Redhead Fungal Biogeography.pdf - Mushroom Hobby

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Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Adolf Ceska on 10/11/11 For personal use only. 3006 gracile, (4) Marasmius epidryas, (5) Phytoconis luteovitellina. Bipolar: (6) Arrhenia lobata, (7) Coprinus martinii, (8) Phy- toconis ericetorum . Circumboreal Taiga: (9) Cantharellula urnbonata, (10) Galerinapaludosa, (1 1) Marasmius androsaceus, (12) Marasmius epiphyllus, (13) Neolecta vitellina, (14) Phaeomarasmius erinaceus, (1 5) Xeromphalina campanella. Hardwood forest: (16) Crepidotus cinnabarinus, (17) Rho- dotus palmatus. Bicoastal: (1 8) Baeospora myosura, (19) Crinipellis piceae, (20) Cyphellostereum laeve, (2 1) Hypholoma dispersum, (22) Lyophyllum gibberosum, (23) Marasmiellus can- didus, (24) Psilocybe semilanceata. Boreal endemic (25) Marasmiellusfilopes, (26) Marasmius pallidocephalus, (27) Tricholoma magnivelare. Bicoastal endemics (28) Marasmiellus papillatus, (29) Mitrula elegans, (30) Strobilurus albipilatus. Western cordilleran endemics (31) Chrysomphalina aurantiaca, (32) Collybia bakerensis, (33) Marasmiellus pluvius, (34) Marasmius salalis, (35) Resinomycena montana, (36) Strobilurus occiden- talis, (37) S. trullisatus, (38) Tetrapyrgos subdendro- phora, (39) Xeromphalina fulvipes. Eastern deciduous forest endemics (40) Gerronema subclavatum, (41) Marasmius pyrrho- cephalus, (42) Mitrula lunulatospora , (43) Resinomycena acadiensis, (44) R. rhododendri, (45) Xerula fu&racea , (46) X. megalospora, (47) X. rubrobrunnescens. Eastern Maritime - Great Lakes endemics (48) Laccaria trullisata. Amphi-Beringian Eurasian - western cordillera: (49) Marasmius tremulae, (50) Mycena lohwagii, (51) Phaeolepiota aurea. Asian - western cordillera: (52) Boletus mirabilis, (53) Chroogomphus tomentosus. Asian - west coast: (54) Marasmius plicatulus, (55) Neo- lentinus kaufianii, (56) Stereopsis humphreyi. European - west coast (57) Hemimycena tortuosa, (58) Melanotus textilis, (59) Mycena culmigena, (60) Omphalina viridis, (61) Resinomycena saccharifera. Amphi-Atlantic European - east coast: (62) Laccaria maritima, (63) Panel- lus violaceofulvus. . European - boreal: (64) Lyophyllum palustre, (65) Hypho- loma jlavifolium. Mediterranean - eastern deciduous forest: (66) Lentinus tigrinus. Amphi-Pacific Asian-Appalachian, Great Lakes or coastal plain: (67) Crinipellis campanella, (68) Crinipellis setipes, (69) Lactarius indigo, (70) Neolecta irregularis, CAN. I. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989 (7 1) Pleurojlammula flammea , (72) Xeromphalina kauff- manii. South Pacific - Appalachian - Great Lakes: (73) Mycena leaiana Gondwanaland-west coast: (74) Panellus longinquus. Pantropical - eastern deciduous forest (75) Cyptotrama asprata, (76) Tetrapyrgos nigripes, (77) Xeromphalina tenuipes. Mediterranean -continental (78) Heliocybe sulcata. Methods and guidelines The examples chosen here are species with which the author is familiar. There are many other species exhibiting these patterns and ranges, but detailed documentation would be much more time con- suming. It is important to note that many are saprophytic and not restricted in host or substrate to a single plant species or genus, thus they have their "own" independent range. Others switch hosts or substrates and therefore may exceed the range limits of their preferred substrate. The species chosen to demonstrate these patterns are, with few exceptions, believed to be native to Canada. There are several more categories of distribution not discussed here which are linked to either human or animal dispersal. These include weedy species in disturbed areas (e.g., Lacymaria velutina (Pers.: Fr.) Konrad & Maubl. and Coprinus comatus (Mull.: Fr.) S. F. Gray), urban lawns or gardens (e.g. Panaeolina foenisecii (Pers. : Fr.) Marie and Marasmius oreades (Bolt.: Fr.) Fr.), and on dung (e.g. Coprinus cinereus (Schaeffer: Fr.) S. F. Gray and Panaeolus semiovatus (Sow.: Fr.) Lundell & Nannf.). Most of the plotted distributions have been confirmed by examination of specimens. Reports by experts who have monographed genera in the U.S. have been accepted in some cases. In other cases reports have been accepted as correct when adequately described or because the species is so distinctive that there is little chance for error. Caution has been foremost in my mind in accepting any unusual North American reports. The occasional misdetennined specimen was dis- covered among monographed genera, and even more troubling, a few specimens with incorrect locality data. All of the species chosen have one or more very distinctive features, some of which are mentioned in the Notes section. Verified collec- tions are cited under Additional specimens examined or in my earlier papers. The Selected literature sections list these papers and other North American references accepted for mapping, as well as repre- sentative extralimital citations. Synonymy is restricted to the basionyms for the accepted species and for any taxonomic synonyms. The Maps section gives the figure number for the map if present and any other relevant-published maps. The maps are groupkd to show basic North American floristic patterns, i.e., starting with high arctic (Figs. 1, 2) to arctic-alpine or arctic boreal distribution (Figs. 5 -8), boreal (Figs. 9-16), southern boreal or deciduous boreal (Figs. 17, 18), continental (Fig. 19), bicoastal disjuncts (Figs. 20-29), western cordilleran (Figs. 30-34), western coastal and interior wet belt (Figs. 35-40), western coastal alone (Figs. 41 -51), eastern maritime (Figs. 52-55), eastern boreal (Figs. 56-58), Great Lakes - Appa- lachians (Figs. 59-63), eastern deciduous (Figs. 64-66), eastern deciduous with southern extensions (Figs. 67-73), and eastern Maritime - Great Lakes (Fig. 74). It is important to note that the species discussed here are not neces- sarily indicator species. Other more conspicuous species may ulti- mately serve as indicators. In addition, several species used to demonstrate patterns have been recently described. However, all are easily characterized in one or more ways, and specific searches have been made both in the right habitats in the field and in herbaria under the names of confusingly similar taxa or among unidentified collec-
Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Adolf Ceska on 10/11/11 For personal use only. REDHEAD 3007 tions or the appropriate genera. Based on data gathered in the future, HABITAT: Parasitic on moss cushions and carpets in open some of the species treated herein may be inappropriately placed, however most range patterns are not expected to change drastically. alpine or Arctic tundra, and down into valleys along steep ravines. SELECTED LITERATURE: Durand (1908); Hallgrimsson Circumpolar: High Arctic (1987); Huhtinen (1985); Kallio (1980); Kankainen (1969); (1) Lepista multiforme (Romell) Gulden = Clitocybe polygonarum Laursen, Miller & Bigelow = Lepista polycephala Harmaja MAP: Fig. 1. RANGE: The north coast of Alaska, Bathurst Island, Shetland, Svalbard, northern Sweden, Norway, and Finland. HABITAT: Sandy and clayey soils in disturbed areas, or turf and peat sometimes associated with frost polygons. SELECTED LITERATURE: Bigelow (1982); Gulden (1983); Gulden et al. (1985); Harmaja (1976); Laursen et al. (1976); Watling (1987, 1988a). NOTES: Lepista multiforme is a distinctive, large species characterized by incrusting pigments, roughened spores, and clamp connections. The genus Lepista has been monographed in both North America (Bigelow and Smith 1969; Bigelow 1982) and Scandinavia (Harmaja 1974a, 19743, 1976, 1978) without uncovering more southerly finds. ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NORTHWEST TERRITORIES, Bathurst Island, Polar Bear Pass, Aug. 12, 1973, D. A. Gill (DAOM 165328), Aug. 14, 1977, J. Bissett (DAOM 165297, 165298, 165302). Lange (1957); Larsen (1932); Linder (1947); Mains (1955); Redhead (1977b); Ulvinen et al. (1981) NOTES: Bryoglossutn gracile is a small but brightly coloured orange parasite of mosses, made even more conspicuous because of necrotic areas it causes on moss carpets or cushions. Until 1977, B. gracile was included in the genus Mitrula, a genus that has been monographed for North America (Redhead 1977b). Subsequent examination of the types of Cudoniella borealis and C. muscorurn preserved in liquid at the Farlow Herbarium (FH) convinced me that they represent marginate forms of this species. ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, Illecillewaet River Valley, Sept. 12 and 27, 1980, S. A. Redhead (DAOM 178083, 178087); Trophy Mt., S of Wells Gray Prov. Park, Oct. 7, 1980, T. Goward 80-670 (DAOM 186402). NEWFOUNDLAND: Labrador, Port Burwell, Sept. 25, 1936, N. Polunin 2643b-12 (FH, TYPE of Cudoniella muscorum). NORTHWEST TERRI- TORIES, Franklin Dist., Baffin Island, Cape Dorset, Aug. 28- 29, 1936, N. Polunin 2381a-52 (FH, TYPE of Cudoniella borealis). Circumpolar: arctic-alpine (4) Marasmius epidryas Kiihner MAP: Fig. 4. (2) Arrhenia auriscalpium (Fr.) Fr. RANGE: Alaska, Yukon, Northwest Territories, northern = Cantharellus auriscalpium Fr. Manitoba, the Rockies and Columbian mountain ranges, = Peziza foliacea Holmskjold Greenland, Iceland, northern Scandinavia, the Alps and Altai = Cantharellus buxbaumiaeformis Wallroth mountain range. = Cantharellus muhlenbeckii Trog HABITAT: In North America, restricted to stems and roots of = Cyphella cochlearis Bres. Dryas alaskensis Pors., D. drutnmondii Richards, D. integri- MAP: Fig. 5. folia Vahl and D. octopetala L., in alpine and arctic tundra and RANGE: Alaska, Northwest Temtories, the Rockies in down some mountain slopes onto gravelly flood plains. southern Alberta, Arizona, Greenland, Iceland, Scandinavia, SELECTED LITERATURE: Gulden et al. (1985); Hallgrimsson and the Alps, Carpathian and Caucasian mountain ranges, and (1981); Lamoure et al. (1982); Lange (1955); Miller (1982); the northwestern USSR. Redhead et al. (1982). HABITAT: Sandy or peaty soil with sparse, low, often pio- NOTES: This species is distinctive because of its host specialneering bryophyte cover, in tundra, recently glaciated areas, ization, and by numerous micro- and macro-morphological burned peat, and alpine zones. features. The Canadian distribution was detailed by Redhead SELECTED LITERATURE: Gulden and Jenssen (1988); et al. (1982). Hallgrimsson (1981); Lange (1957); Lamoure et al. (1982); ADDITIONAL SPECIMEN EXAMINED: CANADA: ALBERTA: Laursen and Ammirati (1982), Mikhailovskii (1975); Redhead Kootenay Plain, 2 O'clock Creek, July 31, 1982, H. M. E. (1984a); Ulvinen et al. (1981) Schalkwyk 1826 (DAOM 185537). NOTES: Arrhenia auriscalpium is a very distinctive, although inconspicuous species not likely to be confused with any other fungus. The genus Arrhenia has been monographed for North America (Redhead 1984a). (5) Phytoconis luteovitellina (Pilit & Nannf.) Redhead & Kuyper = Omphalia luteovitellina Pilit & Nannfeldt MAP: Fig. 3. (3) Bryoglossum gracile (Karsten) Redhead RANGE: Alaska, Yukon, Northwest Temtories, northern = Mitrula gracilis Karsten Manitoba, Quebec, Newfoundland, Greenland, Iceland, Scot- = Mitrula muscicola E. Henn. land and Wales, northern Scandinavia, western and Siberian = Mitrula rehmii Bres. USSR, Japan. = Cudoniella borealis Linder HABITAT: On mosses and peaty soil in arctic and alpine = Cudoniella muscorum Linder tundra, often in more mesic sites than P. ericetorum. MAP: Fig. 6. SELECTED LITERATURE: Bigelow (1970); Dearness (1923, as RANGE: Arctic North America, alpine zones of the Coastal Hygrophorus cantharellus); Gulden et al. (1985); Halland Rocky Mountain ranges, Greenland, Iceland, northern grimsson (1 981); Heikkila and Kallio (1 966, 1969); Kallio Fennoscandia, alpine zones of the Carpathians and Alps. (1980); Kobayasi et al. (1971); Lamoure et al. (1982, as
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