Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3472

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230 Laura Brandán Briones and Mathias Röhl 8.6 Summary All three approaches use timed automata with a dense time model for testing real-time systems. All need to partition the uncountable state space of the semantics of (networks of) timed automata into a finite number of states considered equivalent. Nielsen and Skou use coarse-grained domains [NS03]. A fully automatic method for the generation of real-time test sequences from a subclass of timed automata called event-recording automata is proposed. The technique is based on the symbolic analysis of timed automata inspired by the UPPAAL modelchecker. Test sequences are selected by covering a coarse equivalence class partitioning of the state space. They argue that the approach provides a heuristic that guarantees that a well-defined set of interesting scenarios in the specification has been automatically, completely, and systematically explored. Springintveld, Vaandrager and D’Argenio proved that exhaustive testing with respect to bisimulation 3 of deterministic timed automata with a dense time interpretation is theoretically possible [SVD01]. Testing of timed systems is described as a variant of the bounded time-domain automaton (TA). The TA describing the specification is transformed into a region automaton, which in turn is transformed into another finite state automaton, referred to as a Grid Automaton. Test sequences are then generated from the Grid Automaton. The idea behind the construction of the Grid Automaton is to represent each clock region with a finite set of clock valuations, referred to as the representatives of the clock region. However, although being exact, their grid method is impractical because it generates “an astronomically large number of test sequences” [SVD01]. Cardell-Oliver presents a testing method for networks of deterministic timed automata extended with integer data variables [CO00]. Checking of trace equivalence is done only for parts of a system that are visibly observable. In addition to the usual time-discretization test views are used to discriminate between states depending on a test-purpose. Test views partition variables and events into visible and hidden ones. Equivalence on visible clocks and variables induces an equivalence relation on states. States that are evidently different, i.e. that are in different visible equivalence classes, need not be distinguished from each other. This significantly reduces the length of test suites. specs time det. τ network impl. rel. based on exhaustive [NS03] ERA R >0 √ trace inclusion testing preorder >0 √ √ [SVD01] TIOA R bisimulation Wmethod >0 √ √ √ [CO00] UTA R bisimulation Wmethod Table 8.1. Comparison In practice, time resources used for test case generation and execution should be as small as possible and test coverage as high as possible. This general need on 3 In the case of determinism, bisimulation and trace equivalence coincide [vG01]
8 Test Derivation from Timed Automata 231 effectiveness becomes even more evident in real-time testing. Exhaustive testing becomes infeasible for any system of considerable size. Some approaches for testing real-time systems (cf. Chapter 13) gain practicability by dropping formal rigorousness. However, safety-critical systems require for justified confidence into their behavior. Make timed automata based testing applicable to systems of realistic size, remains to be done.
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Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3
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Volume Editors Manfred Broy Martin
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VI Preface The last part of the boo
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VIII Contents 13 Real-Time and Hybr
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2 Part I. Testing of Finite State M
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1 Homing and Synchronizing Sequence
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s2 a/1 1 Homing and Synchronizing S
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1.3.2 Computing Synchronizing Seque
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A1 A2 Bad 1 Homing and Synchronizin
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36 Moez Krichen b/1 a/0 s1 b/1 a/1
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38 Moez Krichen Now, even for minim
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40 Moez Krichen the algorithms for
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42 Moez Krichen ∀ s, s ′ ∈ S
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44 Moez Krichen In this proposition
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46 Moez Krichen Proposition 2.6. If
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48 Moez Krichen Algorithm 5 Checkin
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50 Moez Krichen (5) Edges emanating
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52 Moez Krichen graph of this machi
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54 Moez Krichen v12 v6 v11 1 I = {s
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56 Moez Krichen B of π, a is a-val
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58 Moez Krichen I = {s1, s2, s3, s4
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60 Moez Krichen Definition 2.19. A
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62 Moez Krichen Algorithm 7 Computi
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64 Moez Krichen Algorithm 8 Computi
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66 Moez Krichen The two authors als
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3 State Verification Henrik Björkl
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a/1 s1 s3 b/1 a/1 b/1 a/0 s2 s4 3 S
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3 State Verification 73 Thus (s, Q)
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3 State Verification 75 0, and x ca
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s1 s3 a/0 b/0 a/1 s2 s4 3 State Ver
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3.4.2 Naik’s Algorithm 3 State Ve
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s1 s2 s3 s1 s3 s3 a/0 a/0 s1 s2 s3
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3 State Verification 83 Since the m
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3 State Verification 85 x = a1a2 ..
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4 Conformance Testing Angelo Gargan
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4 Conformance Testing 89 the test u
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4 Conformance Testing 91 state. For
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4 Conformance Testing 93 This check
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s1 s1 a b s2 s2 a b s3 4 Conformanc
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4 Conformance Testing 97 Using a Q
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4 Conformance Testing 99 this case
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4.4.5 Cost and Length 4 Conformance
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t τ (t,si−1) x τti−1 ,si si
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si 1 2 w1 t i w 2 3 a: in MS si 1 w
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4 Conformance Testing 107 ti = δ(s
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4 Conformance Testing 109 Example.
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4 Conformance Testing 111 • If on
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114 Part II. Testing of Labeled Tra
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5 Preorder Relations ∗ Stefan D.
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5 Preorder Relations 119 power of r
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5 Preorder Relations 121 To summari
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5 Preorder Relations 123 Two import
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∧ ⊥⊤ ⊥ ⊥⊥ ⊤ ⊥⊤
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5 Preorder Relations 127 Definition
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5 Preorder Relations 129 For one th
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5 Preorder Relations 131 We close t
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s a b t 5 Preorder Relations 133 y
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5 Preorder Relations 135 (1) p ⊑m
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a p ′ τ b p ′′ τ τ a a b 5
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5 Preorder Relations 139 It should
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coin coin e c coin coin τ 5 Preord
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5 Preorder Relations 143 for free.
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5 Preorder Relations 145 condition
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5 Preorder Relations 147 ⊑←→
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5 Preorder Relations 149 The utilit
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152 Valéry Tschaen The labels repr
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154 Valéry Tschaen Intuitively, th
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156 Valéry Tschaen Definition 6.2.
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158 Valéry Tschaen By this theorem
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160 Valéry Tschaen The test suite
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162 Valéry Tschaen each sequence (
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164 Valéry Tschaen and B2 are LOTO
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166 Valéry Tschaen 6.4.2 The CO-OP
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168 Valéry Tschaen a τ q0 τ τ q
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170 Valéry Tschaen Concerning the
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7 I/O-automata Based Testing Machie
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7 I/O-automata Based Testing 175 th
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7 I/O-automata Based Testing 177 in
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Page 201 and 202: 8 Test Derivation from Timed Automa
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Page 205 and 206: 8.3 Testing Event Recording Automat
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Page 233 and 234: 234 Verena Wolf to probabilistic tr
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Page 243 and 244: 244 Verena Wolf 9.6 Test Processes
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Page 259 and 260: 260 Verena Wolf Proposition 9.22. L
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Page 273 and 274: 274 Verena Wolf model test processe
Page 275 and 276: Part III Model-Based Test Case Gene
Page 277 and 278: Part III. Model-Based Test Case Gen
Page 279 and 280: 282 Alexander Pretschner and Jan Ph
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284 Alexander Pretschner and Jan Ph
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11 Evaluating Coverage Based Testin
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12 Technology of Test-Case Generati
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Increment ∆Counter 12 Technology
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(12.4) ✟ nat(X ′ ) {A/0, B/X
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a: b: (6) α1+1−α2 α2 a: b: PC:
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12.5 Summary 12 Technology of Test-
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13 Real-Time and Hybrid Systems Tes
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Test Driver SUT 13 Real-Time and Hy
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fitness 13 Real-Time and Hybrid Sys
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13.5 Summary 13 Real-Time and Hybri
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390 Part IV. Tools and Case Studies
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392 Axel Belinfante, Lars Frantzen,
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440 Wolfgang Prenninger, Mohammad E
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Part V Standardized Test Notation a
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466 George Din inter-operability te
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468 George Din • Tabular Presenta
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470 George Din 16.3.1 Test Building
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472 George Din Abstract Test System
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474 George Din field can be marked
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476 George Din • omit: the value
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478 George Din altstep Default() ru
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480 George Din alt { [] httpPort.re
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482 George Din • Test Management
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484 George Din Value Type getType()
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486 George Din This task is rather
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488 George Din hosts, of preparing
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490 George Din A B C D MEM = 256 MB
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492 George Din A hardware load moni
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494 George Din ptcType2 ptcType3
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496 George Din communicate with the
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498 Zhen Ru Dai U2TP document is no
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500 Zhen Ru Dai state machines, sta
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502 Zhen Ru Dai TestResult TestCase
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504 Zhen Ru Dai can be mapped to JU
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506 Zhen Ru Dai 17.4 Test Developme
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508 Zhen Ru Dai Slave: Master: SRI
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510 Zhen Ru Dai sa: Slave− Appli
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512 Zhen Ru Dai sdConnect_To_Master
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514 Zhen Ru Dai BluetoothUnitTest
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516 Zhen Ru Dai is returned to the
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518 Zhen Ru Dai (1) /* test configu
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520 Zhen Ru Dai (1) /* test case */
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Part VI Beyond Testing This last pa
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526 Séverine Colin and Leonardo Ma
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19 Model Checking Therese Berg 1 an
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19 Model Checking 559 The first sta
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19 Model Checking 561 function I :
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coffee coin tea 19 Model Checking 5
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AX (φ) :=¬EX (¬φ) AF (φ) :=Atr
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19 Model Checking 567 Another appro
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19 Model Checking 569 has a transit
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19 Model Checking 571 The alternati
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19 Model Checking 573 Obviously the
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19 Model Checking 575 purposes ther
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19 Model Checking 577 otherwise it
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19 Model Checking 579 Expanding a P
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19 Model Checking 581 We conduct an
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• SA ⊆ Σ ∗ is a nonempty fin
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19 Model Checking 585 When OT is cl
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19 Model Checking 587 • se = s
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19 Model Checking 589 the new colum
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19 Model Checking 591 Henceforth th
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19 Model Checking 593 DT , the tran
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19 Model Checking 595 queries. At t
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19 Model Checking 597 Assistant 4.
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19 Model Checking 599 have created
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19 Model Checking 601 Logic (see Se
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19 Model Checking 603 linear time l
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20 Model-Based Testing - A Glossary
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20 Model-Based Testing - A Glossary
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612 Bengt Jonsson a/0 b/0 b/1 s2 s4
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614 Bengt Jonsson of input symbols
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616 Joost-Pieter Katoen The followi
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618 Literature [AFH94] Rajeev Alur,
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620 Literature [BCMD90] J. R. Burch
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622 Literature [BRV95] Ed Brinksma,
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624 Literature [CL97a] Duncan Clark
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626 Literature [DGNP04] Z. R. Dai,
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628 Literature [FHP02] Eitan Farchi
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630 Literature [GL02] Hubert Garave
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632 Literature [Hib61] Thomas N. Hi
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634 Literature [HR01b] Klaus Havelu
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636 Literature [KKL + 01] M. Kim, S
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638 Literature [LPY97] Kim Guldstra
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640 Literature [Müh97] H. Mühlenb
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642 Literature [Pha93] M. Phalippou
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644 Literature [RdBJ00] V. Rusu, L.
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646 Literature [Sch00] Johann M. Sc
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648 Literature [SVG02] S. Schulz an
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650 Literature [Vas73] M. P. Vasile
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Index =⇒ , 175 ioco, 187 ioconf,
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homing sequence, 8 - adaptive, 8, 2
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eset sequence, see synchronizing se
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timed transition system, 223, 360,
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