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5. Policies that differentially reduce the training costs of the least skilled have little effect on growth and a small effect on reducing inequality. 6. Further research into comparative static predictions is necessary with particular emphasis on the skill composition and training of firm size and research and development, as there are very few robust comparative static predictions. The full title of the project is: Growth, Inequality and Training. The Final Report and results of this project are available through the electronic version of this report at: http://www.cordis.lu/citizens/publications.htm (under Reports) 120
Briefing Paper 38 Research Institutions: Åarhus Universitet, DK Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FR Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, DE Economic and Social Research Institute, IE Bar-Ilan University, Economic Research Institute, IL Istituto Universitario Europeo, IT Universidade Nova de Lisboa, PT Centro de Estudios Monetarios y Financieros, ES Lund University, SE University of Essex, UK Contact address: Prof. Klaus F. Zimmermann Centre for Economic Policy Research 90-98 Goswell Road London EC1V 7DB United Kingdom Tel: + 44-207-878.29.00 Fax: + 44-207-878.29.99 hbeech@cepr.org This research project has been funded by DG-Research under the Targeted Socio- Economic Research (TSER) Programme of FP4 Migration and its Impact on the Labour Market and Education Context of the Research The need for a common EU migration policy is connected with the characteristics of a common European market, since the abolition of interior borders results in a dependency of each member state on the immigration policy of the other states. Once a foreigner enters EU-territory, the further migration of this person can no longer be controlled. As a result of free labour and product markets within Europe, individual member countries are unable to follow independent migration policies without potentially harming other members. Therefore, a unified migration policy on the European level may need to be considered. The organisation of such a policy, however, requires knowledge about: • The type of migrants (family migrants, economic migrants, asylum seekers, high or low skilled migrants) that are attracted by the different countries in the EU as well as the selection process and the determinants of return migration. • The determinants of a fast assimilation process of both, first- and secondgeneration migrants into the society and the labour market of the receiving countries in order to minimize the costs of immigration. • The effects of immigration on the labour market outcomes of natives. The results of the project offer some important insights to these questions. Many case studies have been produced covering different issues and addressing different population sub-groups or domains of economy in eleven countries (UK, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Sweden, Israel Switzerland, Italy, Portugal and Spain). Key Conclusions The following general conclusions that have a more European dimension were reached: 1. Economic factors are important determinants of the migration decision of individuals. Migration, however, does not always take place if there is a positive wage difference. In the case of strong ethnic networks it can also take place in spite of a negative wage difference. 2. It appears that immigration restrictions will only postpone but not prevent migration. 3. The results concerning return migration were rather mixed. The experience in Denmark indicates that less successful migrants have a higher probability to return to their home country. The results for Ireland indicate, however, that return migrants have higher skills and higher wages than the immobile Irish population. 4. At the time of immigration, migrants are in a disadvantaged situation when compared to similar natives. With time of residence, however, immigrants assimilate to natives. The two most important determinants of fast assimilation identified in all countries are language skills as well as attachment to the labour market in order to accumulate labour market experience. These results indicate that effective integration policies should concentrate in particular on language courses. 121
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2003 EUROPEAN COMMISSION European U
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Table of Contents Foreword ……
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Notes from the editor This report i
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Briefing Paper 1 Research Instituti
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4. Other incentives to improve mobi
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4. However, the push to make work e
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Key Publications Gornitzka, “Gove
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7. Despite strong resistance from e
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10. There needs to be encouragement
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The full title of the project is: E
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2. Some employers and politicians a
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Briefing Paper 11 Research Institut
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• A greater understanding of the
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The Final Report and results of thi
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9. Policy needs to provide opportun
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• The levels of teachers’ inter
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4. Strengthening the educational re
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Key Recommendations The project mad
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National Policy Recommendations 1.
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Key Recommendations The following r
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Key Recommendations The following r
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8. Lifelong Learning is still seen
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Page 145 and 146: Key Recommendations Political and l
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Forthcoming Publications: Arriaga,
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Further Information The project sta
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3. Concerning inequalities it has b
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Summaries of research project clust
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Briefing Paper 36 Contact address:
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7. Policy should encourage long-ter
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• Development of a culture of col
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8. Compensation programmes/schemes
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5. Combating segregation at school
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questionnaire approaches to increas
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learning partnerships, 178 learning
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