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60 b Tails The focus of the clause is indicated by repetition at the end of the clause. • I’m going to do exactly as I please, I am. • He’s a real pain, our Mr Jones. • It’s a bargain, that. • They’re always blaming someone else if anything goes wrong, aren’t they, politicians? Inventories 2 Cohesion Cohesion refers to the various means of creating linguistic cohesion within the discourse. The methods include: – Reference (cf. Section A below) – Ellipsis (cf. Section B below) – Substitution (cf. Section C below) Cohesion is based on the principle of shared knowledge, either anaphoric (i. e. reference to information already given in the text) or exophoric (i. e. reference based on knowledge of the world). A Reference Reference is based on content known to the listener from ideas, information; etc. previously mentioned in the discourse in the text or shared knowledge (including schematic knowledge). 1) Time reference • The following day, exactly the same thing happened. • Then all of those who had been affected went to see the manager. • Later that year she got married. 2) Space reference • He likes this kind of jam, on the shelf here. • If you look right at the back there, next to John, that’s me. • You’ve got the park behind you, and you keep going with the supermarket on your left … 3) Reference to people / things a) by use of the definite article • … and during all this time the teacher never once asked me a question … • When we got home we saw that Mum had already set the table for dinner. • But it was a bit of a surprise when we discovered that the children were not in their room. • That’s John, the good-looking guy I was telling you about. b) by use of personal pronouns • … and I told her that she had caused a lot of trouble with her behaviour. • John, the man she had been rude to, was extremely upset. • She apologised to John later that evening. • … and told him that she was not aware of all the facts at that time. Handbook telc English A2·B1
Inventories b Ellipsis c) by use of demonstrative pronouns • On that particular day she was waiting for some good news. • But this book is not the one I ordered. • What on earth is this in my soup? • That’s my business number and this is my mobile number. • Will this be okay? I’m not used to dressing so formally. Ellipsis refers to the omission of words (lexical or grammatical) that are unnecessary as a result of the listener’s knowledge of the context, either from the previous part of the discourse or on the basis of his / her knowledge of the world. As a consequence, they make an important contribution to the interpersonal character of the interchange. • John ordered a main course and dessert, Jane […] a salad. [ordered] • Have you phoned for a taxi yet? No, I haven’t […]. [phoned for a taxi] • True professionals accept responsibility, amateurs don’t […]. [accept responsibility] • […] Doesn’t feel so good now, does it? [It / That] • She knew there were problems but she wouldn’t say what […]. [they were] C Substitution Substitution refers to the avoidance of a repetition of words or phrases by using universal words such as ’one’, ’do’, etc. As with ellipsis, the use of substitution promotes the interpersonal character of the discourse. 1) Nominal • They are selling their house to move into a smaller one. • We are the only ones who know. • She always gives the little ones presents at Christmas. • This one here takes my fancy. • That’s the one who was causing trouble yesterday. 2) Verbal • I know you do. Who doesn’t? • If you don’t, and I don’t, then who does? • You’re joking … he doesn’t, does he? • Neither do I. 3) Clausal • Almost all young people who try drugs do so because of peer pressure. • I don’t think so. That’s not my understanding of what happened. • I believe so. Yes, they all got a pay increase. • So will I. Handbook telc English A2·B1 61
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HANDBOOK ENGLISH A2·B1 www.telc.ne
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HANDBOOK ENGLISH A2·B1
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Introduction 0 Introduction telc En
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Background Information 1 Background
Page 9 and 10: Background Information For each of
Page 11 and 12: Background Information Candidates a
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Page 15 and 16: Background Information READING oVER
Page 17 and 18: Background Information CREATIVE WRI
Page 19 and 20: Background Information INFoRMAL DIS
Page 21 and 22: Background Information ACRoSS SKILL
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Page 25 and 26: Test Specifications 2 Test Specific
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Page 71 and 72: Inventories 4) Quantities (Uncounta
Page 73 and 74: Inventories 3 Expressing Spatial Re
Page 75 and 76: Inventories b Describing Activities
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Page 79 and 80: Inventories c) offering I’ll buy
Page 83 and 84: Inventories c) Functional I offered
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Page 95 and 96: Inventories 5 Adjectives A Comparis
Page 97 and 98: Inventories 9 Subordinate Clauses A
Page 99 and 100: Inventories I Subject - Verb + Dire
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Page 109 and 110: Inventories brother My brother work
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Inventories celebrate She celebrate
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Inventories code Can you decipher t
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Inventories cook Do you like cookin
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Inventories defence Their defence t
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Inventories download You can easily
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Inventories envelope I need twenty
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Inventories feel I feel happy most
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Inventories Friday The weekend star
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Inventories government What do you
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Inventories hero Who is your favour
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Inventories Indian There’s an Ind
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Inventories learn How many language
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Inventories meantime In the meantim
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Inventories night What did you do l
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Inventories overtake If I speed up,
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Inventories point Could you point m
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Inventories purpose What’s the pu
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Inventories response My response to
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Inventories scissors Use scissors t
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Inventories show There was a good s
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Inventories sort If you don’t lik
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Inventories strength You need a lot
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Inventories team Did your team win
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Inventories title What’s the titl
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Inventories twice I’ve seen him t
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Inventories warning There was a war
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Inventories worried He’s quite wo
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Inventories (In a letter or email)
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Inventories 2 Requests Would you li
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Inventories b) Saying good-bye I re
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Inventories 2 Information on emotio
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Inventories Are you sure you want t
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Inventories How do you feel about
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The European Language Certifi cates
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HANDBOOK ENGLISH A2·B1 telc Englis
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