THE BEGINNING OF MUSLIM HISTORICAL RESEARCH*

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Julian 0bermann;"Early Islam" in the The Idea of History in the Ancient Near East, 253-264, where the "Days" and the important battles fought in ancient Arabia are described. It is a critical study no doubt but contains prejudiced remarks. F. Rosenthal suggests that the narrations of the "Battle Days" show historical consciousness in pre-Islamic Arabia; see A History of Muslim Historiography, 18-ff. (0) Ibn Qutaybah (213-2761828-889), Abii Mubarnmad 'Abdulliih ibn MusIim ibn Qutaybah ad-Dinawari; 'Umar Radii K&hala, Mu'jam al-Mu'allifin, VI, 150-51 ; XIII, 402. Al-Zirekli, ALA'kim, IV, 280; Gerard Lecomte, Ibn Qutayba. L'homme, son oeuvre, ses idees, (Damascus, 1965), pp. 527; - - - , Ibn Kutayba, Encyclopedia of Islam, new ed. 111,844-47; C Brockelmann, Geschichte Der Arabischen Litteratur. I, 124; SI, 184-87 ; 'Abdul 'Aziz ad-Diiri, Bdth fi Nash'at 'Ilm at-Ta'rikh 'ind al-'Arab, 385-394; G. Lecomte, "Sur une relation de la Saqifa attribue 2 Ibn Qutayba" in Studia Islamica, J-Schacht Memorial Volume, I, 171-183; F. Wiistenfeld, Die Geschichteschreiber der Araber und Ihre Werke. No. 73, 24-25. Sadri AfshZlr, Ta'rlkh Dar Jrdn, 17-18. His use of the Old and the New Testa- ments has been studied by G. Lecomte, see Arabica (Paris, 1948), 34-36. For the merits and demerits of his works see D.S. Margoliouth, Arabic Historians, 119-125. A good critical and profusely annotated second edition of his ash-Sh'ir wash-Shu'ar6' has been published by mmad Muhammad Shiikir in 2 vols. (138611966, 138711967), pp. 1036. For critical comments of Syed Ahmad Saqar on this book see vol. I, 7-24. A reprint of 1904 edition of this book by De Goeje appeared in ca. 1968. See Abu'l-Qiisim Muhammad Kurd and 'Abd Allah Shurait, Shakh$ydt Adabiyah (1966), 191-202; I.M. Husseini, "The Life and Works of Ibn Qutayba", Ph. D. Dissertation, London, 1934, published at Beirut, pp. 106. His Adab al-Kztib, ed. by M. Grunert and published in 1900 has been reis- sued at Beirut in 1967, and his Kit& al-Ma'drifpublished by F-Wiistenfeld in 1950 has been printed by as-Sawy Press in 1935. D.M. Dunlop, Arab Civilisation to AD 1500, 50-52 and passim. The natural history section of his 'Uytin al-Akhbdr is translated by L. Kopf ed. by F.S. Bodenheimer (1949) pp. VIII + 88. (P) Al-Madii'inl (135-225 / 752-840); 'Ali ibn Muhammad ibn 'Abdullah al-Bavri (Abu'l-Hasan); 'Umar Racja K*biila, Mu* aL Mu'allifin, VII, 21 1 ; Al-Zirekli, AEA'lzm, 140; C. Brockelmann, Geschichte Der Arabischen Literatur. I, 146; SI, 214-15; ad-Diirl, Bdth fi Nash'at
<strong>MUSLIM</strong> <strong>HISTORICAL</strong> RESEARCH 23 'Ilm at-Ta'rlkh 'ind al-'Arab, 270-91 ; F. Wiistenfeld, Die Geschichteschreiber der Araber und Ihre Werke. No. 47, 16; G. Brockelmann, "al-Madii'- ini" in The Encyclopedia of Islam (I), 111,81-82. See D.S. Margoliouth's study of al-Madii'inI, Arabic Historians, 85-92; C. Brockelmann, GAL, SI. 214-215 and U.R. Kahhda, loc. cit., record the date of his death as 2341849 and 2251840 respectively. As K-iila's foot-note indicates that there is a wide difference in the original sources regarding the exact date of his death. They range from 215 to 228 A.H. Only one of his monogra- phs Kitdb al-MurdzjZt min Quraysh or 'On Qurayshite Women who had more than one Husband' ed. and published by 'Abd as-Saliim M. Hlriin, Nawdir al-MakhCu{dt. (1370/1951), I, 57-80, show genealogical interest. F. Rosenthal, A History of Muslim Historiography, 69-70. D.S. Margo- liouth, Arabic Historians, 85-91 gives the English translation of all the titles of his works recorded in original sources but they are not available. D.M. Dunlop, Arab Civilisation to AD 1500, 84. An important historian, Hisham ibn Muhammad ibn al-Sayyib al-Kalbi (d. ca. 206. A.H.) may be considered to belong to the school of al-Madl'in?. (Q) The Islamic state in the middle of the 8th century A.D ex- tended from the borders of China in the east to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean in the west and from Asia Minor in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south covering vast areas of Europe, Asia and Africa. The annual pilgrimage to Mecca increased the Muslims' thirst for knowledge about other countries which resulted in their wanderlust. It is true that they travelled mainly in the Islamic world but they also visited the "foreign" countries. The eight volumes of the Arabic geographical works edited by M.G. De Goeje and published under Bibliotheca Geographonun Arabi- corum bear ample evidence to the vast and varied knowledge the Muslims possessed about the then world. This literature has been thorouglily studied by I.U. Krachkovski, Istoria Arabskoi Geograicheskoi Literatury (1957) tr, into Arabic as Ta'rikh al-Adab al-Jughrdfi al-'Arabi by Sallh- uddin 'Uthmln Hashim, 2 vols. (1963-65). Andre Miquel has also studied the Arabic geographical literature in La Geographie Humaine Du Monde Musulman Jusqu'au Milieu Du XIe Siecle (1967), pp. 420. S.M. Ziauddin 'Alawi, Arab Geography in the Ninth and the Tenth Centuries (1965), pp. 134. J.H. Kramers, "Djughrafiya" in the Encyclopedia of Islam. Suppl. vol. 61-73; S. Maqbiil Ahmad and Fr. Taeschner, Djughrdiya, Encyclo- . pedia of Islam, new ed. 11, 575-90. (R) Al-Baladhuri (d., 279/892), Ahmad ibn Y*y& ibn Jfibir ibn
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