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64 C Hedging Markers Inventories Hedging markers indicate the speaker’s desire to avoid committing him / herself with regard to an opinion, numbers, words and / or expressions, etc. Hedging is helpful in many different situations. Maybe the speaker does not know the adequate word or expression, maybe it is not convenient to be straightforward, or maybe he / she thinks the listener is not acquainted with a certain topic or terminology and therefore does not want to place him / her in a facethreatening position. • I suppose you would have been about 20 at the time. • You spent most of your time mucking about with engines and things … • The accident happened when you were trying to take the chain bit from the frame. • The links sort of slipped from the thing holding the chain in place. • After what happened, I’m not sure I’d let him loose on the boat again. • … I’d rather she stayed with her friends or something … • If she insists on not eating meat, she can get a bowl of soup or something. • Since the children left … we’ve always gone on holiday together … usually a small house or cottage, something like that. • It’s a bit of a nuisance, actually. • She’s always been into alternative medicine and that sort of thing. • Have you got all the plates and stuff we’ll need to go camping? • She can never walk past a charity shop … she’ll buy lots of rubbish … little models of dogs … things like that … • Anyway, she always brings something special when she comes home … a bottle of champagne or something posh like that. D Vivid Language Vivid language aims to increase the listener’s involvement by making the content more accessible and immediate and / or by emphasizing and intensifying the content and interpersonal involvement. 1) Demonstratives • … and this girl at the bus station just kept staring at me … • … and there I was this close to being knocked over … • … and this shop assistant … you should’ve seen these shoes she was wearing … 2) Repetition • … and he just went on and on and on and on. • Anyway, she looked really, really good in the green one. • It took him a long, long time to trust her again. 3) Intensifiers • … he came over all embarrassed when he tried to stand up. • … when the band stopped playing, the whole place just went wild … • … it was really amazing to see so many people screaming… • … it was like that for the whole summer if I remember correctly. • … after John left, it seemed really strange, pretty weird, in fact. • We all had an absolutely amazing time that night. • There was absolutely no going back now. • That is absolutely the best description of him I have heard. Handbook telc English A2·B1
Inventories 4) Historic Present • They are playing this old rock and roll number and everybody is dancing … • Their bags are on the floor and they are dancing in a circle … • We’re heading home when we hear a noise right behind us. • She looks down at her feet and realises she’s got no shoes on. • We’re looking for somewhere to hide when he just walks straight past us. 3.2.2 Inventory G II – Task-oriented / Notional Grammar 1 Expressing Time 2 Expressing Quantity 3 Expressing Spatial Relationships 4 Describing / Defining 5 Expressing Modality 6 Hypothesising 7 Expressing belonging / Possession 8 Making Comparisons 9 Expressing Causal Relationships 10 Conceding 11 Reporting 12 Giving Information 13 Negating 14 Eliciting Information 15 Giving Instructions 16 Making Comments / Exclamations 0 Introduction This section aims to present grammar on a semantic, notional level indicating the way grammar can be used for the purpose of completing communicative tasks, a list of which has been included below. All the structures have been taken from the Inventory of Grammar forms. It is not intended to be an exhaustive list. The exponents have simply been chosen to give examples of each of the categories. Handbook telc English A2·B1 65
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HANDBOOK ENGLISH A2·B1 www.telc.ne
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HANDBOOK ENGLISH A2·B1
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Introduction 0 Introduction telc En
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Background Information 1 Background
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Background Information For each of
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Background Information Candidates a
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Page 15 and 16: Background Information READING oVER
Page 17 and 18: Background Information CREATIVE WRI
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Page 21 and 22: Background Information ACRoSS SKILL
Page 23 and 24: Background Information oRTHoGRAPHIC
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Page 73 and 74: Inventories 3 Expressing Spatial Re
Page 75 and 76: Inventories b Describing Activities
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Page 79 and 80: Inventories c) offering I’ll buy
Page 83 and 84: Inventories c) Functional I offered
Page 87 and 88: Inventories 1 Verb Forms A Infiniti
Page 89 and 90: Inventories 7) Infinitive Progressi
Page 91 and 92: Inventories 4) Progressive Perfect
Page 93 and 94: Inventories C Reflexive Pronouns He
Page 95 and 96: Inventories 5 Adjectives A Comparis
Page 97 and 98: Inventories 9 Subordinate Clauses A
Page 99 and 100: Inventories I Subject - Verb + Dire
Page 101 and 102: Inventories A a, an They have a nic
Page 103 and 104: Inventories along I saw two men wal
Page 105 and 106: Inventories assist Many blind peopl
Page 107 and 108: Inventories bedroom How many bedroo
Page 109 and 110: Inventories brother My brother work
Page 111 and 112: Inventories celebrate She celebrate
Page 113 and 114: Inventories code Can you decipher t
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Inventories cook Do you like cookin
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Inventories defence Their defence t
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Inventories download You can easily
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Inventories envelope I need twenty
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Inventories feel I feel happy most
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Inventories Friday The weekend star
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Inventories government What do you
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Inventories hero Who is your favour
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Inventories Indian There’s an Ind
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Inventories learn How many language
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Inventories meantime In the meantim
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Inventories night What did you do l
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Inventories overtake If I speed up,
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Inventories point Could you point m
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Inventories purpose What’s the pu
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Inventories response My response to
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Inventories scissors Use scissors t
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Inventories show There was a good s
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Inventories sort If you don’t lik
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Inventories strength You need a lot
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Inventories team Did your team win
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Inventories title What’s the titl
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Inventories twice I’ve seen him t
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Inventories warning There was a war
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Inventories worried He’s quite wo
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Inventories (In a letter or email)
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Inventories 2 Requests Would you li
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Inventories b) Saying good-bye I re
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Inventories 2 Information on emotio
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Inventories Are you sure you want t
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Inventories How do you feel about
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The European Language Certifi cates
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HANDBOOK ENGLISH A2·B1 telc Englis
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