Precise Orbit Determination of Global Navigation Satellite System of ...

3.2.2.1 Principle.....................................................................................................................................................22
3.2.2.2 Error Budget ..............................................................................................................................................26
3.2.3 Inter-Satellite-Links (ISL) ............................................................................................................. 27
3.2.3.1 Principle.....................................................................................................................................................27
3.2.3.2 Error Budget ..............................................................................................................................................28
3.2.3 Navigation System (GPS/GLONASS) .......................................................................................... 28
3.2.3.1 Principle.....................................................................................................................................................29
3.2.3.2 Error Budget ..............................................................................................................................................29
3.3 CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................................... 30
CHAPTER 4 MAJOR ERROR SOURCES OF SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS................................... 31
4.1 ATMOSPHERIC ERRORS .......................................................................................................................... 31
4.1.1 Tropospheric Error ........................................................................................................................ 32
4.1.2 Ionospheric Effect.......................................................................................................................... 33
4.2 MULTIPATH EFFECT ............................................................................................................................... 35
4.2.1 Multipath Envelopes...................................................................................................................... 36
4.2.2 Influence of Multipath Errors on Range and Phase Observations ................................................. 38
4.3 CLOCK ERRORS...................................................................................................................................... 41
CHAPTER 5 PERTURBATION MODELS OF IGSO, GEO AND MEO SATELLITE ORBITS ............. 43
5.1 THE EARTH GRAVITATIONAL PERTURBATION........................................................................................ 43
5.1.1 Computation of Legendre Polynomials ......................................................................................... 43
5.1.2 Computation of Geopotential Perturbation.................................................................................... 44
5.1.3 The Effect of Geopotential Perturbation........................................................................................ 45
5.1.3.1 Influence of Geopotential on IGSO Satellites ............................................................................................46
5.1.3.2 Geopotential Influence on GEO Satellite...................................................................................................51
5.1.3.3 Geopotential Influence on MEO (GPS) .....................................................................................................55
5.2 THE SOLAR AND LUNAR ATTRACTIONS ................................................................................................. 56
5.3 THE SOLAR RADIATION PRESSURE MODEL............................................................................................ 58
5.3.1 Direct Radiation Pressure .............................................................................................................. 58
5.3.2 Effect of Eclipses........................................................................................................................... 60
5.4 OTHER PERTURBATIONS......................................................................................................................... 62
5.4.1 Solid Earth Tides ........................................................................................................................... 62
5.4.2 Ocean Tides ................................................................................................................................... 63
5.4.3 Ocean Tide Loading ...................................................................................................................... 64
CHAPTER 6 ALGORITHMS OF ORBIT DETERMINATION FOR IGSO, GEO & MEO SATELLITES
....................................................................................................................................................... 65
6.1 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION..................................................................................................................... 65
6.1.1 Runge-Kutta Integration ................................................................................................................ 65
6.1.2 Adams-Cowell Algorithm.............................................................................................................. 66
6.1.3 Cowell Algorithm .......................................................................................................................... 67
6.1.4 Numerical Integration of Satellite Dynamic Movement Equation................................................. 67
6.2 ORBIT DETERMINATION METHODS ........................................................................................................ 68
6.2.1 Kalman Filter for Orbit Determination.......................................................................................... 68
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