THE BEGINNING OF MUSLIM HISTORICAL RESEARCH*

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E. Gellner, "From Ibn Khaldiin to Karl Mad' in Political Quarterly, No. 32 (1961), 385-392. The political and social philosophy of Ibn Khaldiin has been critically examined by Tihi Husain and others; see Falsafat Ibn Khaldiin al-Ijtimd'lya, and Etude analytique et critique de la philosophie social d' Ibn Khaldiin; but these are now out of date. Ibn Khaldiin has been called "an Oriental Montesquiue", "a Darwinist before Darwin", "a forerunner of the 17th century Gesclrichts-Philosophie", and his work has been compared with that of Machiavelli, Battista Vico, Hegel and Herbert Spencer". Julian Oberrnann, "Early Islam" in The Idea of History in thedncient NearEast, ed. by Robert C. Dentan, 307; H. Ritter's "Irrational Solidarity Groups", in Oriens, 111 (1948), is the critical and analytical study of the 'apbiya'. F. Rosenthal attempts to trace the sources of Ibn Khaldiin's thought, A History of Muslim Historiography, 1 17-1 18 ; Muhsin Mahdi, Ibn Klialdiin's Philosophy of History, A Study in the Philosophic Foundations of the Science of Culture (1957), pp. 325 (with good bibliography). Nassif Na$$Br, La Pensee realiste d' Ibn Khaldiin (1967), pp 279; M. Tilibi, "Ibn Khaldiin Et La Sens Dc L' Histoire" in the Studia Islamica, XXVI, (19671, 73-148; - - - , Ibn Khaldiin in the Encyclopedia of Islam, (2), 111, 825-831 (useful contribution with substantial bibliography). Yves Lacoste, Ibn Khaldiin, Naissance de 1 'histoire, 2nd ed. (1968), pp. 320. See the new French translation of the Muqaddima by Vincent Monteil, 3 vols. Khuda Bakhsh, "Ibn Khaldiin and His History of Islamic Civilization" in Contributions to the History of Islamic Civilization (1930), 201-261; W.J. Fischel, "Ibn Khaldiin's Activities in Mamliik ~~ypt", in Semitic and Oriental Studies Presented to William Popper (1951); "The Islamic Background of Ibn Khaldiin's Political Theory" by H.A.R. Gibb in Studies in the Civilization of Islam, 166-175; some pertinent comments on Ibn Khddiin are made by Muhammad 'Abdul Ghani Basan, 'Ilm at-Ta'rikh 'ind aE'Arab, 246-262; A.A. Dehkhoda, Lughat Nme, (A-Abii Sa'd, 1325 A.H.), 305-306; A.J. Toynbee, A Study of History (1 934), 111, 32 1-328; 473-476. Muhammad 'Abdullah Enan, Ibn Khaldiin, His Life and Works (1944), pp. 200. 'Umar Farrukh, Ta'rikh al-Fikr aZ- 'Arabi, 2nd ed. (1 3861 l966), 69 1-709 (with a bibliography of Arabic works). A very detailed study of his philosophy of history and sociology is presented by the same author but it is not very critical; see his Ta'riklr al- 'Uliim 'ind al- 'Arab (1 3901 1970), 442-51 7 (good bibliography of Arabic and European works, 512-517). For a comparison between Vico and Montesquieu with Ibn Khaldiin see Qadri Hiifiz Togin, al- 'Uliim 'indal-'Arab (1960). 226-231. A long biography of Ibn Khaldiin was writ-
<strong>MUSLIM</strong> <strong>HISTORICAL</strong> RESEARCH 13 ten by al-MaqrizI; see Mabmiid al-lalili, Majalltrr al-Majma' al-'llmf al- 'Iriiqi, (1386/1966), XIII, 215-242. Al-Jallli has also studied the illness of Ibn Khaldiin and its effect on his writings; ibid, 243-246; 'Abbas 'Ammir, "Ibn Khaldiin's Prolegomena to History", Ph. D. Dissertation, (Cambridge, 1941). Bryan S. Turner, "Ibn Khaldiin and Western Sociology, Ibn Khal- diin and Emile Durkheim" in Islamic Review, LVIII/9 (1970), 7-9. For Ibn Khaldiin's political theory of the Khiliifa and Imdma see P.V. Sivers, Khalvat, Konigtum und Vet$all, Die politische Theorie Ibn Khaldiin, pp. 159. The following three unpublished American Doctoral Disserta- tions may be mentioned here. Mubarnmad. A.M. Nour, "An Analytical Study of the Sociological Thought of Ibn Khaldiin", Kentucky Thesis, 1954; Ziihida H. Piishi, Ibn Khaldk, "Sociologist: a fourteenth century pioneer", Thesis, American, 1951 and 'Ali H. Wardf, "A Sociological ana- lysis of Ibn Khaldiin's theory: a Study in the Sociology of Knowledge", Thesis, Texas, 1950. 'Abdu'l-Razziiq al-Makki, AI-Fikr al-Falsafi 'ind Ibn fialdiin (1970), pp. 350. D.S. Margoliouth, Arabic Historians, 156-58; M. Tiilibi, The Encyclopedia of Islam, New ed. vol. I11 (1971), 825-31. S.M. Batseva: "The Social foundations of Ibn Khaldiin's Historico-Philosophical Doctrine", tr. from the Russian by Jan W.Weryho in the Islamic Quarterly, (April-Sept. 1971), XV, nos 2 and 3, 121-132; see also A'miil Mihrjcn Ibn Khaldiin (papers read at his millenary anniversary held at Cairo) (1962). His Lubtib al-Muhrnilfl UpiI ad-Dln was edited, translated and annotated by L. Rubio, vol. I Arabic text (l952), pp. 149. George Sarton has given a long account of his life and works and their criticism, Introduction to the History of Science, 111, pt. 2, (1948), 1767-1779. See also Maammad Tufail, Ibn Khaldiin ki naqarlya-i-Ta'lim in Fikr wa Naqar (August, 1970), VIII, 131-139; S. 'Ali, "The Economics of Ibn Khaldiin - a Selection", African Quarterly, X, no. 3 (October to Dec. 70), 251-59. (B) VICO, Giambattista Vico (1668-1744). Patrick Gardiner, "G. Vico" in the Encyclopedia of Philosophy, VIII, 247-51 (good bibliography). There are good studies on Vico by B. Croce. His autobiography has been translated from the Italian by M.H. Fisch and T.G. Bergin, (1944), pp. 240; The New Science of Vico, new translation of the 3rd ed. (1744) by T.G. Bergin and M.H. Fisch, (1948), pp. 441. See the bibliography of Vico in the Encyclopedia Brittanica, XX, 1035. A. Zeki Velidi Togan, Tarihte Usul, 162, 172. Winkler Prim Encyclopedia (1954), XVIII, 1 18-19 ; Hermann Heimpel and others, Die Gros-en Deutschen, (Berlin, 1957), V. 216. Friedrich Heer, The Intellectual History of Europe, 5 1, 134, 308-309. His
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THE BEGINNING OF MUSLIM HISTORICAL RESEARCH*

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