The Project’s literature review revolvesreliance that has occurred in the past 70+problem. In part, it may be exacerbated bysome of the musculoskeletal effects ofaround the study and research into fiveyears. (Bureau of Transportation Statistics,Americans’ reliance on cars as their primarygeneral aging and sedentary lifestyles,(5) common, interrelated barriers found2020; Marohn, 2019) Lastly, motorists, onmethod of transportation. (Jacobson,recreational cycle infrastructure andand often cited within the literature: (1)average, fail to accurately estimate theKing, & Yuan, 2011) The difficulty of activeebikes can provide additional mobilityculture; (2) infrastructure; (3) safety; (4)total costs incurred for the maintenancetravel in excessive heat is exacerbated byoptions for older residents who may losecomfort; and (5) effort. Additionally, itand upkeep of their cars. (Farr et al., 2021)the obesity epidemic in the United Statestheir ability to drive a car, helping themexpands briefly on the effect of extremeand elsewhere. The ability of the humanmaintain independence by providingheat on different age groups, as wellIt is well known that the transportationbody to cool down and counteract somemobility freedom. By encouraging moreas the financial and health/climatesector plays a large role in the directof the negative effects of excessive heat iscycle activity, older residents can alsoexternalities associated with car-centricanthropogenic causes of climatedirectly correlated with a person’s fitnessmaintain social activity through cycleenvironments and – contrarily – activechange. (Anable, Maibach, & Steg, 2009)levels and daily activity. Creating a moreclubs and social riding activities. (Boufoustravel environments.Additionally, pollution created by NOx,positive culture for bicycling and otheret al., 2021)CO2, tyres, and PM2.5/10 is well knownactive travel methods in the United States3.1 | a car-centric society:to be the cause of significant negativecan not only help Americans becomeOverall, cycling is a healthy and sustainablefinance · health · climatehealth and wellbeing externalities. Activemore physically fit – but also help themform of transportation compared toHaving such large distances betweentravel methods like cycling and walkingbetter adapt to warming climates anddriving either ICE or electric cars. Thework and home impacts both theare virtually emissions-free. Electric carsexcessive heat. Effectively inducing moreactivity also promotes an array of physical,individual and society. (Prud’homme &while a step-up from Internal Combustionusage of bicycles to commute by creatingmental, and social benefits and activelyLee, 1999) Relying on car infrastructure isEngine (ICE) automobiles, are still carssafe and comfortable travel environmentscontributes to the reduction of emissionsfinancially detrimental to many Americanand require expensive maintenance,can positively benefit the health of societyin society.cities, and the cost to both the individualoperation, and infrastructure. Particlesin American suburban environments.and society by driving is six times greater(PM2.5/10) produced by vehicles tyres,(Whitehurst et al., 2021; Pearson et al.,than cycling. (European Commission,CO2, and NOx contribute to countless2022)2015; Goessling, Nicolosi, & Litman, 2015;health issues. Moreover, electric carsCortright, 2015) Cars also cost more tocreate upstream emissions and requireBicyclists over the age of 50 cite “physicaloperate and maintain than cycles andexploitative metals like Cobalt for theirand mental health as the main reasonsrelying on cars as the primary meansbatteries. (Pope, 2007)for riding”, and “were more likely toof transport in the United States doesreport mental health reasons comparednothing to address the socioeconomicIt is no secret that the United Statesto older groups”. In addition to providingand financial shortcomings of suchstruggles with an obesity and healthnecessary physical exercise to combat14
Morelikely toachievelong-termchangeEnablesmore localtrips bybicycleIncrementalsteps helpadaptationIncreasesSafetyCreates asnowballeffectnudgeShowing people the alternativeGiving people the means to bicyclededicateinfrastructureReducesToxic &DangerousInteractionsVisualiseBenefitsCommunityEventsBike/eBikeHiresafetySignallingRouting &WayfindingPhysicalSeparationexamples examplescultures t r ac h al ltefforte g i e sAccommodating for Commutes + Local + Leisure Tripse n gdesigning forbicycling inextreme heatenvironmentse sexamplesinfrastructureCatered Design + Designing for Humans in the HeatF4: Strategies, Principles, and Examples from Literature ReviewexamplesTax IncentivesReduction inCar ParkingSpacesPublic SpaceActivationcomfortAdequateShadingShowers,Toilets, &LockersSecureBicycleParkingAppeals topeople whodon’t alreadydesire to bicyclemoreincentiviseGiving people a reason to bikeFulfilling the needs of bicyclingfacilitateEncourageslocal trips bybicycleActivatesunder-utilisedspacesInitiates apositive policyfeedback loopProvidesplaces forpeople toshowerAlleviatesbarrier related tosecure parkingavailability15
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