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Glossary a cappella Vocal music that has no instrumental accompaniment. absolute music Music that has no programmatic content. Also called pure music. accelerando Gradually getting faster. adagio Slow. agitato Agitated, restless. Agnus Dei Final musical section of the Ordinary of the Mass. aleatoric Music in which chance and performer’s choice are integral parts. Also called chance music. allegro Fast, lively, cheerful. allemande Renaissance and Baroque dance in moderate duple time. alto Typically, the lowest of the female voices. andante Walking speed, moderately slow. antiphonal Compositional technique in which the performing group is divided into two or more smaller groups. These groups are spaced apart in the performance area with the music constructed so that the groups perform in alternation or together. aria Solo vocal song, usually with regular meter and orchestral accompaniment, commonly found in operas, oratorios and cantatas. arpeggio Broken chord; notes of the chord are sounded individually in succession. Ars Nova “New art.” Title of treatise by Philippe de Vitry which became the name for French music style in the fourteenth century. a tempo Return to previous tempo. atonality Rejection of a tonal center, lacking a tonic or a “key.” ballade Originally a fourteenth century vocal form that set a secular poem of three stanzas to music. Later composers used the term to denote English ballad poetry set to music. In the nineteenth century the term ballade was used to denote a piano piece. 145
146 Glossary ballet A type of dance which involves a staged performance with music, scenery and costumes. Baroque Meaning overly ornate, grotesque. baritone Male voice in a low range, usually between bass and tenor. baritone horn See euphonium. bass Lowest male vocal range. bass clarinet Low-pitched member of the clarinet family, contrabass clarinet is pitched one octave lower. bass drum Largest orchestral drum, usually played with a soft mallet. basso continuo “Continued bass” refers to keyboard accompaniment part typical in Baroque orchestral music, in which the player improvises accompaniment with the help of figured bass. Often the term refers to the keyboard accompaniment plus a cello or string bass. bassoon Double reed instrument in a tenor range. Contrabassoon is pitched one octave lower. bass violin See string bass or double bass. beat Regular rhythmic pulse in music. bebop Virtuosic jazz style of the 1940s and ‘50s. Principal exponents included Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie. bel canto “Beautiful singing” style in Italian vocal writing which involved beautiful melodies with straightforward forms. big band Jazz ensemble that began in the 1930s. Usually 12–18 players. Principal ensemble of the swing era. Instrumentation includes trumpets, trombones, saxophones, bass, piano, guitar and drums. binary form Two-part (A-B) song form. blues Popular music form of the twentieth century with African-American roots, closely related to jazz. Bonaparte Original title of Beethoven’s 3rd Symphony, later titled Eroica. bore Can either be cylindrical or conical referring to the shape of the inner measurements of the instrument. bourrée French Baroque dance in fast duple meter. brass family Musical instruments which employ a cup-shaped mouthpiece, and a long metal tube that terminates in a flared bell. Modern examples include trumpet, horn, trombone, euphonium and tuba. brass quintet Chamber ensemble which includes two trumpets, horn, trombone and tuba. bridge Musical passage that connects two parts of a composition. Sometimes called a transition. cadence Chord progression which provides a musical resting point.
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Track Title/Composer/Performer Musi
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M usic to Your Ears An Introduction
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Contents Preface vii 1 What Is Musi
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7 Beethoven and the Transition to R
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Preface The purpose of this book is
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2 Chapter 1 that might have puzzled
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4 Chapter 1 Writings from the Greek
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6 Chapter 1 Figure 2 The treble cle
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8 Chapter 1 Often a musician will f
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10 Chapter 1 Key Terms adagio mezzo
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2 Musical Instruments Evidence exis
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saxophone Musical Instruments 15 ho
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Musical Instruments 17 musician to
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The Percussion Family timpani Music
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The Symphony Orchestra Percussion H
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Name Date Chapter 2 Review Musical
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26 Chapter 3 Gregorian Chant Gregor
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28 Chapter 3 requirements of the Ch
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30 Chapter 3 Summary residences at
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4 The Renaissance Music History Tim
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The Mass The Renaissance 35 Since b
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Listen to This The Renaissance 37 P
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Listen to This Track 4 Renaissance
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The Renaissance 41 of the dance ste
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5 Music of the Baroque The name Bar
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Music of the Baroque 47 chord progr
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Music of the Baroque 49 Astute read
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Music of the Baroque 51 special occ
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Music of the Baroque 53 sing. Occas
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Typical Fugue Exposition (4-part) M
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Name Date Chapter 5 Review Music of
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60 Chapter 6 The Piano governments
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62 Chapter 6 A. (statement) Twinkle
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64 Chapter 6 The Symphony First Mov
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66 Chapter 6 The Concerto The fourt
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68 Chapter 6 Composer Profile Wolfg
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70 Chapter 6 Summary Haydn’s symp
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7 Cultural Overview Beethoven and t
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Beethoven’s Music Beethoven and t
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Beethoven and the Transition to Rom
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Beethoven and the Transition to Rom
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Name Date Chapter 7 Review Beethove
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84 Chapter 8 Romantic Thinking The
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86 Chapter 8 Likewise, chamber musi
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88 Chapter 8 The Character Piece Fa
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90 Chapter 8 Schumann began showing
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92 Chapter 8 decline rapidly. He wa
Page 105 and 106: 94 Chapter 8 Composer Profile Franz
Page 108: Name Date 1. What is a lied? 2. Who
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Page 113 and 114: 102 Chapter 9 the Nibelung. These o
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Page 119 and 120: 108 Chapter 9 twenty years of her l
Page 121 and 122: 110 Chapter 9 Nationalism cycles he
Page 123 and 124: 112 Chapter 9 Composer Profile Anto
Page 126: Name Date Chapter 9 Review The Late
Page 129 and 130: 118 Chapter 10 Music History Timeli
Page 131 and 132: 120 Chapter 10 The Impressionistic
Page 133 and 134: 122 Chapter 10 2 4 7 9 11 1 3 5 6 8
Page 135 and 136: 124 Chapter 10 Music composed in th
Page 137 and 138: 126 Chapter 10 Spain pivotal works
Page 139 and 140: 128 Chapter 10 American works by or
Page 141 and 142: 130 Chapter 10 that the sounds arou
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Page 146 and 147: 11 Introduction Beyond Classical Mu
Page 148 and 149: The Big Band Era Beyond Classical M
Page 150 and 151: Beyond Classical Music 139 This aca
Page 152: Beyond Classical Music 141 was noth
Page 158 and 159: Glossary 147 cadenza Unaccompanied,
Page 160 and 161: Glossary 149 country western Type o
Page 162 and 163: Glossary 151 fusion A type of jazz
Page 164 and 165: inversion Mirror image of a melody
Page 166 and 167: Glossary 155 Neo-Classical Strictly
Page 168 and 169: Glossary 157 pure music Music that
Page 170 and 171: Glossary 159 spiritual Sung by Afri
Page 172 and 173: Glossary 161 triple meter A metric
Page 174: Bibliographic References Apel, Will
Page 177 and 178: 166 Index chant, 25-27 character pi
Page 179 and 180: 168 Index Neo-Romantic, 118, 124 no
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