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b Tails
The focus of the clause is indicated by repetition at the end of the clause.
• I’m going to do exactly as I please, I am.
• He’s a real pain, our Mr Jones.
• It’s a bargain, that.
• They’re always blaming someone else if anything goes wrong, aren’t they, politicians?
Inventories
2 Cohesion
Cohesion refers to the various means of creating linguistic cohesion within the discourse. The methods
include:
– Reference (cf. Section A below)
– Ellipsis (cf. Section B below)
– Substitution (cf. Section C below)
Cohesion is based on the principle of shared knowledge, either anaphoric (i. e. reference to information
already given in the text) or exophoric (i. e. reference based on knowledge of the world).
A Reference
Reference is based on content known to the listener from ideas, information; etc. previously mentioned in
the discourse in the text or shared knowledge (including schematic knowledge).
1) Time reference
• The following day, exactly the same thing happened.
• Then all of those who had been affected went to see the manager.
• Later that year she got married.
2) Space reference
• He likes this kind of jam, on the shelf here.
• If you look right at the back there, next to John, that’s me.
• You’ve got the park behind you, and you keep going with the supermarket on your left …
3) Reference to people / things
a) by use of the definite article
• … and during all this time the teacher never once asked me a question …
• When we got home we saw that Mum had already set the table for dinner.
• But it was a bit of a surprise when we discovered that the children were not in their room.
• That’s John, the good-looking guy I was telling you about.
b) by use of personal pronouns
• … and I told her that she had caused a lot of trouble with her behaviour.
• John, the man she had been rude to, was extremely upset.
• She apologised to John later that evening.
• … and told him that she was not aware of all the facts at that time.
Handbook telc English A2·B1