Slavery in The 21st Century

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and processes. Furthermore, they suggest that since any trafficking victims will probably be in contact with other sex workers first, working with sex workers may be an alternative to the raid and rescue model. "End Demand" Programs Critics argue that End Demand programs are ineffective in that prostitution is not reduced, "John schools" have little effect on deterrence and portray prostitutes negatively, and conflicts in interest arise between law enforcement and NGO service providers. A study found that Sweden's legal experiment (criminalizing clients of prostitution and providing services to prostitutes who want to exit the industry in order to combat trafficking) did not reduce the number of prostitutes, but instead increased exploitation of sex workers because of the higher risk nature of their work. No proper citation given for this study. The conclusion is strongly disputed. Other studies indicate that the policy is successful.The same study reported that johns' inclination to buy sex did not change as a result of john schools, and the programs targeted johns who are poor and colored immigrants. Some john schools also intimidate johns into not purchasing sex again by depicting prostitutes as drug addicts, HIV positive, violent, and dangerous, which further marginalizes sex workers. John schools require program fees, and police's involvement in NGOs who provide these programs create conflicts of interest especially with money involved. Modern Feminist Perspectives There are different feminist perspectives on sex trafficking. The third-wave feminist perspective of sex trafficking seeks to harmonize the dominant and liberal feminist views of sex trafficking. The dominant feminist view focuses on "sexualized domination", which includes issues of pornography, female sex labor in a patriarchal world, rape, and sexual harassment. Dominant feminism emphasizes sex trafficking as forced prostitution and considers the act exploitative. Liberal feminism sees all agents as capable of reason and choice. Liberal feminists support sex workers rights, and argue that women who voluntarily chose sex work are autonomous. The liberal feminist perspective finds sex trafficking problematic where it overrides consent of individuals. Third-wave feminism harmonizes the thoughts that while individuals have rights, overarching inequalities hinder women's capabilities. Third-wave feminism also considers that women who are trafficked and face oppression do not all face the same kinds of oppression. For example, third-wave feminist proponent Shelley Cavalieri identifies oppression and privilege in the intersections of race, class, and gender. Women from low socioeconomic class, generally from the Global South, face inequalities that differ from those of other sex trafficking victims. Therefore, it advocates for catering to individual trafficking victim because sex trafficking is not monolithic, and therefore there is not a one-size-fits-all intervention. This also means allowing individual victims to tell their unique experiences rather than essentializing all trafficking experiences. Lastly, third-wave feminism promotes increasing women's agency both generally and individually, so that they have the opportunity to act on their own behalf. Page 102 of 161
Third-wave feminist perspective of sex trafficking is loosely related to Amartya Sen's and Martha Nussbaum's visions of the human capabilities approach to development. It advocates for creating viable alternatives for sex trafficking victims. Nussbaum articulated four concepts to increase trafficking victims' capabilities: education for victims and their children, microcredit and increased employment options, labor unions for low-income women in general, and social groups that connect women to one another. Social Norms According to modern Feminists, women and girls are more prone to trafficking also because of social norms that marginalize their value and status in society. By this perspective females face considerable gender discrimination both at home and in school. Stereotypes that women belong at home in the private sphere and that women are less valuable because they do not and are not allowed to contribute to formal employment and monetary gains the same way men do further marginalize women's Page 103 of 161
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his clan may redeem him. Or if he g
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This work is not meant to be a piec
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transporting, providing or obtainin
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Roman Empire or Ottoman Empire, or
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amount they owe. They work under th
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torn countries, children have been
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Governmental Efforts Against Slaver
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impossible for the individual to le
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Ancient Greece Debt bondage was wid
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South Asia Although India, Pakistan
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children are often left under the c
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appropriate punishment. For example
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The slave was precious to his maste
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of the entire bourgeois class which
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self", maintaining that "those who
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Treatment in Various Economic Syste
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Fascism Fascist economic policies w
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such intelligence from his point of
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TOPICAL RESEARCH DIGEST: HUMAN RIGH
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CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements ....
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Acknowledgements The authors wish t
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I. CORE INTERNATIONAL LAW AGAINST S
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Core International Law against Slav
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C. Main Characteristics of Slavery
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Core International Law against Slav
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12 Abolishing Slavery its prohibiti
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14 Abolishing Slavery vices “bein
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16 Abolishing Slavery wages that ar
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18 Abolishing Slavery Slavery upon
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20 Abolishing Slavery whether the t
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22 Abolishing Slavery 73. The Traff
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24 Abolishing Slavery tion and assi
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26 Abolishing Slavery 82. Moreover,
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28 Abolishing Slavery Formally, how
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30 Abolishing Slavery address such
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32 Abolishing Slavery indebtedness;
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34 Abolishing Slavery 105. This con
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36 Abolishing Slavery consent of bo
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38 Abolishing Slavery report to the
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40 Abolishing Slavery (e) Activitie
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42 Abolishing Slavery Group against
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44 Abolishing Slavery The current r
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46 Abolishing Slavery most, if not
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48 Abolishing Slavery 158. In 1996
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50 Abolishing Slavery 168. The seco
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52 Abolishing Slavery ination Again
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54 Abolishing Slavery receive at pr
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Advocacy Foundation Publishers The
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XVI for Drug-Free Communities Landm
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Vol. VIII 2022 ComeUnity ReEngineer
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Vol. XV 2029 Inner-Cities Revitaliz
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The e-Advocate Monthly Review 2018
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2021 Biblically Responsible Investi
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The e-Advocate Journal of Theologic
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Issue Title Quarterly Vol. I 2015 I
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The e-Advocate Juvenile Justice Rep
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2018 - The Theological Law Firm Aca
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www.TheAdvocacyFoundation.org Page
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Slavery in The 21st Century

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