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23. It was confirmed that government ideology especially and also the type of government has played an important role in differences in public expenditure across and within countries over time. Key Recommendations 1. As socially deprived groups provide a higher return on education considerable importance should be attached to identifying individuals within this group in order to provide them with incentives to continue in education. 2. Further research is needed into the interrelation between within- and between-educational-level wage inequalities. 3. Increased efforts are needed to produce and make accessible data that can be more easily compared across Europe. The Final Report and results of this project are available through the electronic version of this report at: http://www.cordis.lu/citizens/publications.htm (under Reports) Key Publications Antoninis & Tsakloglou, The redistributive impact of the Greek public education system, Meletes Oekonomikis Politikis (in Greek). Antoninis & Tsakloglou, Who benefits from public education in Greece? Evidence and policy implications, Education Economics (also available at the PURE web-site www.etla.fi/PURE). Archer, Denny, Hannon & Harmon, Features of the Irish Educational System, Department for Education and Employment, London, March 2000. Ashenfelter, Harmon & Oosterbeek, A Review of Estimates of the Schooling/Earnings Relationship, with Tests for Publication Bias, Labour Economics 6(4), 453–470, November 1999. Asplund & Pereira (eds.), Returns to Human Capital in Europe: a literature review, ETLA, B 156, Helsinki, 1999. Asplund, R., Private Returns to Education in Finland: Back to Basics, Discussion papers No 720, ETLA The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy, Helsinki, 2000. Asplund, R., Inhimillinen pääoma ja palkat Suomessa: Paluu perusmalliin, ETLA The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy, Discussion papers No 721, (in Finnish, translation of Discussion paper No 720 by Antton Lounasheimo), Helsinki, 2000. Barceinas, Oliver, Raymond & Roig, Los rendimientos de la educación en España (Returns to education in Spain), Papeles de Economía Española (available at the PURE web-site www.etla.fi/PURE). Barceinas, Oliver, Raymond & Roig, Hipótesis de señalización frente a capital humano. Evidencia para el caso español (Signalling hypothesis vs. human capital. Evidence for the Spanish case), Revista de Economía Aplicada (available at the PURE web-site www.etla.fi/PURE). Barceinas, Oliver, Raymond & Roig, Rendimiento público de la inversión educativa y restricción presupuestaria (Public returns to educational investment and budget constrain), Papeles de Economía Española (available at the PURE web-site www.etla.fi/PURE). Barth & Røed, Return to education – variations between countries and over time, Søkelys på arbeidsmarkedet 1/00, ISF, (in Norwegian), Oslo, 2000. Barth & Røed, Return to education in Norway 1980–1995, Søkelys på arbeidsmarkedet 1/99, ISF, (in Norwegian), Oslo, 1999. Callan & Harmon, The Economic Return to Schooling in Ireland, Labour Economics 6(4), 543–550, November 1999. Denny & Harmon, Testing for Sheepskin Effects in Earnings Functions, Applied Economics Letters, forthcoming. Denny, Harmon, McMahon & Redmond, Literacy and Education in the Ireland, Economic and Social Review 30(3), 215–224, July 1999. Denny, Harmon & O’Connell, Labour Market Impact of State-Sponsored Programmes in Education and Training, ESRI, (Dublin). Denny, K., New Methods for comparing Literacy across Populations: Insights from the Measurement of Poverty, IFS Working Paper No. 00/07, April 2000. Denny, Harmon & Redmond, Functional literacy, educational attainment and earnings: evidence from the international adult literacy survey, IFS Working Paper No. 00/09, March 2000. 94
Denny & Harmon, The impact of education and training on the labour market experiences of young adults, IFS Working Paper No. 00/08, March 2000. Denny & Harmon, Education Policy Reform and the Return to Schooling from Instrumental Variables, IFS Working Paper No. 00/06 and CEPR Discussion Paper 2518, January 2000. Dukelow, Harmon & Walker, Education and Earnings in Northern Ireland, Labour Market Bulletin No 14, Training and Employment Agency, Belfast, November 2000. Harmon, Walker & Westergaard-Nielsen (eds.), Education and Earnings in Europe: A Cross Country Analysis of the Returns to Education, Edward Elgar, March 2001. Harmon & Walker, The Returns to the Quality and Quantity of Education: Evidence for men from England and Wales, Economica, April 2000. Harmon & Walker, The Marginal and Average Returns to Education, European Economic Review, May 1999. Harmon & Walker, Education and Earnings in Northern Ireland, Department of Education Northern Ireland (DENI), May 2000. Harmon & Walker, Returns to the Quantity and Quality of Education: Evidence for Men in England and Wales, Economica 67(265), February 2000. Hartog, Odink & Smits, Rendement op scholing stabiliseert, Economisch Statistische Berichten 4215, 582–583, 1999. Ichino & Winter–Ebmer, Lower and Upper Bounds of Returns to Schooling, An Exercise in IV Estimation with Different Instruments, European Economic Review, 1999, 889–901 (available at the PURE web-site www.etla.fi/PURE). Lauer & Steiner, Private Erträge der Bildungsinvestitionen in Deutschland, erscheint demnächst im Beiheft Nr. 51 der Konjunkturpolitik, Applied Quarterly Economics, 2000. Martins, P.S., Avaliação e Reforma do Sistema Educativo Português (Evaluation and Reform of the Portuguese Education System), Newspaper “Diário Económico”, (available at the PURE web-site www.etla.fi/PURE), 28 November 2000. Pereira & Martins, Does Education Reduce Wage Inequality? Quantile Regression Evidence from Fifteen European Countries, Faculdade de Economia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa Working Paper 379; Institute for the Study of Labour (IZA, Bonn) Discussion Paper 120; ETLA Discussion Paper 709. (The paper is also available at the PURE web-site www.etla.fi/PURE. A summary of the study appears as Chapter 6 of this volume.), Helsinki. Pereira & Martins, Educação, Salários, e Desigualdade: A Situação Europeia e o Caso Português (Education, Wages, and Inequality: The European Situation and the Portuguese Case), Economia Pura, (also available at the PURE web-site www.etla.fi/PURE), April 2000. Pereira & Martins, Schooling, Wage Risk and Inequality, submitted to an economics journal (The paper is also available at the PURE web-site www.etla.fi/PURE. Pereira & Martins, Educação e Desigualdade (Schooling and Inequality), Nova Economia, January 2001. Pereira & Martins, Rendibilidade da Educação na Europa (Returns to Education in Europe), Economia Pura, December 2000. Plug & Vijverberg, Schooling, Family Background, and Adoption: Is It Nature or is it Nurture? Available at the PURE web-site www.etla.fi/PURE Walker & Woolley, Returns to Education: Evidence from 28 countries, Keele Working Paper, Labour Economics, 1999. Wolter, S.C., Wage Expectations: A Comparison of Swiss and US Students, Kyklos 53(1), 51–69, 2000. 95
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REPORT EUR 20791 European Union-sup
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2003 EUROPEAN COMMISSION European U
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Table of Contents Foreword ……
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Notes from the editor This report i
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Briefing Paper 1 Research Instituti
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4. Other incentives to improve mobi
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4. However, the push to make work e
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Key Publications Gornitzka, “Gove
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7. Despite strong resistance from e
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10. There needs to be encouragement
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The full title of the project is: E
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2. Some employers and politicians a
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Briefing Paper 11 Research Institut
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• A greater understanding of the
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Page 47 and 48: The Final Report and results of thi
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Page 55 and 56: 4. Strengthening the educational re
Page 57 and 58: Key Recommendations The project mad
Page 61 and 62: National Policy Recommendations 1.
Page 65 and 66: Key Recommendations The following r
Page 71 and 72: 8. Lifelong Learning is still seen
Page 75 and 76: Key Recommendations Specific recomm
Page 77 and 78: Tikkanen, T., Teknologian muutos ty
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Page 133 and 134: University of Barcelona 3. Further
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Page 145 and 146: Key Recommendations Political and l
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8. Learning in a “learning compan
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Further Information The full title
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Adaptability and Entrepreneurship 6
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18. Gender audits and relevant acti
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4. As some legislation describes at
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2. There is a need to encourage fle
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Key Recommendations 1. The focus of
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• Shaping European learning relat
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Forthcoming Publications: Arriaga,
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Further Information The project sta
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3. Concerning inequalities it has b
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Summaries of research project clust
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Briefing Paper 36 Contact address:
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7. Policy should encourage long-ter
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• Development of a culture of col
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8. Compensation programmes/schemes
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5. Combating segregation at school
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questionnaire approaches to increas
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learning partnerships, 178 learning
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