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Murray A., Low-skilled Young People on the Labour Market in Sweden from the 1970s to the 1990s mimeo Stockholm Institute of Education; accepted for publication as “Changes on the Labour Market for Young Adults without Further Education and Training” in the Journal of Education and Work, Sweden, 1999. Steedman H., Looking into the Qualifications Black Box: What can International Surveys tell us about Basic Competence? Discussion Paper No. 431 Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, 1999. Steedman H., Low Skills: How the Supply is Changing across Europe in European Trends in Occupations and Qualifications, CEDEFOP, Luxembourg, 1999. 44
Briefing Paper 14 Research Institutions: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, BE Humboldt Universität Berlin, DE Roskilde University, DK K.U. Nijmegen, NL ISSSCOOP–Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Intervençao Social Lisbon, PT Solar – University College Northampton, UK Contact address: Dr. Danny Wildemeersch Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Afdeling Sociale Pedagogiek en Gezinspedagogik Vesaliusstraat 2 Leuven 3000 Belgium Tel: +32-16-326.205 Fax: +32-16-326.211 danny.wildemeersch@ped.kuleu ven.ac.be This research project has been funded by DG-Research under the Targeted Socio- Economic Research (TSER) Programme of FP4 Helping Unemployed Youths into Work Context of the Research In the rapidly changing conditions of a “globalising” labour market, changes will be needed in the way professional intervention enhances social and economic participation for unemployed young people. This is particularly so in an era of the widening of employment choices and empowerment opportunities for unemployed 18-25 year olds. Through research conducted in six European countries, - Portugal, Germany, Denmark, England, Holland and Flanders/Belgium - the limitations and opportunities resulting from EU polices in education, training and guidance programmes have been explored. Key Conclusions Conclusions based on new attitudes: 1. Defined as “working identities” - young adults have a variety of diverse and individualized views and attitudes when it comes to work. These can be loosely identified as: • Traditional wage earner identity - see a long-term job as a way of gaining money and self-respect. • Eroding wage earner identity - want a long-term job but have a low endurance and rarely stay in work, education etc. for a significant length of time. • Abrupt and disorientated wage earner identity - confused about the purpose of work and unsure about what they want from it. • New labour identity urged by desire and self-fulfilment - consider job fulfilment is more important than the wage. These identities often clash with those held by professionals, projects and the labour market. 2. Therefore, young adults need greater choices when meeting with projects, professionals and the labour market, in order to shape “working identities” that can match current developments on the labour market. 3. Professionals also need to pay attention to these different “working identities” and plan trajectories and training in co-operation with each individual’s working identities. 4. In addition, young adults need the capacity to weigh up the risks and uncertainties of different jobs, and need to be valued as equal and competent decision-makers, who have a right to control their own career. 5. Disadvantaged low qualified young adults also need help facing existing barriers, like: • Bottle-neck policies. • Labour market traps. • Growing demands for flexibility. • A small amount of boring and badly paid jobs. 45
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Denny & Harmon, The impact of educa
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establishing links between the scie
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Sassi, Ogborn, Pintó, Quale, Vienn
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University of Barcelona 3. Further
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Educational research supported by D
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mentoring to help the less confiden
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8. Learning in a “learning compan
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Adaptability and Entrepreneurship 6
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18. Gender audits and relevant acti
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2. There is a need to encourage fle
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5. Combating segregation at school
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questionnaire approaches to increas
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learning partnerships, 178 learning
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