introductionmethodology121. introduction2. site issue context3. key objectives4. research questions5. limitations6. contribution to practice1. methodology2. ethical considerationsliterature reviewcase studiesframework & toolkitsite analysisimplementationconclusions & reflections3456781. a car-centric society2. barriers1. case studies introduction2. sydney, australia3. taipei, taiwan4. carmel, indiana, usa5. barcelona, spain6. case study comparison1. conceptual framework2. design toolkit1. site context2. site analysis3. site 1: fm 24994. site 2: fm 11715. site 3: fm 30406. site 4: morriss road1. safe junctions2. activation of space3. site 1: proposal4. site 2: proposal5. site 3: proposal6. site 4: proposal1. conclusions & reflections6
1.1 | introductionThis Major Research Project investigates the possibilities for the promptingof modal shift from driving to bicycling in American suburbs that reliablyexperience extreme heat. Examination strategies will look at existing dialogueand literature on barriers to increased cycling and how chosen case studieshave mitigated the most cited barriers to active travel by bicycle in the contextof extreme heat environments. By using examples from cities around theworld with similar environments and best practices cited in literature, theproject looks to bring together lessons successes and failures in cities thathave increased their bicycle mode share and apply them in a climate-sensitivedesign application for a study site located in a Dallas, Texas suburb.Flower MoundDFW Int’l AirportDallasFort Worth10kmF1a: Outline of Flower Mound, TexasExtreme heat is defined by the US FederalEmergency Management Agency (FEMA)as “a long period (2 to 3 days) of highheat and humidity with temperaturesabove 90 degrees [32C].” (Ready.gov,2022) Places like Dallas, Atlanta, andPhoenix can experience months-longperiods of extreme heat. While there aremyriad different influences on Americansuburban residents’ choice to drive overwalking or cycling, extreme heat or coldcan operate as a deterrent for activetravel. (An et al., 2019; Butterworth &Pojani, 2018) However, the relationshipbetween extreme heat, mode choice, andbarriers to bicycling or walking is not asextensively studied, whereas researchinto the correlations between weatherpatterns, climate, and active travel trendstowards more temperate climates or thosethat experience extreme weather on theopposite end of the spectrum. (Masoumi,2019) Many of the most cited exemplarsof bicycle-friendly environments aregeographically and climatically related,often having flat landscapes and mildweather patterns.Research on the reasons why peopleacross North America choose to transportthemselves by car rather than by bicyclepoints to several common barriers toactive travel. A study by Manaugh et al.(2016) on residents near McGill Universityin Montreal, Canada reveals that concernsabout safety, effort, and comfort arefrequently cited as the largest barriers toovercome for people who bicycle or areinterested in bicycling, with others likeavailability of bicycle parking, cost, anddistance also cited. Research by an arrayof authors, such as Pucher & Buehler(2006), Buehler & Dill (2016), Boufous etal. (2021), Butterworth & Pojani (2018),Higgins & Ahern (2021), and Pearson et al.(2022) also suggest that barriers relatedto culture and infrastructure significantlyimpact the decision to walk, bike, oruse a car in the United States. However,answering why people don’t cycle morein places around the US involves analmost-infinitely complex set of issuesand interconnected factors. (An et al.,2019) Furthermore, little research existsthat examines bicycling as a mode ofactive travel in environments that reliablyand consistently experience extremeheat events for prolonged periods of time.(Pearson et al., 2022)7
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