After the Flood in Pakistan 38 Berlin Geographical Papers - Freie ...

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consists of three overland wires but currently only two are working properly, supplying the village with power for about two to six hours a day (respectively ten to twelve hours in the model village). Access to electricity was given to the village in 2005. About 20% of the houses in Golo Mandhro are in a very bad condition and in need of improvement that can not be afforded by people on their own. The water supply condition is generally sufficient to cover the basic needs for drinking water, but nevertheless there are problems relating to the non-permanent availability of water for the whole community and the progressive process of salinisation. However, a majority of households own local handpumps that were mostly constructed in 2007. These can be also used by neighbours without own access. Occasionally, water shortage affects the entire village and people need to fetch water at the next accessible pump about four kilometres away. Two shops provide the villagers with the most necessary goods, and shopkeepers represent an important source for short time credits in kind (cf. Box 4). Mobile-network-coverage in the village is very low. There are only a few places with an existing connection which makes communication within and outside the community unreliable. Three village schools provide education up to 8 th Source: photograph © Narges Lankarani, February 16, 2011 Fig. 5.9: Adverse road situation in Golo Mandhro class. Teachers as respected persons are often asked to solve small disputes among community members. It should be noted, however, that most of the village girls do not attend school at all. Income activities in the village are diverse with a majority of households engaged in agriculture (40-50%). Others are employed in government jobs (20-25%) or practise insecure jobs in the private sector, mainly on daily wage basis (20-25%). Most of the households own at least a small piece of land which allows them practicing subsistence farming (cf. Fig. 5.10). The community has organised itself with the help of the National Rural Support Programme (NRSP) and established two village councils representing men and women to discuss issues of concern, to identify their priorities and to decide on needed infrastructure measures. The most important activity that was implemented by support of the NRSP was a small protective bund to shield agriculture from salt water intrusion. This, however, needs reinforcement, and it has been suggested by villagers that in order to enable sustainable agricultural practices and to improve the handling of crises, i.e. to manage the exposure to flood related risks, a protective bund connecting all three surveyed villages over a length of about 60 km needs to be constructed. These village councils could also function as 26
facilitating partners for the implementation of livelihood packages provided by the GRC/PRCS. Social organisation however reflects some more conservative attitudes too, as the women group in Golo Mandhro is headed by a man, the village eldest Mohammed Masroof. Other than that most female members of the community are housewives and do not join public life at all. They do not work outside their houses, and none of the women had ever left the village. 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Sheikh Kiryo Bhandari Golo Mandro Ahmed Raju Ahmed Sorjho Men and women groups both meet twice a month in order to discuss the most urgent needs of the village and develop ideas and projects for its further development. In the past, the proposals of the two groups have been relatively similar (hand pumps, protection measures to lower the impacts of flood events and salinisation processes caused by oceanic processes, preparation of roads). The groups finance their work through membership fees of 10Rs per month. Furthermore they have the possibility to receive funds from the PPAF (Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund) for projects. Overall, social cohesion among villagers seems to be very high – those with water access share it with neighbours, small credits are provided among community members without involvement of middle-men, and self-help systems exist that enable villagers to afford and to celebrate life cycle events. However, significant challenges and constraints refer to the health situation – most people are not vaccinated against polio and hepatitis and many cases of incidence have been reported. Malaria represents an increasing problem due to the amphibious environment, and diarrhoea, skin diseases, allergies and tuberculosis have been reported as major illnesses affecting people in the village. Water access is still of 27 Alloo Noonari Wali M. Laghari Zafarabad Mehrab Qambrani Source: data recorded by ZELF team, Freie Universität Berlin, February – March 2011 n=296 Fig. 5.10: Proportion of landowning households
Page 1 and 2: 38 Berlin Geographical Papers ZELF
Page 3: BERLIN GEOGRAPHICAL PAPERS Vol. 38
Page 6 and 7: living conditions, that reach the m
Page 9 and 10: Table of Contents 1 Introduction -
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures Fig. 1.1: Generic t
Page 13: List of acronyms ADB - Asian Develo
Page 16 and 17: mentation of development packages b
Page 18 and 19: Fig. 1.4: Pakistan overview and loc
Page 20 and 21: and man-made hazards are dominant.
Page 22 and 23: 3 Rapprochement of the field: resea
Page 24 and 25: The teams continued performing focu
Page 26 and 27: Table 4.1: Elements of the Vulnerab
Page 28 and 29: A major finding of the assessment t
Page 30 and 31: 5 Post-disaster assessment - distri
Page 32 and 33: As such it comes as no surprise tha
Page 34 and 35: away or even further, to Badin city
Page 36 and 37: Box 3: The household of Ali Bux - a
Page 38 and 39: Source: data recorded by ZELF team,
Page 42 and 43: mediocre quality - and the regularl
Page 44 and 45: 5.1.2.1 Levels of vulnerability in
Page 46 and 47: 5.1.2.2 Implications for developmen
Page 50 and 51: Box 7: Rajad Mallah: Coping with so
Page 52 and 53: their homelands in Thatta. Members
Page 54 and 55: make it possible again for the fish
Page 56 and 57: During their flight the people had
Page 58 and 59: Box 8: The economics of barfi produ
Page 60 and 61: Source: data recorded by ZELF team
Page 64 and 65: 5.2.2 Alloo Noonari - complete floo
Page 66 and 67: There is a village council that con
Page 68 and 69: Severe shortage of money prevents v
Page 70 and 71: 5.2.2.3 Shelter, drinking water and
Page 72 and 73: 5.2.3 Summary of findings: loss of
Page 74 and 75: Similar to the situation in Thatta
Page 76 and 77: Data Sources: GeoEye satellite imag
Page 78 and 79: K.N. Shah assumes importance also f
Page 80 and 81: Box 15: Social water management and
Page 82 and 83: Potentials of changing the Sindhi c
Page 84 and 85: 5.3.2.2 Local impacts of the flood
Page 86 and 87: For all households it can be establ
Page 88 and 89: to goods and services the villagers
Page 90 and 91:
The flood crisis has aggravated the
Page 92 and 93:
Source: data recorded by ZELF team,
Page 94 and 95:
provides shelter to a number of hou
Page 96 and 97:
Most people in the village are not
Page 98 and 99:
These conditions require most house
Page 100 and 101:
Box 22: Struggling with disaster Mo
Page 102 and 103:
6 Conclusions: vulnerability assess
Page 104 and 105:
perceived as an option, conditional
Page 106 and 107:
Most effectively, the problem could
Page 108 and 109:
7 References Arif Hasan (2009) The
Page 110:
Berlin Geographical Papers Vol. 37
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