an area formerly covered by ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH 

the Champlain Sea in postglacial history. 

COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, Roger's Pass, Sept. 14, 1980, 

For the purposes of mapping, the following three records, S. A. Redhead 3736 (DAOM 199049). U.S.A.: ALASKA: Glawhich 

have been verified by Dr. G. Mueller, have been cier Bay Natl. Park, Sept. 7 and 9, 1979, W. B. and V. G. 

plotted: U.S.A.: FLORIDA: Levy Co., Cedar Keys, Way Key, Cooke 57282, 57338, 57349 (DAOM 193752, 193751, 

Jan. 22, 1949 (F). NORTH CAROLINA: Carteret Co., Bogue, 175884). 

Oct. 31, 1977, Randall 106 (NCSC). WISCONSIN: Trempealoa 

Co., near Osseo, Sept. 18, 1977, G. Mueller 127 (SIU). 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: PRINCE 

EDWARD ISLAND: Kings Co., E side of mouth of St. Peter's 

Bay, Oct. 17, 1988, S. A. Redhead 6768 (DAOM 198752); 

Queens Co., W Brackley Beach, P.E.I. Natl. Park, Aug. 1970, 

M. Granter (QFB 19019). QUEBEC: Gasp6 peninsula, Forillon 

Natl. Park, Penouille, Oct. 2, 1988, S. A. Redhead 6538 

(DAOM 199157). U.S.A.: ILLINOIS: Mason Co., Oct. 1959, 

R. H. Runde (MICH). MICHIGAN: Anne Arundel Co., Severn 

R., Oct. 3, 1919, H. A. Kelly 270 (MICH); Chippewa Co., 

Whitefish Point, Sept. 12, 1955, A. H. Smith 50404 (MICH); 

Magothy R., Dec. 29, 1923, H. A. Kelly 1921 (MICH); Mar- 

(50) Mycena lohwagii Singer 

MAP: Fig. 38. 

RANGE: Coastal from southern Vancouver Island to Oregon, 

again in the interior wet belt of British Columbia (Columbian 

Mts.); eastern USSR and the Caucasus mountains. 

HABITAT: On buried rhizomes of Athyrium felix-femmina 

(L.) Roth. in North America and Asia, and also Dryopteris 

crassirhizoma Nakai in the USSR in loamy, wet soil, often 

near streams or rivers. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Azbukina et al. (1984); Maas Geesteranus 

(1986); Nakhutsrishvili (1975); Redhead (1984d); 

Vaasma et al. (1986); Vasil'eva (1973). 

quette Co., Chocolay R., Oct. 5, 1970, K. A. Hamson 9968 

(MICH), Le Vasseur, Sept. 30, 1970, K. A. Hamson 9883 

(MICH); Muskegan Co., Cedar Creek Twp., Sept. 16, 1979, 

A. A. and S. A. Reznicek and P. A. Keddy (MICH); Oceana 

Co., Grant Twp., Sept. 26, 1970, E. Robinson 37 (MICH); 

Standish, Sept. 25, 1938, A. H. Smith 1 1095 (MICH); Talbot 

Co., Clora's Point, Choptank R., Aug. 26, 1925, W. H. 

Fisher (H. A. K. 1979, MICH). MINNESOTA: Crow Wing Co., 

Pelican Twp., Oct. 4, 1961, M. G. Weaver (MICH). MISSIS- 

SIPPI: Jackson Co., Gulf Islands Natl. Seashore, Horn Is., 

Dec. 3, 1982, N. S. Weber 4669 (MICH). NEW YORK: Suffock 

Co., Hither Hills State Park, Oct. 3, 1965, C. T. Rogerson 

(NY). VIRGINIA: Virginia Beach Co., Sandbridge, N of Back 

Bay Wild Life refuge, Dec. 4, 1985, E. Neilson (0. K. Miller 

22475, VPI). 

(5 1) Phaeolepiota aurea (Matt. :Fr.) Maire 

= Agaricus aureus Matt. 

= Agaricus vahlei Fr. 

= Lepiota pyrenaeca Qu61. 

MAP: Fig. 30. 

RANGE: South central Alaska to southern British Columbia, 

Washington, and northern Idaho in the Coastal, Cascade, 

Monashee, Columbian, Selkirk, and Rocky Mountains; 

throughout Europe (Austria, Belgium, Britain, Czechoslovakia, 

Denmark, France, East and West Germany, Hungary, 

Italy, Greece, Portugal, Estonian SSR, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian 

SSR, Yugoslavia, and Leningrad, Georgian, Krasnodar, 

and Arkhangelsk regions of USSR, Karel Republic USSR, 

Ukranian SSR, Belorussia) and Tibet, the far eastern USSR 

(Kavkaz, Khabarovsk, and Primorski regions, Mariiskaia 

Republic), and Japan. 

Amphi-Beringian: Eurasian - western cordillera 

HABITAT: Often on flood plains in mountainous areas, on 

soil under poplars and conifers. 

(49) Marasmius tremulae Velen. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Bach (1956); Hongo (1986); Ito 

MAP: Fig. 40. 

(1959); Nakhutsrishvili (1975); Overholts (1927); Reid 

RANGE: Columbian mountains, British Columbia to the (1975b); Schmid-Heckel (1985); Smith and Hesler (1968); 

Alaskan panhandle; eastern USSR to central Europe; probably Urbonas et al. (1986); Vaasma et al. (1986); Wang and Zang 

introduced to Iceland. 

(1983); Wasser (1980, 1985); Wells and Kempton (1965, 

HABITAT: In Eurasia and Iceland, where the host has been 1967). 

introduced, restricted to fallen leaves of Populus tremula L., in NOTES: Welden and Guzman (1978) reported this species 

North America on leaves of P. trichocalpa Torr. & Gray. from Veracruz, Mexico; however, a specimen determined as 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Azbukina et al. (1984); Bulakh P. aurea by Guzman (leg. F. Ventura, April 3, 1972, 1360 m 

(1977); Favre (1955); Hallgninsson (1981); Horak (1985); elev., El Esqilon, Municipio de Jilotepec, Veracruz, Mexico 

Urbonas et al. (1 986). 

(NY)), on wood, is actually a large pleurocystidiate Agrocybe 

NOTES: In most European keys, M. tremulae is characterized with a membranous annulus. 

by growth on leaves of P. tremula while M. epiphyllus occurs ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ALBERTA: 

on many hosts. Favre (1955) noted other differences such as Jasper, Sept. 21, 1980, H. M. E. Schalkwyk 1656 (DAOM 

the absence of clamp connections in M. tremulae and its 1913 19). BRITISH COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, Beaver River 

bisporic basidia, in addition to smaller size and fewer recog- valley, Sept. 16, 1980, S. A. Redhead 3794 (DAOM 178195); 

nizable lamellae. Based on these features it is clear that the Hope, Oct. 8, 1961, W. G. Ziller (DAOM 89721, ex DAVFP 

common species on Populus tremuloides Michx., the vicariant 12950); Ladner, Deese Creek, Oct. 5, 1974, L. C. Schisler 

North American counterpart to P. tremula, is not M. tremulae (DAOM 176289); Revelstoke, Nov. 1965, M. Hume (DAOM 

but M. epiphyllus. Marasmius tremulae switches hosts and 113986); Vancouver, Sept. 5, 1946, J. Bowman (DAOM 

appears to be restricted to P. trichocarpa in the western cor- 23943); Vancouver Island, Goldstream Prov. Park, July 20, 

dillera. 

1957, M. C. Melburn (DAOM 56931); Vernon, Sept. 22, 

Marasmius minutissimus Peck is neither synonymous with 1965, E. J. Dede (DAOM 110471); Wells Gray Prov. Park,



3024 

CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989 

Clearwater confluence, Aug. 20, 1980, T. Goward 80-502 U.S.A.: CALIFORNIA: Mendocino Co., Jackson State Forest, 

(DAOM 188946). FINLAND: POHJOIS-POHJANMAA: Oulu, Nov. 3, 1962, B. Thiers, HDT 9346 (DAOM 113931), 

Sept. 18, 1974, J. Hakosalo (DAOM 149903). U.S.A.: Nov. 4, 1962, B. Thiers (DAOM 91261). IDAHO: Kanisku 

ALASKA: Anchorage, Sept. 6, 1970, V. Wells and P. Kempton Natl. Forest, Binarch Creek, Sept. 20, 1964, K. A. Hamson 

4881 (MICH); Haines, Sept. 11, 1967, V. Wells and (DAOM 11329). OREGON: Cascade Mts., Waupunta Summit, 

P. Kempton 1 (MICH); Mile 40, Haines Cutoff Road, Sept. 25, 1944, A. H. Smith 19096 (DAOM 97621). WASH- 

Sept. 20, 1970, V. Wells and P. Kempton 4967 (MICH); INGTON: Mt. Rainier, Oct. 24, 1962, M. Pantidou (DAOM 

Sutton area, Buffalo L., Sept. 8, 1970, V. Wells and P. Kempton 

4887 (MICH). IDAHO: Bonner Co., Priest L., Sept. 1973, 

91260). 

B. Poqette (MICH). WASHINGTON: Island Co., Whidbey Is., (53) Chroogomphus tomentosus (Murr.) 0. K. Miller 

Oct. 20, 1966, K. A. Hamson 6472 (MICH); Kittitas Co., 

Stampede Pass Rd., Oct. 11, 1984, E. Farwell5009 (F); Lake 

Crescent, Oct. 19, 1935, A. H. Smith 3117 (MICH); Mt. 

Rainier Natl. Park, Lower Tahoma Creek, Sept. 20, 1948, 

A. H. Smith 31491 (DAOM 24727); Olympic Mts., Elwha 

R., Oct. 25, 1935, A. H. Smith 3355 (MICH). 

= Gornphidius tomentosus Mum. 

MAP: Fig. 32. 

RANGE: From the Queen Charlotte Islands to southern California 

along the coast, also in the Cascades, Selkirks, Sierra 

Nevada mountains, the Colorado Plateau, and Japan. 

HABITAT: Mycorrhizal, possibly with hemlock. 

Amphi-Beringian: Asian - western cordillera 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Miller (1964); Mumll (19 12b); 

Hongo (1960); Imai (1938); Singer (1949); Smith (1949, 

(52) Boletus mirabilis (Murr.) Murr. 

1975); Thiers (1985). 

= Ceriomyces mirabilis Murr. 

NOTES: The genus Chroogomphus was monographed for 

MAP: Fig. 36. 

North America by Miller (1964). Previously it had been 

RANGE: South central Alaska south to northern California 

along the coast and west to Idaho, disjunct to Japan and 

Taiwan. 

HABITAT: Mycorrhizal with Tsuga rooting on decaying conifer 

logs and stumps (usually Tsuga). 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Bandoni and Szczawinski (1976); 

treated in the genus Gomphidius that had twice before been 

monographed (Kauffman 1925b; Singer 1949). Chroogornphus 

tornentosus had in the past (Kauffman 1925b) been confused 

with a then undescribed species, C. leptocystis (Singer) 

0. K. Miller, but this confusion was resolved by Singer 

(1 949). 

Hongo (1973); Hongo and Chen (1985); Kauffman (1925a); ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH 

Mumll (1912a); Singer (1945); Slipp and Snell (1944); Smith COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, upper Illecillewaet River 

(1949); Smith and Weber (1980); Thiers (1966, 1975). valley, Sept. 27, 1980, S. A. Redhead 41 11 (DAOM 182538); 

NOTES: This species is mycorrhizal with hemlock (Kropp Queen Charlotte Islands, Graham Is., Naikoon Prov. Park, 

1982; Kropp and Trappe 1982) and does not occur outside of Cape Fife trail, Sept. 16, 1982, S. A. Redhead 4303 (DAOM 

the range of that genus. Its habitat, rotting conifer logs, mainly 187504); Shuswap Lake, Seymore Arm near Alba, Oct. 27, 

hemlock, and distinctive appearance make it an easily recog- 1982, T. Goward 82-1695 et al. (DAOM 192 121); Vancouver 

nized species. Boletus mirabilis was reported from Pennsyl- Island: Cowichan Lake, Oct. 20, 1971, J. Ginns 200F 

vania under pine by Overholts (1940), but this collection was (DAOM 170660), Sooke, Oct. 16, 1962, M. Pantidou 

later determined to be the closely allied B. projectellus Murr. (DAOM 91256), 48 km E of Ucluclet, Oct. 6, 1973, S. A. 

by Snell and Dick (1961). Similarly, the reports of B. mirabilis Redhead AM-6 (DAOM 17517). U.S.A. : ARIZONA: Coconfrom 

Victoria Beach, Manitoba (Bisby et al. 1938; Snell nico Co., Flagstaff, Quinby 124c (MICH). CALIFORNIA: 

1936), outside of the range of Tsuga (Hosie 1969), were based Mendicino Co., Jackson State Forest, Oct. 29, 1972, M. Conon 

misdetermined collections of B. projectellus (DAOM cannon (DAOM 187487). IDAHO: Bonner Co., Coolin, 

198160 and 198161, Victoria Beach, Manitoba, Aug. 23, Sept. 18, 1968, A. H. Smith 76439 (MICH), Kanisku Natl. 

1935, G. R. Bisby). The one specimen cited from Michigan by Forest, Binarch Creek, Sept. 20, 1964, K. A. Hanison 

Smith and Thiers (1971), A. H. Smith 38627, Tahquamenon (DAOM 113731); Boundary Co., Upper Priest L., Sept. 28, 

Falls State Park, Luce Co., Mich. (MICH), is also B. projec- 1966, A. H. Smith 73690 (MICH); Kootenai Co., E. Coeur 

tellus. The spores on this specimen measure 26-28 x 9.3 - dlAlene, Sept. 18, 1966, A. H. Smith 53518 (MICH). 

10 pm, and when compared directly with typical B. mirabilis OREGON: Cascade Mts., Waupinita summit, Sept. 25, 1944, 

from western North America and B. projectellus from eastern A. H. Smith 19077 (MICH); McKenzie Pass, Oct. 18, 1937, 

North America, clearly match the latter. There are no other A. H. Smith 7957 (MICH); Mt. Hood, Oct. 20, 1944, W. B. 

determined eastern North American specimens at Ann Arbor Gmber and A. H. Smith 20004 (MICH); Rhododendron, 

(MICH), hence the report of B. mirabilis from "Michigan and Oct. 19, 1945, W. B. Gruber 696 (MICH); Tillamook Co., 

westward" by Snell and Dick (1970) should be considered Cascade Head, Oct. 6, 1970, E. Javarsky (A. H. S. 78837, 

erroneous. 

MICH). WASHINGTON: Cape Flattery, Sept. 18, 1935, A. H. 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH Smith 2493 (MICH); Franklin, Sept. 18, 1915, C. H. Kauff- 

COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, upper Illecillewaet River man (MICH); Lake Crescent, Oct. 6, 1935, A. H. Smith 3012 

valley, Sept. 27, 1980, S. A. Redhead 4106 (DAOM 191912); (MICH); Lake Quinnault, Oct. 14, 1925, C. H. Kauffman 

Revelstoke, Aug. 29, 1949, J. R. Tannhauser (DAOM 

22 1 1 I), Sept. 26 and 27, 1962, M. Pantidou (DAOM 91258, 

(MICH); Mt. Baker, Sept. 13, 1941, A. H. Smith 16924 

(MICH); Mt. Rainier Natl. Park, Sept. 25, 1952, A. H. Smith 

91259); Terrace, Sept. 11, 1956, W. G. Ziller (DAOM 40290 (MICH); Mt. Shuksan, Aug. 18, 1941, A. H. Smith 

117912); Vancouver Island: 56 km W of Port Alberni, 16243 (MICH); Olympic Hot Springs, Sept. 29, 1935, A. H. 

Sept. 30, 1979, S. A. Redhead 3253 (DAOM 198170), Lake Smith 2760 (MICH); Olympic Natl. Park, Humcane Ridge, 

Cowichan, Oct. 7, 1966, H. M. Craig (DAOM 117915). Sept. 20, 1941, A. H. Smith 17057 (MICH).



Amphi-Beringian: Asian - west coast 

Cape Flattery, Oct. 18, 1941, A. H. Smith 18033 (MICH); 

(54) Marasmius plicatulus Peck 

MAP: Fig. 35. 

RANGE: Coastal from southern California to southern British 

Columbia, and rare in southwestern Idaho. 

HABITAT: Humus under various conifers or oaks. 

Lake Quinnault, Oct. 1, 1925, C. A. Brown (MICH), Oct. 31, 

1925, C. H. Kauffman (MICH); Mt. Rainier, Carbon R., 

Oct. 6, 1952, A. H. Smith 40666 (MICH); Pierce Co., Wilkeson, 

Oct. 8, 1954, A. H. Smith 48695 and H. E. Bigelow 

(MICH) . 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Desjardin (19870); Hardy (1946, (56) Stereopsis hurnphreyi (Burt) Redhead & Reid 

misdetermined as M. bellipes). 

= Craterellus hurnphreyi Burt 

NOTES: This species has been reported from China (Tai MAP: Fig. 48. 

1979), but this report needs to be confirmed by specimens RANGE: Coastal from the Queen Charlotte Islands, British 

before being accepted. 

Columbia to the Olympic Peninsula, Washington; ? Tibet. 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH HABITAT: MOSSY or bare needle beds under Sitka spruce in 

COLUMBIA: Vancouver Island, Saanich, Oct. 28, 1941, G. A. 

Hardy (DAOM 10621, misdetermined as M. bellipes), Nov. 1, 

1958, W. G. Ziller (DAOM 59782, ex DAVFP 10620). 

U.S.A. : CALIFORNIA: Alameda Co., Oakland, January 7, 

1934, W. Lucke (DAOM 55635); N of Campanile, Feb. 28, 

1937, L. Bonar (DAOM F7905); Del Norte Co., Crescent 

City, Oct. 30, 1937, A. H. Smith 8268 (MICH), Jedediah 

wet depressions. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Redhead and Reid (1983). 

NOTES: This is a very distinctive species not likely to be confused 

with any other species in North America. One collection 

reported from Tibet (Wang and Zang 1983) was not described 

in detail and therefore needs to be confirmed. 

Smith State Park, Nov. 11, 1967, K. Kaneko (DAOM 

128245); Eugene, Nov. 1934, F. P. Sipe 1 19 (MICH); Humbolt 

Co., Trinidad, Dec. 12, 1935, A. H. Smith 3945 

(MICH); Mendocino Co., Nov. 3, 1962, M. Pantidou 

(DAOM 92231); Oakland, Feb. 25, 1934, W. Lucke (in 

Dearness herb. in DAOM); Orick, Dec. 7, 1935, A. H. Smith 

3868 (MICH); San Francisco Co., San Francisco, Nov. 16, 

1972, M. Concannon (DAOM 144063); Santa Barbara, Jan. 

25, 1941, R. and M. Rea 849 (MICH). IDAHO: Owyhee Co., 

Silver City, July 1970, E. Trueblood 3883 (MICH). OREGON: 

Marion Co., Salem, no date, W. A. Mum11 (MICH); Multnomah 

Co., Portland, Nov. 21, 1945, W. B. Gruber 739 

(MICH); Sandy, Nov. 5, 1947, A. H. Smith 28537 (MICH); 

Siskiyou Natl. Forest, Takilma, Nov. 27, 1925, C. H. Kauffman 

(MICH); Tillamook Co., Pacific City, Nov. 7, 1970, 

A. H. Smith 79661 (MICH). WASHINGTON: Elwha R., June 

23, 1935, A. H. Smith 14583 (MICH); Hoh R., June 30, 

1939, A. H. Smith 14717 (MICH); Joyce, Whisky Cr., Oct. 

15, 1935, A. H. Smith (MICH). 

European - west coast 

(57) Hernirnycena tortuosa (Orton) Redhead 

= Mycena tortuosa Orton 

MAP: Fig. 47. 

RANGE: Queen Charlotte Islands to southern Vancouver 

Island, France and England. 

HABITAT: Bark of conifers and hardwoods. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Orton (1960); Redhead (1980~); 

Romagnesi (1 978). 

NOTES: This is a minute but distinctive species restricted to 

growth on bark. It will undoubtedly be found along the coast in 

the Pacific Northwest of the U.S. when sought. Attempts to 

find it elsewhere in Canada, including the eastern Maritimes, 

have been unsuccessful. 


COLUMBIA: Queen Charlotte Islands, Graham Island, Naikoon 

Prov. Park, Tow Hill, Sept. 22, 1982, S. A. Redhead 4473 

(DAOM 187535). 

(55) Neolentinus kaufSmanii (Smith) Redhead & Ginns 

= Lentinus kaufSmanii A. H. Smith 

MAP: Fig. 41. 

RANGE: Coastal from the Queen Charlotte Islands and the 

Alaskan panhandle to northern California; Japan. 

HABITAT: Causing a brown cubical rot in living and fallen 

Picea sitchensis in North America. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Bier and Nobles (1946); Cash 

(1953); Comer (1981); Englerth (1947); Pegler (1983b); 

Redhead and Ginns (1985). 

(58) Melanotus textilis Redhead & Kroeger 

MAP: Fig. 49. 

RANGE: Southwestern coastal British Columbia to northern 

California; British Isles (possibly introduced). 

HABITAT: Bits of loose bark, well-decayed wood, and cloth 

of other fabrics left outdoors. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Redhead and Kroeger (1984); Watling 

and Gregory (1987). 

NOTES: According to Watling and Gregory (1987) this species 

probably has been introduced into the British Isles. 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH (59) Mycena culrnigena Maas G. 

COLUMBIA: Queen Charlotte Islands, Cumshewa Inlet, Sept. MAP: Fig. 45. 

23, 1942, J. E. Bier (DAOM 1 1 17 l), Graham Island: Naikoon RANGE: Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, to 

Prov. Park, Tow Hill, Sept. 21, 1982, S. A. Redhead 4465 Oregon along the coast; Denmark, Germany and Sweden. 

(DAOM 187995), Yakoun River 6 km S of Port Clements, HABITAT: On sedges and rushes along lake, river, and ocean 

Sept. 15, 1982, S. A. Redhead 4261 (DAOM 187562); Van- shores. 

couver, Stanley Park, Aug. 13 and Oct. 12, 1983, Nov. 4, SELECTED LITERATURE: Einhellinger (1976, 1977); Maas 

1985, P. Kroeger 492, 701, 930 (DAOM 199069, 199067, Geesteranus (1986); Redhead (1981b, 1984b). 

199071). U.S.A. : CALIFORNIA: Humbolt Co., Trinidad, NOTES: This is a distinctive species often reported under the 

Dec. 7, 1956, A. H. Smith 56454 (MICH). OREGON: Eugene, name Mycena juncicola (Fr.) Gillet. However, M. juncicola is 

Nov. 10, 1946, F. P. Sipe 928 (MICH); Otis, Oct. 7, 1970, a distinct species with a rosy pileus and a dark stipe. It has not 

A. H. Smith 78856 (MICH); Tillamook Co., Cascade Head, been recollected and described since Fries' days. Mycena cari- 

Nov. 14, 1972, A. H. Smith 83775 (MICH). WASHINGTON: ciophila Redhead, described from New Brunswick, is not



3026 

CAN. J. BOT. 

synonymous with M. juncicola as suggested by Maas Geester- 

anus (1.c.). 

(60) Omphalina viridis (Hornem.) Kuyper 

= Agaricus ericetorum var. viridis Hornem. 

= Omphalia viridis (Hornem.) J. Lange 

= Clitocybe atroviridis Bigelow 

MAP: Fig. 43. 

RANGE: Queen Charlotte Islands south to northern California 

along the coast, also in Britain, the Netherlands, France, Denmark, 

and northern Africa. 

HABITAT: Among acrocarpous mosses on sandy soil along 

creeks, beaches, and in grassy areas. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Arnolds (1982); Bigelow (1982, 

1985); Bigelow and Smith (1962); Dennis et al. (1960); 

Malen~on and Bertault (1975); Redhead (1986); Smith (1941). 

NOTES: The specific name for this species has been debated 

for years. It has been called Omphalina urnbellifera var. viridis 

(Hornem.) QuCl., Omphalina chlorocyanea (Pat.) Singer, and 

Clitocybe smaragdina (Berk.) Bigelow & Smith. The nomenclature 

and taxonomy were discussed by Bigelow (1985) and 

Redhead (1986). This species is distinctive because of its 

unusual blue-green pigment and its often early fruiting in the 

spring. 

Thiers' collections from California cited by Bigelow (1985) 

are all from Mendocino (H. D. Thiers, personal communication, 

1988). 

(61) Resinomycena saccharifera (Berk. & Br.) Redhead 

= Agaricus sacchariferus Berk. & Br. 

= Omphalia quisquilaris Josserand, nom. invalid. 

= Mycena kalalochensis A. H. Smith 

= Mycena pudica Hora 

MAP: Fig. 42. 

RANGE: Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia to northern 

California along the coast; Denmark, Britain, and France. 

HABITAT: On wet decaying vegetation, grasses, leaf litter, 

small twigs, along beaches, in seepage areas, and in dense 

hummocks. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Hora (1960); Josserand (1937); 

Kiihner (1938, 1985); Lange (1946); Maas Geesteranus 

(1982); Pearson (1946); Redhead and Singer (1981); Redhead 

(1984b). 

NOTES: This is a small but microscopically distinctive 

species. 

Amphi-Atlantic: European - east coast 

(62) Luccaria maritima (Teod.) Singer ex Huhtinen 

= Hygrophorus maritima Teod. 

= Luccaria trullisata f. rugulospora M. Lange 

MAP: Fig. 52, also see Elborne (1989, Fig. 4). 

RANGE: Coastal around the Baltic Sea and the North Sea in 

Europe; from one locality each in Greenland and Post-de-la- 

Baleine, Quebec. 

HABITAT: Shifting coastal sand dunes, sometimes sparsely 

vegetated. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Andersson (1950); Bresinsky 

(1987); Elborne (1989); Hpliland (1976); Huhtinen (1988); 

Kallio and Heikkila (1963); Lamoure et al. (1982); Lange 

(1955); Singer (1961); Teodorowicz (1936); Ulvinen et al. 

(1981); Urbonas et al. (1986); Vellinga (1982). 

NOTES: It is possible that this species has been introduced to 

both North America and Greenland from Europe as a ballast 

fungus equivalent to ballast plants (Baum 1978; Ridley 1930). 

Its sporadic distribution in North America, the presence of a 

much commoner North Amerian vicariant species, L. trullisata, 

and its habitat, beach sand, make this a likely possibility. 

Another fungus, Uromyces ervi West., parasitic on Vicia 

hirsuta (L.) S. F. Gray, was first reported from North America 

near Tracadiae, N.S. by Savile (1957), who now believes it 

may also be a ballast fungus (D. B. 0. Savile, personal communication). 

(63) Panellus violaceofulvus (Batsch:Fr.) Singer 

= Agaricus violaceofulvus Batsch 

= Agaricus elatinus Pers. 

= Agaricus blakei Berk. & Curt. 

MAP: Fig. 54 (*exact location in Maine not known). 

RANGE: Western Newfoundland, Anticosti Island, and 

Gasp6 Peninsula, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Saint-Pierre, Maine; 

Europe (Austria, Czechoslovakia, Estonian SSR, France, Germany, 

Italy, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, Switzerland), Asia 

Minor, the western Caucasus (Krasnodar region), and Georgian 

USSR. 

HABITAT: On senescent lower branches, rarely over 2 cm 

diam, of living fir or recently killed understory trees. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Abraham (1986); Boudier (1904- 

191 I), Konrad and Maublanc (1928); Malkovskjl (1932); 

Miller (1970); Nakhutsrishvili (1975); Pilit (1935 - 1936); 

Schmid-Heckel (1985); Thorn (1986b); Ulvinen et al. (1981); 

Urbonas et al. (1986); Vaasma et al. (1986). 

NOTES: In older European literature this species was often 

divided into two forms or varieties, e.g., f. typica and f. delastrei. 

The latter taxon is now considered to be a distinct species, 

P. ringens (Fr.) Romagnesi, which occurs on hardwoods. As 

pointed out by Miller (1970), most older North American 

reports of P. violaceofulvus were based on the latter form or 

variety and hence refer to P. ringens. For example, the report 

of P. violaceofulvus from Kenora, Ontario, by Bisby et al. 

(1938) was based on a misidentified collection of P. ringens 

(DAOM 198216, on Betula, Sept. 30, 1934, G. R. Bisby 

et al.). Panellus violaceofulvus is notable for its absence in 

eastern Asia east of Georgia and the western Caucasus Mountains, 

USSR, and in North America west of the eastern Maritimes. 

ADDITlONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NEWFOUND- 

LAND: Gros Morne Natl. Park, Western Brook trail, Sept. 24, 

1983, J. Ginns and S. A. Redhead 4988 (DAOM 187858). 

NOVA SCOTIA: Queen's Co., Kejimkujik Natl. Park seaside 

adjunct, Port Joli Head, Sept. 22, 1987, S. A. Redhead 61 14 

(DAOM 198237); Victoria Co., Cape Breton Highlands Natl. 

Park, Jack Pine trail, Oct. 4, 1987, S. A. Redhead 6453 

(DAOM 198238). QUEBEC: Anticosti Island, Port Menier, July 

18, 1966, G. Bard (QFB 5083); Gasp6 Peninsula, Forillon 

Natl. Park, La Chute trail, Oct. 2, 1988, S. A. Redhead 6550 

(DAOM 198753). 

Amphi-Atlantic: European- boreal 

(64) Lyophyllum palustre (Peck) Singer 

= Agaricus palustris Peck 

= Agaricus leucomyosotis Cooke & Smith 

= Agaricus obstans Britz. 

= Collybia papilliformis Kauff. 

MAP: Fig. 57. 

RANGE: Southern boreal forest of Manitoba east through the 

northern Great Lakes region, to Nova Scotia and New Jersey;



Europe (Britain, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonian SSR, 

France, Germany, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, Romania, 

Sweden, Leningrad region USSR); Japan. 

HABITAT: Parasitic on Sphagnum in bogs. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: 

Bauchet (1967); Britzelmayer 

(1881); Cooke (1885); Favre (1939b); Gourley (1982); Kauffman 

(1929); Kobayasi (1954); Kotlaba and KubiCka (1960); 

J. Lange (1936b); M. Lange (1948); McNeil(1983); Redhead 

(1981~); SBlBgeanu and $tefureac (1972); Singer (1939); 

Smith (1936); Ulvinen et al. (1986); Velenovsky (1920). 

Park, May 31, 1953, S. C. Hoare (DAOM 40063); St. Adolph, 

June 22, 1957, H. E. Bigelow et al. 4965 (DAOM 55756); 

La Verendrye Park, Hwy. 58, 45 and 61 krn N of Grand- 

Remous, July 8, 1980, S. A. Redhead 3523, 3521 and 

K. Spicer (DAOM 176547, 176545); Lac St. Jean Ouest Co., 

5.4 krn S of Chiboubiche R. on Hwy. 167, Sept. 4, 1976, 

S. A. Redhead 2190 (DAOM 174873); Reserve Chibou- 

gamau, 15 krn N of Bochart, Aug. 22, 1976, S. A. Redhead 

1982 (DAOM 174872); Ste.-Lucie-de-Beauregard, July 7, 

1979, R. McNeil 366 (DAOM 180913). ENGLAND: Crum- 

mock, Water Lancashire, June 6, 1962, D. A. Reid (DAOM 

96968); Malham Moss, Yorkshire, Sept. 1964, C. Jeffrey 

(DAOM 107745). SWEDEN: UPPLAND: Balinge Parish, Sept. 

20, 1949, A. Melderis (DAOM 65326), Upsala, Sept. 28, 

1949, A. Melderis (DAOM 65325). U.S.A. : CONNECTICUT: 

Litchfield Co., Colebrook, Sept. 8, 1984, R. E. Halling 3838 

(NY); New London Co., Pachaug State Forest, Aug. 5, 1988, 

NE Mycol. Foray (DAOM 198648). MASSACHUSETTS: Hampshire 

Co., Aug. 18, 1986, R. E. Halling 4814 (NY). 

MICHIGAN: Cheboygan CO., Douglas L., July 27, 1951, A. H. 

Smith (DAOM 27948); Marquette Co., Huron Mts., Sullivan 

Creek, June 20, 1970, J. F. Ammirati 4100 (MICH); Mont- 

REDHEAD 3027 

morency Co., July 21, 1969, A. H. Smith 77607 (MICH); 

Washtenaw Co., Cades Comer N of Salise, July 23, 1923, 

C. H. Kauffman (MICH, type of Collybia papilliformis 

Kauff.). NEW YORK: Hamilton Co., Raquette L., July 18, 

1985, R. E. Halling 4453 (NY); Newcomb, Aug. 8, 1934, A. 

H. Smith 65 (MICH); Seneca Co., Waterloo Twp., June 1, 

1947, C. T. Rogerson 1451 (NY). WISCONSIN: Bayfield Co., 

Pigeon L., July 6, 1971, S. J. Mazzer 6430 (MICH). 

(65) Hypholoma j7avifolium (Smith) Redhead comb.nov. 

= 

NOTES: Lyophyllum palustre is a host specific parasite that 

Naematoloma dispersum var. flavifolium Smith, Mycologia, 

43: 515. 1951. 

kills and then digests Sphagnum, causing necrotic patches in 

the turf (Redhead 1981a; Simon 1987; Untiedt and Mueller 

MAP: Fig. 56. 

1985). 

RANGE: North of Lake Superior to western Newfoundland, 

northern Michigan to northern New York; France. 


HABITAT: MOSSY coniferous debris often with Pleurozium 

Riding Mountain Natl. Park, Birdtail Creek, Aug. 27, 1979, 

schreberi (Brid.) Mitt. 

S. A. Redhead 3092 (DAOM 176591). NEW BRUNSWICK: 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Kiihner (1936); Smith (1951). 

Kouchibouguac Natl. Park, July 6, 1977, S. A. Redhead 2294 

(DAOM 166812), July 19, 1977, R. Millikin (DAOM 

NOTES: The true distribution in Europe is obscured by the 

differing taxonomic concepts and the misapplication of names 

169669). NOVA SCOTIA: Colchester Co., Upper Brookside, 

in this genus. 

June 27, 1931, A. H. Smith (MICH); Shelburne Co., Ingomar, 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NEW BRUNS- 

Sept. 23, 1987, S. A. Redhead 6132 (DAOM 198224). 

WICK: Kouchibouguac Natl. Park, Sept. 22, 1977, S. A. Red- 

ONTARIO: Algonquin Prov. Park, Pitcher Plant Pond, June 11, 

head 252 1 (DAOM 165873), July 6, 1978, K. Egger (DAOM 

1983, G. Thorn 830611108 (DAOM 189964); Carp, July 4, 

169692). NEWFOUNDLAND: Gros Morne Natl. Park, Beny Hill 

1956, J. W. Groves (DAOM 54143); Lake Temagami, 

Pond, Sept. 17, 1983, S. A. Redhead 4747 (DAOM 187846); 

Aug. 20, 1936, A. H. Smith 4037 (MICH); Mer Bleue bog, 

Gros Morne base, Sept. 16, 1983, S. A. Redhead 4689 

Aug. 15, 1957, J. W. Groves (DAOM 55740), May 24, 1977, 

(DAOM 187831). NOVA SCOTIA: Annapolis Co., Kejimkujik 

S. A. Redhead (DAOM 162813), May 24, 1978, S. A. Red- 

Natl. Park, Big Dam L., Sept. 20, 1987, S. A. Redhead 6032 

head 2625 (DAOM 175740), June 26, 1979, S. A. Redhead 

(DAOM 198225); Kentville, Aug. 27, 1953, K. A. Harrison 

(DAOM 183616); Nepean, Aug. 4, 1981, K. Spicer (DAOM 

181127); Petawawa, Aug. 29, 1947, A. H. Smith and I. L. 

(DAOM 39112); Paradise, Aug. 29, 1953, S. C. Hoare 

(DAOM 40528); Shelburne Co., Villagedale, Sept. 27, 1987, 

Conners (DAOM 17357); Ramsayville, May 30, 1957, J. W. 

S. A. Redhead 6231 (DAOM 198226). ONTARIO: Lake 

Groves et al. (DAOM 5575 1); South March, Aug. 2 1, 1956, 

Temagami, Sept. 13, 1936, R. F. Cain (MICH); Thunder Bay 

J. W. Groves (DAOM 541 16); Thunder Bay Dist.: Black Stur- 

Dist., Circle L. W of Black Sturgeon L., Aug. 19, 1974, S. A. 

geon L., Aug. 8, 1974, S. A. Redhead 1046 (DAOM 174860), 

Redhead 138 1 (DAOM 182 146). QUEBEC: Parc Laurentide 

Aug. 9, 1974, S. A. Redhead 1099, 1105, 1106, 1117 

near L. Grandprt and L. Nadrea, 47"27'N, 71°14'W, 

(DAOM 174861, 174862, 174863, 174864), Eskwanonwatin 

Aug. 15, 1981, S. A. Redhead et al. (DAOM 180858); Raco- 

R. and Black Sturgeon R., Aug. 15, 1974, S. A. Redhead 

don, Aug. 12, 1981, R. McNeil 1217 (DAOM 185856); 

1287, 1289, 1303, 1305 (DAOM 174865, 174866, 174867, 

Rtserve Chibougamau, Lac Nicabau, Aug. 21, 1976, S. A. 

174869), Poshkakagan R. on Hurket Road, June 6, 1976, 

Redhead 1974 (DAOM 182147); St. Donat, Aug. 25, 1964, 

S. A. Redhead 1908 (DAOM 174870). QUEBEC: Gatineau 

Father Bauchet (DAOM 107068). U.S.A.: MICHIGAN: Ogeman 

Co., Rifle R., Oct. 6, 1951, A. H. Smith 38904 (MICH); Tahquamenon 

Falls, Sept. 11, 1949, A. H. Smith 33538 (MICH). 

NEW YORK: Adirondack Mts., N Creek Road, Sept. 1, 1934, 

A. H. Smith 294 (MICH); Warrensburg, Sept. 9, 1934, A. H. 

Smith (MICH). 

Amphi-Atlantic: Mediterranean - eastern deciduous forest 

(66) Lentinus tigrinus (Bull. :Fr.) Fr. 

= Agaricus tigrinus Bull. 

= Agaricus dunalii Fr. 

= Agaricus denticulatus Schw . 

= Lentinus schweinitzii Fr. 

= Lentinus contortus Fr. 

= Lentinus ravenelii Berk. & Curt. 

= Lentinus jimbriatus Currey 

= Lentodiuin squamulosum Morg. 

= Lentinus ghattasensis P. Henn. 

= Lentinus omphalopsis Reichert 

MAP: Fig. 68. 

RANGE: Southern Ontario and Quebec south to Florida and 

Cuba, west to South Dakota and Texas; Europe (Austria,



3028 

CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989 

Belgium, Britain, Bulgaria, Corsica, Czechoslovakia, France, 

Greece, Hungary, Italy, Yugoslavia, Romania), Northern 

quae Farlowianae 336 Lentodium squamulosurn, MICH). 

MICHIGAN: Benier Co., Warren Woods, Sept. 4, 1955, A. H. 

Africa (Algeria, Morocco, Egypt, Tunisia, Sudan Republic), Smith (DAOM 51 175, 51184, 54158); Gratiot Co., Ithaca, 

Asia (Afghanistan, India, Iran, Japan, Nepal, Pakistan, Tibet, Aug. 30, 1956, V. Potter 1 1288 (MICH); Harbart, Oct. 1938, 

western and southern USSR); Peru. 

C. B. Stifler (F 1150651): Midland Co., Midland, Sept. 29, 

HABITAT: On decorticated hardwood stumps, logs, and 1963, A. H. Smith 67762 (MICH); New Richmond, Aug. 3 1, 

roots, often in silt or wet sand, often in arid areas but associ- 1910, C. H. Kauffman (MICH); Roscommon Co., Houghton 

ated with microenvironments near water and where periodi- L., Sept. 8, 1963, A. H. Smith 67578 (MICH); Washtenaw 

cally inundated. 

Co., Homer's Woods, Sept. 27, 1964, R. L. Homola 1128 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Eliade (1965); Ito (1959); Pegler (MICH). MINNESOTA: Minneapolis, S. Whetstone (NY); 

(1983b and references therein); Pilit (1946); Vanev and Reid St. Paul, June 2, 1912, Mrs. M. W. Hill (NYS). MISSISSIPPI: 

(1986); Wang and Zang (1983); Watling and Gregory (1977, Jackson, Dec. 1, 1914, E. Bartholomew (Fungi Columbiana 

1980). 

4546 Lentodium squamulosurn, MICH). MISSOURI: no data, 

NOTES: Although today basically an amphi-Atlantic species, Demetrio (NY). NEBRASKA: no data (NY). NEW JERSEY: 

its presence in Peru indicates that it once had a much broader Middlesex Co., New Brunswick, 1966, C. M. Haenselor 

range. 

(MICH). NEW YORK: Dutchess Co., Millbrook, Oct. 18, 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: AFGHANISTAN: near 1987, P. Katsaros and B. Bakaitis (NY); Essex Co., Ft. Ticon- 

Kabul, 1770 m alt., May 27, 1951, Mr. Gilli (MICH). deroga, Sept. 1926, C. H. Peck (NYS); Genesee Co., Bergen 

CANADA: ONTARIO: Bright's Cove, Lake Huron, Oct. 4, Swamp, June 5, 1948, A. Hotchkiss et al. (NY); Greene Co., 

1986, P. M. Banks (DAOM 199053); Britannia (Ottawa), N of Coxsackie, Nov. 10, 1969, S. J. Smith 45202 (NY); 

Sept. 18, 1903, J. Macoun (DAOM 5 1309); Constance Bay at Long Island, Greenport, June 8, 1919, R. Latham 1062 

Constance Creek, May 3 1, 198 1, K. Spicer (DAOM 180004); (MICH), Orient, June 1, 1914, R. Latham (NY); Rochester, 

Gloucester, Lower Duck Island, Ottawa River, July 5, 198 1, Oct. 10, 1913, W. E. Abbs (NY); Seneca Co., Lyre, Sept., 

A. and J. Ginns 6319 (DAOM 180796); Jock River, S of Barr- C. H. Peck (NYS); Syracuse, Nov. 1888, L. M. Underwood 

haven, Nepean, Aug. 16, 1987, S. A. Redhead 5954 (DAOM (NY); Tonawanda, Nov. 1957, W. Marsden (MICH); West- 

197321); Nottawasaga River near Edenvale, June 1983, chester Co., Westmoreland Nat. Res., Nov. 1982, S. Stein 

G. Thorn (DAOM 190332); Ottawa, July 10, 1897, J. Macoun and S. Sheine (NY). NORTH CAROLINA: Hatteras Is., N of Box- 

(DAOM 51310); Point Pelee Natl. Park, Sept. 18, 1981, J. E. ton, Aug. 14, 1956, L. K. Henry (NY); Winston-Salem, E. A. 

and S. A. Redhead 4240 (DAOM 188319); Rockcliffe, July Lehman (NYS). OHIO: Elyria, Sept. 25, 1982, S. Ristich 

20, 1962, D. W. McLain 1584 (DAOM 150738). QUEBEC: (NY); Painesville, Aug. 4, 1922, H. C. Beardslee 22054 

Aylmer, Blueberry Point, Sept. 24, 1898, J. Macoun (DAOM (MICH); Perry, Sept. 23, 1938, H. C. Beardslee 38053 

5131 1); Chateauguay, Oct. 8, 1978, R. McNeil 31 (DAOM (MICH). PENNSYLVANIA: Crawford Co., Pymatuning, July 

174365); Hull, Leamy's Lake, Oct. 7, 1897, J. Macoun 29, 1950, F. H. Beer (NY); Erie Co., Presque Isle, July 25, 

(DAOM 51312); Montreal, Cap St. Jacques, May 30, 1980, 1893, 0 . E. Jennings (NY). SOUTH DAKOTA: Spink Co., Irmi- 

R. McNeil 552 (DAOM 176752); St. Anne's, Aug. 1941, dale, Aug. 10, 1950, R. Muir (J. F. Brenckle 50290) (MICH). 

L. M. Terrill (DAOM 87171); Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Sept. 3, TENNESSEE: Athens, May 26, 1932, L. R. Hesler (TENN 

1941, L. M. Temll (DAOM 87277). CUBA: Santiago de las 3762); Great Smoky Mts. Natl. Park, Alum Cave, 5000 ft 

Vegas, Oct. 2, 1904, F. S. Earle (NY). PERU: SE of Iquitos, elev., June 27, L. R. Hesler (TENN 3763); Knoxville, Chero- 

Rio Yarapa, Mar. 1986, G. Mueller (F 1069019). U.S.A.: kee Bluffs, D. Pfister (TENN 14770); Sparta, Oct. 20, 1956, 

ALABAMA: Hale Co., Prairie Cr., June 27, 1952, C. G. Hollis 

(TENN 21524); Lee Co., Auburn, April 1896, J. M. Under- 

A. J. Sharp (TENN 22445). TEXAS: Alamo Rd., April 15, 

1933, E. Clover 922 (MICH); Hardin Co., Big Thicket Natl. 

wood (NY); Montgomery Co., no date, R. P. Burke (NY); Pres., Nov. 1982, G. Lincoff (MICH); Hams Co., Galveston 

Sipsey Swamp, Hwy. 83, Oct. 1952, C. G. Hollis (TENN Bay, April 3, 1869, W. W. R. (NY); S Mission, June 2, 1933, 

20647). DELAWARE: Laurel, Feb. 24, 1892, anonymous, 1920 E. Clover (MICH); Sam Houston Natl. Forest, Stubblefield L., 

(NY); Sussex Co., Ellendale, Sept. 27, 1895, anonymous, May 11, 1952, H. D. Thiers 1569 (MICH). WISCONSIN: Kil- 

2738 (NY). FLORIDA: Dade Co., Hattie Bauer Hammock, June 

22, 1915, J. K. Small et al. (NY); Gainesville, Aug. 27, 1938, 

W. A. Munill (MICH); Volusia Co., New Smyrna, no date, 

bourn, June 1927, A. H. Povah (MICH); Spring Green NW of 

Madison, Oct. 1910, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F 1289141). 

H. C. Beardslee (MICH). ILLINOIS: Cook CO., Harms Wood, 

Sept. 1975, R. Singer et al. 1021 16 (F); Geneseo, July 1915, 

E. T. and S. A. Harper (F); Glen Ellyn, Oct. 13, 1900, W. S. 

Moffat (F 1322717); Johnson Co., Little Black Slough, Sept. 

25, 1976, P. D. Obekia (TENN 40541); OREGON: Sept. 29, 

1984, R. Singer N 5175 (F); River Forest, April 1908, E. T. 

and S. A. Harper (F 1322747); Riverside, May 2 1, 1900, E. T. 

and S. A. Harper (F); Rock River, Oct. 1918, E. T. and S. A. 

Harper (F1322715); Union Co., Goose Pond, Sept. 25, 1976, 

A. H. Smith 87267 (MICH). INDIANA: Lafayette, Sept. 26, 

1911, F. D. Kern (NY); Vigo Co., Goose Pond, Oct. 1893, 

L. M. Underwood (NY). IOWA: Iowa City, Aug. 12, 1934, 

Amphi-Pacific: Asian - Appalachian, Great Lakes or 

Coastal Plain 

(67) Crinipellis campanella (Peck) Singer 

= Collybia campanella Peck 

= Collybia stipitaria var. robusta Lloyd 


RANGE: Southern Manitoba to New Brunswick; far eastern 

USSR. 

HABITAT: On twigs and bark of conifers, mainly Picea, 

Abies, Ruja, usually slightly elevated from the ground. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Redhead (19866); Singer (19426). 

G. W. Martin (NY). KENTUCKY: no data, S. F. Price (NY). (68) Crinipellis setipes (Peck) Singer 

LOUISIANA: New Orleans, Sept. 5, 1908, F. S. Earle 52 (NY). = Collybia stipitaria var. setipes Peck 

MASSACHUSETTS: Waverly, Nov. 1912, G. R. Lyman (Reli- MAP: Fig. 63, also see Redhead (19866, Fig. 4).



ville Co., Berthierville, Sept. 6, 1952, R. Pomerleau (QFB 

12379); Cascades, Aug. 16, 1976, L. Gerbrandt (DAOM 

165592); Gatineau Park, Sept. 20, 1965, W. N. Keenan 

(DAOM 1 10454); Oka, Deux-Montagnes, Sept. 14, 195 1, 

R. Pomerleau (QFB 1 143 1); Pontiac Co., Shawville, Aug . 30, 

1984, P. Moisan and R. Blais (QFB 16646); Ste. Foy, Aug. 9, 

1958, E. Aubin (QFB 6418); Vercheres Co., L. Greves, Aug. 

1951, C. Ledoux (QFB 6417). COLOMBIA: CUNDIAMARCA: 

Bojaca, Bosque de la Mercedes, April 8, 1968, R. Singer 

B6014 (F). COSTA RICA: Cartago, Chonta, Jan. 17, 1983, 

R. Singer B14352 (F); Guanacaste, NW of Bagaces, Oct. 

1982, L. D. Gomez 18714 (F). GUATEMALA: Dept. 

SuchitepCquez, Volcan Santa Clara, Sta. Finca El Naranjo, 

May 23, 1942, J. A. Steyermark (F). MEXICO: JALISCO: S of 

Talpa de Allende, 1200-1700 ft alt., Oct. 19, 1960, 

R. McVaugh 537 (MICH); hebla: he, Aug. 4, 1945, A. J. 

Sharp (MICH ex TENN 17398); Tamaulipas, above Gomez 

REDHEAD 3029 

RANGE: Wisconsin to Maine, south to North Carolina and Farias, Aug. 1950, A. J. Sharp (TENN 19808); Tenango del 

Texas, also in China. 

Valle, July 31, 1957, R. Singer MI618 (MICH). U.S.A.: 

HABITAT: On deciduous leaf litter, and sometimes pine litter ALABAMA: DeSoto State Park, Oct. 8, 1960, A. J. Sharp 

mixed with deciduous leaves. 

(TENN 23787). ARKANSAS: Ashley Co., Georgia Pacific 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Doyle (1987); Redhead (1986b). Forest, Aug. 13, 1975, D. Guravich 686 (MICH). FLORIDA: 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: U.S.A.: ILLINOIS: Olga Alachua Co., Gainesville, July 28, 1965, B. Isaacs 2413 

Co., White Pines Forest State Park, July 5, 1941, J. A. Steyermark 

(F 1179920). MAINE: Piscataquis Co., Milo, Sept. 2 - 6, 

(MICH); Eustis, June 12, 1920, Kelly 634 (MICH); Seminole 

Co., Altamonte Springs, Oct. 29, 1937, H. C. Beardslee 

1905, W. A. Mum11 2086 (NY). MICHIGAN: Neebish Is., Sept. 36044 (MICH). GEORGIA: Hams Co., Chipley , Aug. 3, 1955, 

1909, E. T. and S. A. Harper 2496 (F). NEW YORK: Bronx, F. Gale (TENN 21974); Towns Co., (S of Haysville, N.C.), 

Aug. 4, 1903, F. S. Earle 1648 (NY); Genesee Co., Bergen Oct. 15, 1972, C. Home (MICH). INDIANA: Monroe Co., 

Swamp, Sept. 21, 1946, W. C. Muenscher and C. T. Roger- Cedar Bluffs near Victor, Aug. 23, 1970, R. L. Shaffer 6366 

son 1147 (NY); Hamilton Co., Raquette L., July 25, 1983, (MICH). IOWA: Iowa City, Aug. 7, 1938, G. W. Martin 

T. J. Baroni and R. E. Halling 3628 (NY). NORTH CAROLINA: (MICH). KENTUCKY: McCreary Co., Natural Arch Natl. 

Cherokee Co., June 29, 1957, L. R. Hesler (TENN 9174). Forest, Sept. 17, 1950, R. M. Boarts (TENN 19738). LOUI- 

TENNESSEE: Knox Co., Timberlake Rd., July 18, 1957, L. R. SIANA: Baton Rouge, Aug. 24, 1960, J. Stevens (DAOM 

Hesler (TENN 10103). 

71865); St. Tammany Parish, Abita R. near Covington, June 

5, 1976, R. L. Shaffer 7153 (MICH). MARYLAND: Annapolis, 

(69) Lactarius indigo (Schw.) Fr. 

Aug. 1920, F. C. Nicholas (Kelly 521) (MICH); Rockville, 

= Agaricus indigo Schw. 

Aug. 18, 1919, C. H. Kauffman (MICH). MASSACHUSETTS: 

= Lactarius canadensis Winder, non L. canadensis Hesler North Pond, Aug. 25, 1963, K. A. Hamson (DAOM 113717). 

& Smith 

MICHIGAN: Crawford Co., Sept. 19, 1978, A. H. Smith 89301 

MAP: Fig. 69. 

(MICH); Livingston Co., E. S. George Res., Aug. 20, 1968, 

RANGE: Southwestern Manitoba and southern and eastern A. H. Smith 76046 (MICH); Marquette Co., Chocolay River, 

Ontario to Quebec, south to the Gulf of Mexico from Florida Oct. 5, 1970, K. A. Hamson 9967 (MICH); Ontonagon Co., 

to Texas, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Columbia, dis- Porcupine Mts., mouth of Presque Isle R., Oct. 8, 1958, A. H. 

junct to Japan. 

Smith 62074 (MICH); Washtenaw Co., Ann Arbor, Aug. 9, 

HABITAT: Presumably mycorrhizal, under both conifers and 1907, C. H. Kauffman (MICH), W of Chelsea, Aug. 6, 1935, 

hardwoods. 

A. H. Smith 1731 (DAOM 97725). MINNESOTA: Clearwater 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Hesler and Smith (1979); Singer Co., Itasca State Park, Aug. 3, 1963, M. G. Weaver 1623 

(1957); White (1905). 

(MICH). MISSOURI: Oregon Co., Grand Gulf S of Kosh- 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: MANITOBA: konong, Aug. 2 1, 1949, J. A. Steyermark (F 1000139). NEW 

Beausejour, Sept. 15, 1935, G. R. Bisby and J. Cameron YORK: Ithaca, Sept. 4, 1952, J. W. Groves (DAOM 33837). 

(DAOM 198191); Victoria Beach, Sept. 6, 1926, Aug. 5, NORTH CAROLINA: Madison Co., Hot Springs, Aug. 20, 1924, 

1931, G. R. Bisby (DAOM 198190, 5719). ONTARIO: Algon- C. H. Kauffman (MICH); Swain Co., Great Smoky Mts. Natl. 

quin Prov. Park, Canisby Twp., Pog Lake, Aug. 30, 1974, Park, Aug. 23, 1972, R. L. Shaffer 6907 (MICH). SOUTH 

P. Johnson (DAOM 186630); Bothwell, Aug. 17, 1924, CAROLINA: Oconee Co., Sumpton Natl. Forest, Sept. 25, 

A. Jones (Dearness herb. in DAOM); W of Byron, Sept. 1897 1980, D. Guravich 1108 (MICH). TENNESSEE: Blount Co., 

(Dearness herb. in DAOM); Ottawa, Green's Creek, Aug. 25, Great Smoky Mts. Natl. Park, Cades Cove, Aug. 16, 1938, 

1921, W. S. Odell (DAOM 40950), Sept. 8, 1938, J. W. A. H. Smith 10251 (MICH); Knox Co., New Hopewell, Sept. 

Groves and W. S. Odell (DAOM 8788); Petawawa, Aug. 2, 16, 1938, L. R. Hesler (MICH ex TENN 11757); Sevier Co., 

1938, R. M. Lewis (DAOM 8785), Sept. 13, 1939, J. W. Gatlinburg, Aug. 6, 1938, A. H. Smith 9805 (MICH); Tellico 

Groves (DAOM 9573), Sept. 6, 1943, J. W. and E. Groves Plains, Cherokee Natl. For., Aug. 13, 1975, A. J. Sharp 

(DAOM 11289), July 15, 1947, C. G. Riley and L. T. White (TENN 35352); near Walland, Oct. 21, 1966, L. R. Hesler 

(DAOM 21291); Pinery Prov. Park, Grand Bend, Aug. 18, (TENN 29426). TEXAS: Aransas Co., Rockport, May 11, 

1983, D. Campbell 57 (DAOM 189218). QUEBEC: Berthier- 1966, J. Dean 51 (MICH): Brazoria Co., Liverpool, no date, 

E. Hillhouse 130 (MICH); Hardin Co., Big Thicket Natl. 

Pres., Lance Rosiei Unit, June 20, 1982, D. P. Lewis 3086 

(F); Orange Co., Vidor, 1978, D. Lewis 1138 (MICH). VER- 

MONT: Middlebury, Aug. 13, 1896, E. A. Burt (Dearness 

herb. in DAOM). 

(70) Neolecta irregularis (Peck) Korf & Rogers 

= Geoglossum irregularis Peck 

= Spragueola americana Massee 

MAP: Fig. 59. 

RANGE: From northem Michigan east to Nova Scotia and 

western Newfoundland, with a southern record from Tennes- 

see, also from Japan. 

HABITAT: Probably parasitic on rootlets of unidentified 

hosts. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Imai (1941); Redhead (1977a, 

1979~).



3030 

CAN. 1. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NEWFOUND- species which grows cespitosely on hardwoods. Mycena 

LAND: Gros Morne Natl. Park, Berry Hill Pond, Sept. 17, leaiana var. australis Dennis (1955), with an avellaneous col- 

1983, S. A. Redhead 4746 (DAOM 187966). PRINCE EDWARD oured pileus, was described from Queensland, Australia. This 

ISLAND: Queens Co., near Tracadie Cross, Oct. 13, 1988, taxon possibly represents a distinct species. 

S. A. Redhead 6682 (DAOM 198750). 


Riding Mountain Natl. Park, Gorge Creek trail, July 3 and 5, 

(71) Pleuroflamrnula flammea (Murr.) Singer 

1979, D. R. H. Hammersley (DAOM 191866, 191864); Vic- 

= Crepidotus flammeus Murr. 

= Pleuroflammula chocoruensis Singer 

toria Beach, July 18, 1931, G. R. Bisby (DAOM 198203). 

NEW BRUNSWICK: York Co., Tay Fall Road, June 25, 1954, 

= Pleuroflammula squarrulosa Singer 

C. A. Arthurs (DAOM 46372). NOVA SCOTIA: Colchester Co., 

MAP: Fig. 73. 

Truro, Sept. 9, 1959, K. A. Harrison (DAOM 1135 13); Inver- 

RANGE: Coastal in the northern part of its range, from 

southern Nova Scotia to the southern Appalachians and down 

ness Co., Cape Breton Highlands Natl. Park, Macintosh 

to Florida; Columbia; ? far eastern USSR. 

Brook, Sept. 14, 1983, S. A. Redhead 4634 and J. Ginns 

(DAOM 191860), Lone Shieling, Sept. 30, 1987, S. A. Red- 

HABITAT: Small hardwood twigs on or just above the forest 

head 6285 (DAOM 198235); Kentville, Sept. 1 1, 193 1, Sept. 

floor. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Azbukina et al. (1984); Hesler and 

13, 1936, June 12, 1937, Aug. 26 and Sept. 24, 1953, K. A. 

Harrison (DAOM 110794, 110997, 111889, 11212, 39085); 

Smith (1965); Horak (1978); Singer (1947); Singer and Smith 

Queen's Co., Kejimkujik Natl. Park, Grafton Lakes, Sept. 19, 

(1946). 

1987, S. A. Redhead 6002 (DAOM 198236); Yarmouth Co., 

NOTES: The report from the USSR needs to be confirmed 

North Kemptville, July 8, 1954 (DAOM 46753). ONTARIO: 

with specimens or detailed descriptions. 

Algonquin Prov. Park: Canisby Twp., July 3 1, 1975, H. Kirsh 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NOVA 

(DAOM 186496), Found Lake trail, June 23, 1976, P. John- 

SCOTIA: Shelburne Co., Ingomar, Sept. 23, 1987, J. Ginns and 

son (DAOM 182372); Belleville, Sept. 24, 1878, J. Macoun 

S. A. Redhead 6119 (DAOM 198223). U.S.A.: FLORIDA: 

(DAOM 51410); Huntsville, June 16, 1932, R. F. Cain and 

Gainesville, Aug. 11, 1985, S. A. Redhead 5169 (DAOM 

H. S. Jackson (DAOM 80539); Middlesex Co., Lobo Twp., 

194781); New Smyra, 1920, H. C. Beardslee (MICH); San 

Sept. 10 1955, W. W. Judd (DAOM 48927); Nepean, Aug. 

Felasco Hammock State Preserve, Aug. 10, 1985, S. A. Red- 

31, 1949, J. W. Groves (DAOM 21701); Petawawa, Sept. 1, 

head 5156 (DAOM 194891). NORTH CAROLINA: Asheville, 

1943, Sept. 19, 1945, Aug. 27, 1947, J. W. Groves (DAOM 

Aug. 1917, H. C. Beardslee 17047 (MICH): Highlands, July 

11569, 16419, 17486); Port Stanley, Aug. 23, 1907, J. Dear- 

27, 1934, A. J. Sharp (TENN 51 17); Indian Cr. near Bryson, 

ness (Dearness herb. in DAOM); Renfrew Co., Shaw Wood 

Aug. 11, 1940, A. J. Sharp (TENN 12782). TENNESSEE: 

Lot near Eganville, Sept. 11, 1980, K. Spicer (DAOM 

Anderson Co., Demaree, July 1 1, 1934, L. R. Hesler (TENN 

178664), Aug. 22, 1986, S. A. Redhead 5221 (DAOM 

4100); Blount Co., Rich Mt., June 24, 1934, L. R. Hesler 

196020); Rondeau Prov. Park, Sept. 10, 1962, J. W. and 

(TENN 3655); Great Smoky Mts. Natl. Park, Cades Cove, 

N. Groves (DAOM 89875); St. Lawrence Islands Natl. Park, 

June 12, 1968, L. R. Hesler (TENN 30203); Knox Co., 

Thwartway Is., Oct. 2, 1975, M. Kaufert (DAOM 153714), 

Timberlake Rd., July 4, 1956, L. R. Hesler (TENN 18678). 

P. Hammond (DAOM 1537 151; South March. June 18. 1952 

(72) Xeromphalina kaufSmanii A. H. Smith 

and June 10, 1953, J. W. ~kves (DAOM 35284, 40042). 


QUEBEC: Chelsea, Gilmore's Grove, Aug. 2, 1923, June 1930, 

RANGE: From Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, and W. S. Ode11 (DAOM 51409, 51408); Duchesnay, L. Jaune, 

southern Quebec, south to Tennessee and North Carolina; Aug. 24, 1938, R. F. Cain 11265 (DAOM 80538), Aug. 26, 

Costa Rica; Japan. 

1938, J. W. Groves (DAOM 6614); Eardley, Oct. 3, 1945, 

HABITAT: On decaying hardwood stumps, logs, especially I. L. Conners (DAOM 16381); Gatineau Co., Cantley, 

oak in the south, yellow birch in the north. 

Aug. 26, 1952, E. Groves (DAOM 33834), Sept. 26, 1970, 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Miller (1968); Redhead (1988); June 18 and July 13, 1972, July 3, 1978, J. Ginns (DAOM 

Smith (1953). 

194545, 144193, 144185, 16761 8); Gatineau Park, June 23, 

1959, J. W. Groves (DAOM 63315), Aug. 27, 1971, D. Mal- 

Amphi-Pacific: South Pacific - Appalachian - Great 

Lakes 

loch (DAOM 151 170); Montreal, Cap St. Jacques, June 5, 

1980, R. McNeil (DAOM 176748); North Hatley, July 2, 

1985, H. M. E. Schalkwyk 2082 (DAOM 193830); Pointe au 

(73) Mycena leaiana (Berk.) Smith 

Platon, Lobinier, Sept. 7, 1969, R. Cauchon (QFB 4353); St. 

= Agaricus leaiana Berk. 

Pierre, July 6, 1964, G. Talbot (QFB 1754); Wakefield, 

= Flammulina glutinosa Stevenson 

June 15, 1951, J. Parmelee (DAOM 27489); Weedon Co., 

MAP: Fig. 67. 

Wolfe, July 1962, M. Lortie (QFB 1755). U.S.A.: INDIANA: 

RANGE: Southern Manitoba east to Nova Scotia, south to Kieweg Woods, 8 krn SW of Terre Haute, Sept. 11, 1980, 

Tennessee and North Carolina, southern Mexico, New I. L. Conners (DAOM 185757). MARYLAND: Princes Georges 

Zealand, and New Guinea. 

Co., Laurel, Aug. 12, 1966, M. E. Elliott (DAOM 115355). 

HABITAT: On standing or fallen hardwood trunks and MICHIGAN: Benien Co., Warren Woods, Sept. 4, 1955, R. A. 

branches. 

Shoemaker (DAOM 5 1 190); Cut River, June 25, 195 1, S. C. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Beardslee and Coker (1924); Bell Hoare (DAOM 26919); Douglas L., June 22, 1951, S. C. 

(1933); Bisby et al. (1938); Gourley (1982); Hesler (1960); Hoare (DAOM 26830); Harbour Springs, June 18, 1948, 

Horak (1971, 1983~); Smith (1947); Welden and Guzman J. W. Groves (DAOM 21256). NEW YORK: Ithaca, May 27, 

(1978); White (1910). 

1953, R. P. Korf and R. A. Shoemaker (DAOM 41700); New- 

NOTES: This is a distinctively coloured, bright yellow-orange comb, June 28, 1957, M. Pantidou and M. Elliott (DAOM



REDHEAD 303 1 

55746); Michigan Hollow, Cornell Univ., Sept. 4, 1952, (DAOM 182769). QUEBEC: Rte. 138 N of Ste. Joachim, 

J. W. Groves (DAOM 33732). VERMONT: Burlington, June Aug. 19, 1981, D. Lahaie (DAOM 180837). MEXICO: 

20, 1951, R. Homer (DAOM 26617). VIRGINIA: Floyd Co., OAXACA: Sierra Mazateca, July 7, 1969, R. Singer M 8308 

Buffalo Mt. near Blue Ridge Parkway, May 13, 1978, P. Bush (F). PUERTO RICO: Mayaguez, F. S. Earle (NY); near Rio San- 

(0. K. Miller 18037, VPI). andora, El Verde Rainforest Research area, Sept. 10, 1984, 

D. J. Dodge (F 106850). U.S.A.: ALABAMA: Lee Co., Auburn, 

Amphi-Pacific: Gondwanaland - West coast July 3, 1897, F. S. Earle and C. F. Baker 198 (NY). FLORIDA: 

(74) Panellus longinquus (Berk.) Singer 

= Agaricus longinquus Berk. 

= Agaricus tarnenis Speg. 

= Agaricus minusculus Speg. 

= Agaricus tasmanicus Berk. 

= Panellus roseollus Stev. 

= Pleurotus sutherlandii Singer 

MAP: Fig. 44. 

RANGE: Coastal from the Queen Charlotte Islands to Oregon, 

Chile, Argentina, New Zealand, eastern Australia. 

HABITAT: On branches and logs of Alnus rubra, and stumps 

of Tsuga heterophylla chemically treated to prevent Hetero- 

Gainesville, Aug. 15, 1985, S. A. Redhead 5173 (DAOM 

194880). MASSACHUSETTS: Boston, Aug. 1905, S. Davis. 

(NYS). NEW YORK: Hamilton Co., Piseco, C. H. Peck (NYS); 

Minerva, July, C. H. Peck (NYS). NORTH CAROLINA: Great 

Smoky Mts. Natl. Park, Hemitooga Overlook, June 22, 1954, 

L. R. Hesler (TENN 21410). SOUTH CAROLINA: Oconee Co., 

Coley Cr., July 24, 1965, L. R. Hesler (TENN 28081). VIR- 

GINIA: Jefferson Natl. Forest, Oct. 15, 1978, H. and 0. K. 

Miller 17924 (VPI). 

basidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. attack. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Comer (1986); Horak (1979, 

1983a); Libonati-Barnes and Redhead (1984); Singer (1954, 

1969). 

NOTES: Panellus longinquus subsp. pacijicus Libonati- 

Barnes & Redhead is present in North America while subsp. 

longinquus is restricted to the southern hemisphere. 


sion into the Arizona - New Mexico region, an area in which 

Xeromphalina tenuipes has not been found. 


Lake Superior Prov. Park, Sept. 18, 1981, G. Thorn 378 

(76) Tetrapyrgos nigripes (Schw .) Horak 

= Agaricus nigripes Schw. 

= Marasmius subcinereus Berk. & Br. 

= Marasmius dichromopus Speg. 

= Gymnopus floridanus Murr. 

= Marasmius caesius Murr. 

= Marasmius cineraceus Petch 

I COLUMBIA: Vancouver, Nov. 4 and Dec. 9, 1985, P. Kroeger 

929, 944 (DAOM 199070, 199068). 

MAP: Fig. 70. 

RANGE: Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda), Asia (Japan, 

Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka), eastern North America 

(southern Quebec and Ontario, Canada, to Florida and Texas, 

U.S. A,, Barbados, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mexico, 

Trinidad), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, 

3 

Pantropical - eastern deciduous forest 

Chile, Venezuela). 

HABITAT: On plant litter on the forest floor. 

(75) Cyptotrama asprata (Berk.) Redhead & Ginns 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Dennis (195 1); Horak (19836); Ima- 

= Agaricus aspratus Berk. 

zeki and Hongo (1987); Pegler (1977, 1983a, 1986); Singer 

= Lentinus chrysopeplus Berk. & Curt. 

1957, 1973a); Welden and Guzmfin (1978). 

= Agaricus scabriusculus Peck 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ONTATIO: 

= Agaricus lacunosus Peck 

Constance Bay, Ottawa River, Aug. 2, 1980, K. W. Spicer 

= Agaricus aureotomentosus Kalchbr. 

(DAOM 179997); Lake Opinicon, Sept. 12, 1949, E. and 

= Agaricus echinodermatus Cooke & Massee 

J. W. Groves and H. M. Good (DAOM 21929); Petawawa, 

= Marasmius aculeatus Pat. 

Sept. 3, 1947, A. H. Smith and J. W. Groves (DAOM 17469); 

= Armillaria carneogelatinosus Rick 

Pinery Prov. Park, Aug. 4, 1983, D. Campbell (DAOM 

= Lepiota aurantiogemmata Charles 

189192), Aug. 22, 1983, G. Thorn (DAOM 187616); Point 

= Tricholomopsis streetsii Gilbertson 

Pelee Natl. Park, Sept. 17 and 18, 1981, J. E. and S. A. Red- 

MAP: Fig. 7 1. 

head 4209, 4227 (DAOM 192758, 186918); St. Lawrence 

RANGE: Africa (Kenya, Madagascar, South Africa, Tanza- Islands Natl. Park, Camelot Is., Aug. 10, 1976, E. Kokko 

nia); Asia (Japan, Sri Lanka, Vietnam); Australia; North (DAOM 170351), Thwartway Is., June 30, 1976, A. Carter 

America (from the Great Lakes region, southern Ontario and (DAOM 158849), Aug. 11, 1976, J. Bond (DAOM 158846). 

Quebec to Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, south to Florida QUEBEC: Brossard, Aug. 20, 1979, G. Guerin (DAOM 

and Louisiana, and from New Mexico and Arizona south to 176581); St. Nicolas, Levis, Sept. 3, 1961, R. Pomerleau 

Mexico; Greater and Lesser Antilles (Dominica, Cuba, Gua- (QFB 3386). COLOMBIA: Dpto. Anitoquia, Municipio 

deloupe, Martinique); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Cocorna, Refugio Canon de Rio Claro, 5"50fN, 74"55'W, 

Colombia); Oceania (Bonin Islands, Hawaii, New Caledonia, Nov. 22, 1986, R. E. Halling 5048 (NY). U.S.A.: DISTRICT 

New Guinea). 

OF COLUMBIA: Washington, July 14- 15, 1905, W. A. Munill 

HABITAT: On decorticated logs or branches of hardwoods (NY). FLORIDA: Gainesville, Aug. 9, 1985, S. A. Redhead 

and conifers, sometimes raised above the ground. 

5136, 5148 (DAOM 194772, 194876). ILLINOIS: Cook CO., 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Hongo (1956); Pegler (1977, Carle Woods, Aug. 14, 1940, A. E. Edgecombe (F); Geneseo, 

1983a, 1986); Redhead and Ginns (1980, see references); June 1902, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F 1289975); River Forest, 

Singer (1957); Welden and Guzmfin (1978). 

June 1902, E. T. and S.A. Harper (F 1289968); Shabbona 

NOTES: This distinctive species is noteworthy for its exten- Grove, July 1918, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F 1289967); 

Winetka, Aug. 18, 1968, R. Singer N 1737 (F). INDIANA: 

Monroe Co., Cedar Bluffs near Victor, Aug. 23, 1970, R. L. 

Shaffer (M. Gilliam 934) (MICH). IOWA: Iowa City, Sept. 6, 

1936, G. W. Martin (TENN 10590); W. Okobogi, Aug. 24,



3032 CAN. J. BOT. 

1933, G. W. Martin (NY). LOUISIANA: Baton Rouge, Oct. 5, 

1956, B. Lowy (TENN 22470). MASSACHUSETTS: Hampshire 

Co., Amherst, Aug. 7, 1978, D. Black (NY); Suffolk Co., 

Harvard Univ., Jamaica Plain, July 21, 1981, R. E. Halling 

3363 (NY). MICHIGAN: Ann Arbor, Aug. 15, 1925, C. H. 

Kauffman (MICH); Dexter, July 26, 1935, A. H. Smith 1652 

(MICH); Ernmet Co., Cross Village, July 9, 1947, A. H. 

Smith 25622 (MICH); Oakland Co., Proud L., July 21, 1970, 

M. Gilliam 764 (MICH); Washtenaw Co., Saginaw For., 

Aug. 9, 1937, A. H. Smith 6914 (MICH); Wayne Co., Powell 

Rd., Sept. 19, 1978, W. W. Patrick 5189 (MICH). MINNE- 

SOTA: Rice Co., Wheeling Twp., July 15, 1968, M. G. 

Weaver 1589 (MICH). MISSOURI: Montgomery Co., Mineola, 

Aug. 13, 1940, J. B. Routin (TENN 13289 and NY). NEW 

YORK: Bronx, July 28, 1902, Miss Vail (NY); Ithaca, Aug. 6, 

19003, C. H. Kauffman (MICH); Madison Co., Oneida, Aug. 

1914, H. D. House 1468 (MICH). NORTH CAROLINA: Great 

Smoky Mts. Natl. Park, Blount Co., Cades Cove, Aug. 10, 

1938, A. H. Smith 9998 (MICH); Swain Co., Almond, 

Sept. 21, 1971, K. A. Hamson 11218 (MICH). PENNSYLVA- 

NIA: Allegheny Co., Ben Avon Heights, Aug. 1, 1939, L. K. 

Henry 2994 (NY); Blue Ridge Summit, Aug. 23, 1920, 

L. C. C. Kreiger (Kelly 470) (MICH); Monroe Co., Delaware 

Water Gap, Aug. 1 - 15, 1917, W. A. Mum11 (NY). TENNES- 

SEE: near Knoxville, Aug. 19, 1934, L. R. Hesler (TENN 

5409). TEXAS: Sam Houston Natl. Forest near Richard, May 

17, 1953, H. D. Thiers 1875 (MICH). VERMONT: Windham 

Co., Newfane-Wardsboro Rd., Aug. 26, 1961, H. E. Bigelow 

(R. L. Shaffer 3442) (MICH). VIRGINIA: Blacksburg, July 27 

to Aug. 3, 1904, W. A. Munill (NY). WISCONSIN: La Crosse 

Co., Gundersen Arboretum, Sept. 21, 1979, W. B. and V. G. 

Cooke 57535 (DAOM 193770); Palmyra, July 1968, R. Singer 

N 1664 (F); Wolworth Co., Geneva, Aug. 17-19, 1956, 

R. L. Shaffer 874 (MICH). 

(77) Xeromphalina tenuipes (Schw.) Singer 

= Agaricus tenuipes Schw. 

= Agaricus hilarinus Mont. 

= Agaricus rheicolor Berk. 

= Agaricus cayennensis Mont. 

= Agaricus amabilipes Peck 

= Agaricus melinosarcus Kalchbr. 

= Marasmius pilopus Kalchbr. 

= Agaricus aurantiellus Speg. 

= Collybia velutina Clements. 

= Tricholorna flammulaecolor Beeli 

= Crinipellis velutipes Stevenson 

= Collybia neovelutipes Hongo 


RANGE: Africa (Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, 

Zaire), Asia (India, Japan), Australia, Oceania (Bonin Islands, 

New Zealand, Philippine Islands, New Guinea), North 

America (southern Ontario and Quebec, Canada, south to 

Louisiana, Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Guadeloupe, 

Martinique, Cuba, British Honduras, Haiti), South America 

(Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, French Guiana, Peru, 

Paraguay, Venezuela). 

HABITAT: On hardwood woody debris on or in soil in forests. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Pegler (1983~); Redhead (1988, see 

literature cited); Welden and Guzman (1978). 

Mediterranean- Continental 

(78) Heliocybe sulcata (Berk.) Redhead & Ginns 

= Lentinus sulcatus Berk. 

= Panus fulvidus Bres. 

= Lentinus miserculus Kalchbr. 

= Russelia pringlei Robinson, nom. herb. 

MAP: Fig. 19. 

RANGE: From the Yukon east to eastern Ontario along the 

southern boreal forest, generally east of the continental divide, 

south through Alberta to New Mexico, Mexico, Nicaragua, 

and Peru; Poland, Italy; South Africa. 

HABITAT: On often raised, decorticated deciduous or coniferous 

wood, Saguaro cactus, Mesquite, and Ocotillo, in xeric 

sites. 

SELECTED LITERATURE: Courtenay and Burdsall(1982); Gilbertson 

and Lindsey (1975); Gilbertson et al. (1974, 1976); 

Lindsey and Gilbertson (1975); Nakasone and Gilbertson 

(1978); Pegler (19836); Redhead and Ginns (1985). 

NOTES: This species basically has a mediterranean - continental 

North America distribution, but its presence in South 

Africa, based on a single collection, indicates that it may have 

had a much wider distribution at one time. 

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: MEXICO: GUERRERO: 

Iguala Canyon, 2500 ft alt., Sept. 22, 1905, C. G. Pringle 

(Plantae Mexicanae 10148 Russelia pringlei, MICH). U.S.A. : 

ARIZONA: Coconino, Sedona, June 1973, C. Barrows (MICH). 

COLORADO: Chaffee Co., St. Elmo, July 22, 1973, L. Gillman 

(MICH); Pitkin Co., Aspen, Aug. 13, 1975, A. H. Smith 

85719 (MICH), Snowmass Creek, Aug. 27, 1974, A. H. 

Smith (MICH). MICHIGAN: Cheboygan Co., Lower Maple R., 

May 1, 1947, M. Lange (A. H. Smith 25 133, MICH); Livingston 

Co., Unadilla, May 27, 1951, P. Harding (A. H. Smith 

36317, MICH); Marquette Co., Mill Yard, June 22, 1965, 

J. F. Ammirati 1596 (MICH); Ogenaw Co., Lupton, May 17, 

1948, A. H. Smith 28694 (MICH); Washtenaw Co., Lake 

Winnawana, May 2, 1977, A. H. Smith 87282 (MICH), 

Waterloo area, May 15, 1968, F. Hoseney (MICH). NEW 

MEXICO: Bandeoler Natl. Monument near Los Alamos, May 

1968, C. Barrows (MICH). NEW YORK: Essex Co., Keene, 

June 6, 1905, C. H. Peck (NYS as Panusfulvidus = Lentinus 

sulcatus). WYOMING: Medicine Bow Mts., Pole Mt., July 

1950, H. D. Thiers 504 (MICH). 

Discussion 

In many cases it is still too early to state that the patterns are 

correct. one need only compare ~oser's (1953) early attempt 

to map the global distribution of Rozites species against 

Horak's (1981) later map and Halling and Ovrebo's (1987) 

documentation of a new-species from Colombia to see how 

greatly known distributions vary from reality. Much of eastern 

Asia remains unexplored mycologically and many species 

have yet to attract the attention of collectors. Even in ~ orth 

America some areas have been relatively unexplored. In 

Canada this is true of the entire province of Saskatchewan and 

the northern parts of British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, 

Ontario, and Quebec. However, there is no doubt than many 

native Canadian macrofungi have distinctive ranges similar to 

those of other groups of organisms, particularly vascular 

plants. To simply state that a given species is a western species 

or an eastern species is inadequate. Both Rhodotus palmatus 

and ~leuro~lammula flammea-are eastern species, but their 

known ranges scarcely overlap. The former is commonest in 

the midwest to the Ottawa Valley in Ontario and Quebec. It 

has not been found in the southern Appalachians and only 

rarely east of the Adirondack-Appalachian mountains even 

after decades of collecting by notable collectors such as C. H.



Peck, W. A. Mumll, L. R. Hesler, and others. Pleurojlam- 

mulajlammea occurs from Colombia to southern Nova Scotia, 

swinging through the southern Appalachians and towards the 

coast further north on the east side of the mountain system. 

Statements contrasting so-called European species versus 

North American species must also be questioned when in fact 

only an eastern or only a western North American population 

has been sampled. The complexity of the biogeographical 

components making up our mycota is much greater than most 

agaricologists have appreciated, but reassuringly similar to 

those of the vascular plant, lichen, and bryophyte floras. The 

professional mycologist should endeavor to depict where the 

species has been collected. 

The number of distinct mycoflora distributional patterns in 

Canada appears greater than the five mushroom provinces out- 

lined by Smith (1978). They correspond to well established 

floras represented by the distributions of our forest trees (Hosie 

1969; Little 1971, 1976, 1977) and (or) herbaceous plants 

(HultCn 1964, 1971), although not necessarily linked to these 

plant species. The following paired examples serve to 

demonstrate that the ranges, which can only now be resolved 

based on scant information, resemble those of dominant vascu- 

lar plants. The Pacific coast mycota harbors both southern 

coastal species, ranging from southern Vancouver Island south 

to California, and northern coastal species, ranging from 

Alaska or the Queen Charlotte Islands south to northern Cali- 

fornia or Oregon. Many of these species can be found again in 

the interior wet zone of British Columbia or Idaho, roughly 

equivalent to the Interior Western Hemlock and Douglas-fir 

zones of Krajina (1959, 1965), and (or) may have disjunct 

eastern North American populations, or populations on other 

continents. Examples of southern coastal species are 

Marasmiellus candidus, M. pluvius, Marasmius plicatulus, 

Melanotus textilis, Tetrapyrgos subdendrophora, and coastal 

populations of Mycena lohwagii, a species also found in the 

interior wet belt. Tree species with equivalent ranges are Acer 

circinnatum Pursh, Arbutus menziesii Pursh, Cornus nuttallii 

Audubon, Quercus garyana Dougl., and coastal populations 

of Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl., and Pinus monticola, both 

found also in the interior wet belt. Examples of northern west 

coast fungal species are Crinipellis piceae, Marasmiellus 

papillatus, Marasmius salalis, Neolentinus kaufianii, 

Stereopsis humphreyi, Hemimycena tortuosa, Mycena culmi- 

gena, Resinomycena saccharifera ssp. kalalochensis, and 

Panellus longinquus ssp. paczjicus, all absent from the interior 

wet belt, although most are found elsewhere in the world. Tree 

species with similar western distributions are Acer macro- 

phyllum Pursh and Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes (although 

both absent from the Queen Charlotte Islands), and Picea 

sitchensis. Northern coastal fungal elements also found in the 

interior wet belt are Baeospora myosura, Cyphellostereum 

laeve, Hypholoma dispersum, Psilocybe semilanceata, and 

Xeromphalina fulvipes. Tree species with similar western 

ranges are Alnus rubra Bong., Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 

(D. Don) Spach, Taxus brevifolia Nutt., nuja plicata Donn, 

Tsuga heterophylla, and T. mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. 

Examples of fungal species more typical for the western cordil- 

lera than just the coast are Boletus mirabilis, Collybia baker- 

ensis, Resinomycena montana, Strobilurus occidentalis, 

S. trullisatus, Marasmius tremulae, Phaeolepiota aurea, and 

Chroogomphus tomentosus. Arboreal representatives are Acer 

glabrum Torr., Alnus sinuata (Reg.) Rydb., Crataegus 

douglasii Lindb., Picea englmanii, Populus trichocarpa, and 

Pseudotsuga menziesii. 

REDHEAD 

Fungal species that are predominantly boreal in North 

America are Cantharellula umbonata, Galerina paludosa, 

Marasmiellus$lopes, Marasmius androsaceus, M. epiphyllus, 

M. pallidocephalus, Neolecta vitellina, Phaeomarasmius erin- 

aceus, Tricholoma magnivelare, and Xeromphalina campa- 

nella. Tree species with similar North American distributions 

are Betula papyrifera Marsh., Picea glauca, P. mariana 

(Mill.) B. S. P., Populus balsamifera L., P. tremuloides, and 

Sorbus sitchensis Roem., although none except P. tremuloides 

has as wide a range in the western cordillera as the fungal 

examples. Southern boreal - eastern deciduous forest linked 

fungal species are Crepidotus cinnabarinus and Rhodotus pal- 

matus. Acer negundo L. has a somewhat similar distribution, 

and the continental range of Heliocybe sulcata is nearly 

matched by that of Salk exigua Nutt. 

There is a distinct mycota around and east of the Great Lakes 

to Nova Scotia and sometimes Newfoundland that encom- 

passes the southern boreal forest and northern deciduous forest, 

with some species extending south along the Appalachians. 

Members of this mycota are Mitrula lunulatospora (A), Xerula 

fu@racea, and X. rubrubrunnenscens (A), and the eastern 

North American populations of Baeospora myosura (A), Stro- 

bilurus albipilatus, Marasmiellus papillatus, Mitrula elegans 

(A), Hypholoma jlavifolium, Lyophyllum palustre, Crinipellis 

campanella (a), and Neolecta irregularis (A). Arboreal repre- 

sentatives are Betula alleghaniensis Britton (a), Fraxinus nigra 

Marsh. (a), Pinus resinosus Ait., P. strobus (A), Populus 

grandidentata Michx. (a), nuja occidentalis L. (A), and 

Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. (A). (A) designates species well 

represented along the Appalachians and (a) those poorly repre- 

sented. The eastern deciduous forest mycota includes species 

in southern Ontario and Quebec commoner south of the Great 

Lakes, unrestricted to the Appalachians, and sometimes with 

disjunct extensions in Central America (C), or elsewhere in the 

tropics (T). These include Crinipellis setipes, Cyptotrama 

asprata (C and T), Gerronema subclavatum (C), Lactarius 

indigo (C), Tetrapyrgos nigripes (C and T), Marasmius pyr- 

rhocephalus, Mycena leaiana (C and T), Resinomycena rho- 

dodendri, Xeromphalina kaufianii (C), X. tenuipes (C and 

T), Xerula megalospora. Tree species which in North America 

have similar distributions are, Acer saccharum Marsh., A. sac- 

charinum L., Carpinus caroliniana Walt. (C), Carya ovata 

(Mill.) K. Koch. (C), Cephalanthus occidentalis L. (C), 

Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (C), Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. (C), 

Prunus serotina Ehrh. (C), and Sambucus canadensis L. 

The eastern maritimes species show at least three patterns, 

one being a concentration in the Maritime Provinces, e.g., 

Panellus violaceofulvus and perhaps Resinomycena acadiensis, 

a distribution somewhat matched by Betula populifolia Marsh. 

and Picea rubens Sarg., although neither tree species makes it 

to Newfoundland where P. violaceofulvus occurs, and both 

tree species occur scattered down the Appalachians. A second 

pattern appears restricted to Newfoundland, e.g., the eastern 

North American populations of Hypholoma dispersum and 

Lyophyllum gibberosum. The third is from southern Nova 

Scotia south along the coast and inland to the southern Appala- 

chians, e.g., Pleurojlammulajlammea, somewhat matched by 

Alnus serrulata (Ait.) Willd. 

Ranges of the species contributing to the remaining mycotas, 

Arctic and alpine tundra and prairies, are comparable to those 

of herbaceous or shrubby plants, of which there are many cir- 

cumpolar examples discussed and mapped by HultCn (1964, 

1971), or to bryophytes or well-known ascolichens. For 

example, Marasmius epidryas is restricted to growth on Dryas



3034 

species, and therefore the circumpolar distribution of Dryas 

species such as D. octopetala sensu lato (Hult6n 1971) is par- 

ticularly significant. 

All of the above-mentioned data supports the idea that fleshy 

fungi are governed by many of the same physioecological and 

historical factors that control vascular plant ranges just as Cul- 

berson (1972) suggested for lichens. This is difficult to recon- 

cile with the ease with which fungal spores are disseminated. 

Fungal spores are minute compared to the seeds of vascular 

plants, and can be transported vast distances by winds or storm 

systems. However, the current evidence suggests that most 

macrofungi are not transported across oceans or large conti- 

nental areas without first colonizing the intermediate ground. 

For example, while large numbers of fungal spores, including 

basidiospores and even moss protonema were recovered in air 

over the Atlantic Ocean by Pady and Kapica (1955), most 

spores were no longer viable. And although Pady and Kapica 

concluded that some viable fungal spores could make the trans- 

atlantic crossing, additional evidence indicates that this is not 

the case for most macrofungi. One of the problems facing all 

spores transported long distance is contacting a suitable target. 

Target size and abundance of targets becomes crucial to sur- 

vival. For species colonizing specific wild plants or plant 

parts, the targets are very small compared to those inhabiting 

soil, grasslands, or at least plant species in large scale mono- 

culture. Examples of long distance dispersal are difficult to 

find.. One case involves Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici, 

which may have been introduced in eastern Australia from 

South Africa by wind (Watson and de Sousa 1983). Even then 

some doubt exists as Wellings et al. (1987) note that at least in 

the case of Puccinia striiformis Westend. f.sp. tritici, other 

means of introduction, such as transport on clothing, are more 

probable. Wind obviously plays an important role in the dis- 

semination of fungi when the target sizes are sufficiently large 

and not thousands of kilometers distant. The spread of coffee 

rust, Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Br., by wind in Central and 

South America following prevailing winds is well documented 

(Schieber and Zentmeyer 1984). However, no evidence has 

been found to support the idea of transoceanic dispersal by 

wind. 

A second problem facing most basidiomycetes is the estab- 

lishment of a dikaryon to complete their life cycle. Given that a 

viable spore can make an oceanic or continental crossing and 

does fall on a suitable substrate, the odds against there being a 

compatible colony nearby must be astronomical. Even where 

compatible species occur on opposite sides of a barrier, thus 

vastly increasing this probability, there is little evidence of 

gene flow. Vilgalys and Johnson (1987) noted considerable 

genetic divergence between geographically isolated popula- 

tions of single mating groups in the Collybia dryophila 

(Bull.:Fr.) Kummer group in Europe and eastern North 

America. Similarly, Macrae (1942) showed that luminosity in 

Panellus stypticus (Bull.:Fr.) Karst. only occurs in eastern 

North American strains and is absent in European strains. Fur- 

thermore, she showed that luminosity was caused by a single 

Mendelian factor and was the dominant form, expressed in the 

F, generation. The absence of the luminous form in Europe 

indicates that eastern North American spores are failing either 

to make the crossing or to establish themselves. At least in 

coastal British Columbia, the nonluminescent form of P. styp- 

ticus is established. Fresh, sporulating collections seen by me 

on Vancouver Island, and their mycelium in culture are non- 

luminescent. The absence of various other species from other- 

CAN. I. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989 

wise suitable habitats in eastern North America when they 

occur in western North America, also indicates that there is 

little if any long distance transport of viable inoculum. 

Phaeolepiota aurea, which is widespread in Europe and Asia, 

is only known from the west in North America. Strobilurus 

occidentalis has its most distinctive form along the Pacific 

coast on cones of Picea sitchensis, and a less distinctive form 

in the western cordillera on Picea engelmanii, also occurs east 

of the continental divide in Alberta on cones of Picea glauca, 

but has never been picked up further east following that host. 

In eastern North America, Rhodotus palmatus apparently has 

not yet extensively colonized the eastern side of the Appalachians 

where suitable substrates occur. Maryland is the-only 

location where it is known to have reached the Atlantic coast. 

All three examples, P. aurea, S. occidentalis, and R. palmatus, 

may represent species still in the slow process of mkration 

and colonization. Watling (1978, 1987) also noted that 

two conspicuous species, Amanita caesarea (Scop. : Fr.) Grev. 

and Albatrellus ovinus (Fr.) Kotl. & Pouz., were absent in the 

British Isles in spite of the presence of suitable habitats and 

hosts and in spite of the presence of these fungi in adjacent 

Europe. 

In concurrence with Bisby et al. (1929), in general it has 

been established that macrofungi have wider global ranges 

than vascular plants. However, the ranges are not so broad as 

to be biogeographically meaningless. On the contrary, fungi 

offer yet another dimension to the study of biogeography. 

Whereas many of the transoceanic disjunct patterns exhibited 

by vascular plants are exhibited at the generic or family level 

(Axelrod 1970; Raven and Axelrod 1974), they are exhibited 

at the species level by many higher fungi just as they are for the 

lichenized ascomycetes and bryophytes (Culberson 1972; 

Schofield and Crum 1972). Horak (1983~) listed 75 species 

common to southern South America and Australia or New 

Zealand, many of which must be remnants of populations fragmented 

by the breakup of Gondwanaland approximately 100 

million years ago. Similarly, Imai (1961), Hongo (1978), 

Hongo and Yokoyama (1978), Mao et al. (1986), and Zang 

(1986) have noted several species disjunct between eastern 

Asia and eastern North ~merica. It is known that saprophytic 

~asidiomycet'es existed approximately 300 million years BP in 

the Middle Pennsylvania (Dennis 1970), and that woody perennial 

polypores associated with conifers were extant in the 

Upper Mesojurassic approximately 150 million years ago 

(Singer and Archangelsky . 1958). Therefore it would not be 

~ 

surp&sing if agarics and other higher fungi populated Gondwanaland. 

To have their present distributions, some of the 

fungal species listed by Horak must be at least 100 million 

years old. Cyptotrama asprata, Tetrapyrgos nigripes, and 

Xeromphalina tenuipes, represented in Canada and with pantropical 

distributions including Australia and South America, 

are possibly northern examples of this ancient Gondwanaland 

mycoflora. Heliocybe sulcata with its peculiar South Africa, 

Mediterranean, continental North American range (cf. Axelrod 

1970) may be another species originating in Gondwanaland. 

Some species must be at least 25 -30 million years old if correlated 

with the connection of mesic forests between southeast 

Asia and eastern North America (Wolfe and Leopold 1967). 

These species include Crinipellis setipes, C. campanella, Lactarius 

indigo, and others listed by Imai and Hongo, e.g., 

Marasmius siccus (Schw.) Fr., Lactarius gerardii Peck, T.10pilus 

chromapes (Frost) Smith & Thiers, T. ballouii (Peck) 

Singer, Boletellus russellii (Frost) Gilbert, Catathelas~na ven-



tricosa (Peck) Singer, Entoloma rnurrayi (Berk. & Curt.) 

Sacc. (= E. cuspidatum (Peck) Sacc.), E. quadraturn (Berk. & 

Curt.) Horak (= E. salrnoneum (Peck) Sacc.), Entolorna abor- 

tivum, Suillus spraguei (Berk. & Curt.) Kuntze (= S. pictus 

(Peck) Kuntze (see Palm and Stewart 1986)), S. salmonicolor 

(Frost) Halling (= S. subluteus (Peck) Snell), Boletus griseus 

Frost, B. ornatipes Peck, Porphyrellus gracilis (Peck) Singer, 

and others common to eastern North America and southeastern 

Asia treated by Comer (1972), e.g., Pulveroboletus ravenelii 

(Berk. & Curt.) Murr., Tylopilus albo-ater (Schw.) Murr., as 

well as T. ballouii, E. rnurrayi and E. quadratum (Horak 

1975), Leucocoprinus arnericanus (Peck) Redhead (Mao et al. 

1986), and Boletellus jalapensis (Murr.) Gilbert (Zang 1986). 

Mycena leaiana, found in New Zealand, New Guinea, as well 

as North America, is either of Gondwanaland origin or linked 

to the above-mentioned species. Species in genera occupying 

coniferous forests where all North American representatives 

are differentiated from Eurasian species, e.g., Strobilurus, 

must be no older than 10- 15 million years, and possibly only 

2-2.5 million years old if coniferous forests were close 

enough (cf. Colinvaux 1967) for successful spore dispersal. 

These conclusions lend support to Demoulin's (1973) hypothe- 

sis that some fungi have evolved relatively slowly since the 

Mesozoic. 

Conclusions 

The Canadian macromycete mycoflora is a complex mosaic 

1 of introduced and native species. The latter group has recolon- 

ized this country from southern locations in the u.s.A., partic- 

ularly the southern Appalachians, and possibly Mexico, and 

probably from refugia in the Arctic, Bering Strait area, the 

Queen Charlotte Islands, and possibly Newfoundland. The ori- 

gins and compositions of these sources of the present Canadian 

mycoflora were themselves regulated by the same factors regu- 

lating the plant floras, i.e., some were remnants of even older 

and more widespread mycofloras. Species found from coast to 

coast in the boreal forest probably survived glaciation in at 

least two separate locations as did some boreal vascular plant 

species like Picea glauca (Turner 1972). This could explain 

subtle east-west differences such as the subs~eciation of 

Xerornphalina cauticinalis, the host differences in western and 

eastern Baeospora myosura, the luminosity of only eastern 

Panellus stypticus, and species with widely separated oceanic 

populations. Even Arctic species may show east-west differ- 

entiation, as in the case of pigment differences between eastern 

Arctic collections of Phytoconis luteovitellina and western 

Arctic collections (Redhead and Kuyper 1987) that may be the 

result of survival in different Arctic refugia. Additional col- 

lecting is needed in the central prairie regions, especially Sas- 

katchewan, the Northwest Territories, northern British 

Columbia, and along the east coast of Asia to test and confirm 

the theories advanced here. As stated bv Culberson (1972: 

p. 165) about higher basidiomycetes, " . . . our ignorance of 

phytogeographically significant ranges may reflect only the 

magnitude of problems inherent in the study of organisms 

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Acknowledgements 

I thank Dr. J. Bissett, Dr. R. A. Shoemaker, and Dr. A. 

Stahevitch (DAOM and DAO) for reviewing the manuscript, 

and Dr. J. Ginns and Dr. Y. Dalpt for helpful comments in the 

earlier stages. Dr. Ginns especially helped by collecting 

agarics in the Yukon for me. The following persons generously 

provided access to collections in their care or to their own per- 

sonal collections, and in some cases provided working space, 

materials, and facilitated use of the collections in every way: 

Dr. R. J. Bandoni (UBC), Dr. R. Cauchon (QFB), Dr. J. 

Haines (NYS), Dr. R. E. Halling and Dr. C. T. Rogerson 

(NY), Dr. D. W. Malloch and Mr. G. Thorn (TRTC), Dr. 

0. K. Miller (VPI), Dr. G. M. Mueller and Dr. R. Singer (F), 

Dr. R. H. Petersen and Mr. D. E. Desjardin (TENN), Dr. D. 

Pfister (FH), Dr. A. Rossman (BPI), Dr. R. L. Shaffer 

(MICH), and Dr. H. D. Thiers (SFU). The assistance of 

Mrs. H. M. E. Schalkwyk (Edmonton) in the field has been 

particularly rewarding. I am truly grateful to these individuals. 

Technical assistance was provided by Mrs. R. McGregor and 

earlier by Mr. K. Spicer. Parks Canada provided collecting 

permits for Cape Breton Highlands, Glacier, Gros Morne, 

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REDHEAD 3043 

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3044 

FIG. 1. Distribution of Lepista mulriforme. 

FIG. 2. Distribution of Coprinus martinii. 

CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989 

FIG. 3. Distribution of Phytoconis luteovitellina. 

FIG. 4. Distribution of Marasmius epidryas.



FIG. 5. Distribution of Arrhenia aursicalpium. 

FIG. 6. Distribution of Bryoglossum gracile. 

REDHEAD 3045 

FIG. 7. Distribution of Arrhenia lobata. 

FIG. 8. Distribution of Phyloconis ericetorurn. 

I



3046 

FIG. 9. Distribution of Marasrnius androsaceus. 

FIG. 10. Distribution of Marasrni~rs pallidocephalus. 

CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989 

I 

- - 

FIG. 11. Distribution of Neolecta vitellirla. 

FIG. 12. Distribution of Marasmius epiphyllus. 

1



REDHEAD 3047 

FIG. 13. Distribution of Cantharellula umbonata. FIG. 15. Distribution of Galerina paludosa. 

FIG. 14. Distribution of Tricholoma magnivelare. FIG. 16. Distribution of Phaeomarasmius erinaceus.



3048 

CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989 

Fm. 17. Distribution of Crepidotus cinnabarinus. FIG. 19. Distribution of Heliocybe sulcata. 

FIG. 18. Distribution of Rhodotus palmatus.



I 

I I 

FIG. 21. Distribution of Mitrula elegans. 

REDHEAD 3049 

FIG. 23. Distribution of Strobilurus albipilatus. 

FIG. 22. Distribution of Baeospora myosura. FIG. 24. Distribution of Marasmiellus candidus.



3050 

CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989 

FIG. 25. Distribution of Marasmiellus papillatus. FIG. 27. Distribution of Crinipellis piceae. 

FIG. 26. Distribution of Cyphellostereu~n laeve. FIG. 28. Distribution of Psilocybe semilanceata.



FIG. 29. Distribution of Hypholoma dispersum. 

FIG. 30. Distribution of Phaeolepiota aurea. 

REDHEAD 305 1 

FIG. 31. Distribution of Strobilurus occidentalis. 

FIG. 32. Distribution of Chroogomphus tomentosus.



3052 

CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989 

FIG. 33. Distribution of Strobilurus trullisatus. FIG. 35. Distribution of Marasmius plicatulus. 

FIG. 34. Distribution of Collybia bakerensis. FIG. 36. Distribution of Boletus mirabilis.



REDHEAD 3053 

FIG. 37. Distribution of Chrysomphalina aurantiaca. FIG. 39. Distribution of Resinomycena montana. 

FIG. 38. Distribution of Mycena lohwagii. FIG. 40. Distribution of Marasmius tremulae.



3054 CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989 

FIG. 41. Distribution of Neolentinus kaufianii. 

FIG. 42. Distribution of Resirzotnycena saccharifera. FIG. 44. Distribution of Panellus longinquus.



REDHEAD 3055 

FIG. 45. Distribution of Mycerza culmigena. FIG. 47. Distribution of Hemimycena tortuosa. 

FIG. 48. Distribution of Stereopsis humphreyi.



3056 CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989 

FIG. 49. Distribution of Melanotus textilis. FIG. 51. Distribution of Marasmiellus pluvius. 

FIG. 50. Distribution of Tetrapyrgos subdendrophora. FIG. 52. Distribution of Laccaria maritima.



REDHEAD 3057 

FIG. 53. Distribution of Lyophyllum gibberosum. FIG. 55. Distribution of Resinomycena acadiensis. 

FIG. 54. Distribution of Panellus violaceofilvus. 

-- 

FIG. 56. Distribution of Hypholoma jlavifolium.



3058 

FIG. 57. Distribution of Lyophyllum palustre. 

CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989 

I 

FIG. 58. Distribution of Crinipellis campanella. FIG. 60. Distribution of Xerula rubrobrunnescens.



FIG. 61. Distribution of Mitrula lunulatospora. 

FIG. 62. Distribution of Xerula fir@racea. 

REDHEAD 3059 

FIG. 63. Distribution of Crinipellis setipes. 

- - 

FIG. 64. Distribution of Resinomycena rhododendri.



3060 CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989 

FIG. 65. Distribution of Marasmius pyrrhocephalus. FIG. 67. Distribution of Mycena leaiana. 

FIG. 66. Distribution of Xerula megalospora. FIG. 68. Distribution of Lentinus tigrinus.



FIG. 69. Distribution of Lactarius indigo. 

FIG. 70. Distribution of Tetrapyrgos nigripes. 

REDHEAD 3061 

FIG. 71. Distribution of Cyptotrama asprata. 

FIG. 72. Distribution of Gerronema subclavatum.



3062 

CAN. 1. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989 

FIG. 73. Distribution of Pleurojlarnrnula jlarnrnea. FIG. 74. Distribution of Laccaria trullisata.

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