The Folk Biology of the Tobelo People - Smithsonian Institution ...

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VI SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Many local residents of Ternate (including the family of Lukas Yauwhannes of Ternate and Surabaya, and the family of Tang Kong-Hwa of Ternate and Wasile) were generous with their hospitality; and others greatiy assisted with the logistics of obtaining and processing field data, especially A.R. Bhigali and Saleh Sahib of Ternate's General Hospital, A. Radjiloen of the Cultural Section of Ternate's Office of the Ministry of Education and Culture, J. Keith Jiesral, Zainal Abidin Thuguis, Mayor Laut Firman Dakpahan, and the Navy of the Republic of Indonesia, and the staffs of Ternate's offices of the Forestry Department, Ministry of Education and Culture, Police Office, Office of Statistics, Department of Religion, Fisheries Service, and especially of the offices of Halmahera's local governments: Bupati Kepala Daerah Tingkat II Maluku Utara (Ternate), and Bupati Kepala Wilayah Halmahera Tengah (Tidore). The Pasar Minggu Agricultural Research Station (Jakarta), the Agricultural Advisor of the U.S. Embassy (Jakarta), and Franklin Martin (Department of Agriculture, Federal Experiment Station, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico) aided in the shipment of living and preserved plant materials for scientific study. The missionaries Mr. and Mrs. J. Douglas Copp, who with their family were the only other Americans in me northern Moluccas when I began my fieldwork, provided invaluable help and encouragement in Ternate. The staffs of the Herbarium Bogoriense (Bogor, West Java), the Rijksherbarium (Leiden, Netherlands), and the United States National Herbarium, Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (Washington, D.C.) experdy provided plant determinations from my first field trip. Of the many who helped with the study of those plants, Mien Rifai of the Herbarium Bogoriense deserves credit for most of the determinations used here. Peter Stevens of the Harvard University Herbaria kindly coordinated the distribution and study of plant specimens from later trips, and personally did most of those plant determinations himself. In total, over forty herbaria have received plant vouchers I collected on Halmahera, and too many specialists have generously worked on them for me to tiiank all by name. For zoological assistance, my first debt is to Leslie Knapp of the Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C): witiiout his unfailing help in all details of biological collecting, and of die transportation and distribution of specimens, my initial investigation of ethnobiology would have been impossible. My friend Adam C. Messer, then a just-graduated Yale University biologist, deserves gratitude and praise for bearing with me during nine montiis of biological collecting on Halmahera and neighboring islands (December 1980-August 1981). Only his skills and dedication, along witii tiiose of our Tobelo friends, who always helped us, made it possible to gatiier die vast collections of fauna and flora which that trip produced. J. Phillip Angle of die Smitiisonian's Department of Vertebrate Zoology coordinated distribution of mammals, birds, and herptiles; Gary Hevel and Wdliam Rowe distributed tiiose terrestrial invertebrates tiiat have been distributed; Gordon Hendler distributed internationally the marine invertebrates and meticulously followed up correspondence witii all die specialists who have provided identifications. Smidisonian scientists David Challinor, W. Ronald Heyer, Storrs Olson, S. Dillon Ripley, and Paul Spangler all provided encouragement as well as Smithsonian funds for special collections of Halmaheran fauna. Special thanks are also due to Christopher Davidson, James Dean, Linda Gordon, Robert Gustaffsen, Gordon Hendler, Fran McCullough, Charles Meister, Harald Rehder, Charles Remington, James Rodman, George Russel, David C. Schmidt, Dale Schweitzer, Thomas Soderstrom, Dieter Wasshausen, George Watson, Addison Wynn, George Zug, and also to many others who helped widi particular specimens. Halmahera's diverse and culturally important fish fauna were distributed to specialists internationally by die Smithsonian's Oceanographic Research Center. While most fish collected, unfortunately, have still not been identified even to genus, many individuals did yeoman's duty identifying species in the areas of tiieir specialization, including Kunio Amaoka, Kurt A. Bruwelheide, Kent E. Carpenter, Bruce B. Collette, C.E. Dawon, Janet C. Gomon, Victor Haley, Dannie A. Hensley, Walter Ivantsoff, Leslie W. Knapp, J.M.
NUMBER 34 vii Leis, John D. McEachran, Rowley J. McKay, Frank McKinney, Edward Murdy, Garedi J. Nelson, Theodore W. Pietsch, John E. Randall, Barry C. Russell, Joseph Russo, WUliam F. Smidi-Vaniz, Victor J. Springer, Wayne C. Starnes, James C. Tyler, Richard P. Vari, and Peter J. Whitehead. Otiier important assistance was provided at various times by Donna Culpepper, Akmal Klana, J. Riley Sever, and otiier staff members of die Educational and Cultural Exchange Office of die United States Information Service (U.S. Embassy, Jakarta),and by S.C. Chin, J. Collins, J.M. Conklin.C. Darsono,B. Hess.D. Kiphuth.MJ. Paolisso, H.A. Peters,and S. Yoshida. I thank Smidisonian Press editor Donald C. Fisher for carefully editing the manuscript and for typesetting/designing this book. Widiin the Smithsonian's Department of Andiropology, Michael C. Lambert, Annamarie L. Rice, and James D. Rubinstein ably served as research assistants through various phases of writing up results of die Halmaheran studies. Museum volunteers Georgia Reilly, Robert and Dimphena Alford, and Melville Gilliam also helped in many ways, as indeed did Belle E. McQuail, a university student intern who, years later, became Belle E. Taylor (after our marriage). I also sincerely thank Harold C. Conklin, Rufus Hendon, and Leopold Pospisil of Yale University, who were readers of a much earlier version of tiiis book, presented as my doctoral dissertation (Taylor, 1980b). R.H. Ives Goddard III and Robert Laughlin of die Smidisonian, Brent Berlin of die University of California, Berkeley, and Janet Keller of die University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign also deserve thanks for comments on later drafts and for advice on die analysis and presentation of results. The work of Harold Conklin has been especially inspirational, as readers of tiiis book who are familiar with his work will quickly see. Note on Pronunciation Tobelo terms are written here in a phonemic transcription using die following nineteen consonants: b, c (as ch in church), d, f, g (as in good), h, j, k, I, m, n, ng (as in singer), ny (as in canyon),p, r (as in Spanish pero), s, t, w, and y. Vowels (a, e, i, o, u) have allophonic distributions particular to each Tobelo dialect, but may roughly be pronounced as in Spanish or Italian. The symbols used in Hueting's (1908c) nonphonemic transcription of Tobelo District dialect pronunciation are herein replaced by letters reflecting Boeng dialect pronunciation (i.e., his y (uvular fricative) is lost or becomes g; and his X (palatal lateral) becomes y or /)• Stress is indicated witii the acute accent ('); e.g., -pdaka 'scream,' -podka 'already poured out.' However, stress may optionally be left unmarked in die following "regular" cases: where die penultimate vowel is different from die final vowel, stress is generally on die penultimate syllable (e.g. -leha (-Uha) 'ask,' bole (bdle) 'banana'); and where die penultimate vowel is the same as die final vowel, stress is on die antepenultimate syllable (e.g., -poaka (-pdaka) 'scream,' baluhu (bdluhu) 'adult') unless mere are only two syllables, in which case it is on the penultimate (e.g.,peke (p4ke)).
Page 1 and 2: The Folk Biology of the Tobelo Peop
Page 3 and 4: SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHRO
Page 5 and 6: Contents Page PREFACE v Acknowledgm
Page 7: Preface Acknowledgments I can only
Page 12 and 13: efers to the culturally shared set
Page 20 and 21: 10 Halmahera's fauna and flora as w
Page 22 and 23: 12 TERNAT^gL TJDOREC^/ MAfUEP MMMHQ
Page 24 and 25: 14 it would be difficult to pinpoin
Page 26 and 27: 16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANT
Page 28 and 29: 18 TABLE 1. Language competence amo
Page 30 and 31: 20 pronunciation. When full sibling
Page 32 and 33: 22 ethnogeographic locations and of
Page 34 and 35: 3.0 Introduction Our first and most
Page 36 and 37: 26 whether the meanings of words ha
Page 38 and 39: 28 positing named intermediate clas
Page 40 and 41: 30 with the Tzeltal language. He st
Page 42 and 43: 32 1984a, for further explanation a
Page 44 and 45: 34 'to be white') 'which is white'
Page 46 and 47: 36 ing endocentricity are different
Page 48 and 49: 38 Also a reduplicated participial
Page 50 and 51: 40 Tobelo glama -Idmoko ngduku dunu
Page 52 and 53: 4. The Domain of the BIOTIC FORM, a
Page 54 and 55: 44 them in the definition of "relat
Page 56 and 57: 46 those which are "judged importan
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48 w H < — PQ i—si o bianga 'mo
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50 defined by the ability to 'breat
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5. The Tobelo Folk Classification o
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54 head in phrases such as o iuru m
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56 o gorohutu- o noara 'ray' o nawo
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58 Indonesian word pala 'nutmeg.' Y
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60 be restricted to those of a "mod
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62 I regret that I was not present
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64 covert classes (for this domain)
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66 5.2.2.2 Non-symmetry and Immedia
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68 A similar case could also be mad
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70 This interpretation is unaccepta
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72 B B< + 1 o gumini 'vine' B" l o
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74 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANT
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76 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANT
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78 The edible coconut weevil larvae
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80 o goropa-ginene o hamu1 'grouper
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82 lexical realization,tiiese examp
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Al.O Introduction and Explanation o
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86 SL Simple Word CX Complex Word C
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t ~ o baacai ma gare-garehe [P-EN]
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90 O T O H=0 H 0(P) O - o bobihingo
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92 0(F) 0(F) 0(F) 0(F) 0(0 o(f) 0(F
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94 paiyongifi) V [NM1-2022] [BO] Ag
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96 H H H H VxT 0(B) H o gogerehi [C
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98 VxT O H 'red'; 'red buttocks' (e
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too 0 hitakono [SL] + o hitakono o
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102 (Sambucaceae) T ojobirono [SL]
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104 h - o keketuku [SL] h + o keket
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106 tranus Miq. (Tetramelaceae) [cf
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108 0(P) H T t + 0 boboha [CX,agent
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110 H H H TxV O T=H denia sp. (Ascl
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112 (Moraceae) t o poo-pooto ma dub
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114 T V H h T t t V o o o O O + o i
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116 Copel. (Polypodiaceae) [but cf.
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118 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO AN
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120 in cleared, recendy burned and
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122 fonganika [P-EN, 'the jungle fo
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124 the form of an invisible bird t
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126 A23 o nawoko [SL] 'fish' Note:
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128 form from Kampung Wasde (B-dial
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130 die surface as tiie fish swims)
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132 kuhlii (Muller and Henle, 1841)
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134 'ratiier Idee an abscess' (alte
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136 M M M M M U M M M M U M M simil
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138 m o iuru ma doka-dokara [P-EN,
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140 M o moloiru [SL] (uncoU.; Insec
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Famtiy Species ACANTHACEAE Acanthus
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144 Famtiy Species Ochrosia glomera
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152 Famtiy Species Tobelo B° term
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166 Taxon Tobelo B° term Freshwate
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184 2 It may be because, as the Tob
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186 Ellen, Roy F. 1979. [Introducto
Page 199:
Manuscripts intended for series pub
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