Physical Density and Urban Sprawl: A Case of Dhaka City - KTH

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Spatial qualities also depend on the house forms and space availability inside the block. In hot humid climate such space can be shaded by the trees to filter the sunlight. Kyhn further argues that “roof overhangs, verandas and covered passages are welcome but the best is a shade from a tree. Shade tree filters the sunlight, reduce air temperatures by evaporation, protect smaller plants and on the ground reduce glare from bright overcast skies” (Kyhn, 1984: 54 in Lupala, 2002:25). If we consider in-door comfort, Kyhn observes that comfort largely depends on the control of air movement and radiant heat, the prevention of solar radiation from reaching the building’s occupants directly through doors or windows or indirectly by heating the structures. These requirements point to the need for light, correct shading and design for good breeze operation. The efficiency of open space inside the block is also a vital factor of spatial qualities. Correa has analysed open spaces inside the block of housing settlements from his observations in India. He notes that there is a hierarchy of spaces around dwellings. According to him spaces which are close to the houses are called private space. Secondly spaces which are closer to houses where people are staying within the vicinity and interact are called semi private space. The third is communal spaces, for instance places like wells where people from the neighbourhood meet frequently. Finally, public spaces are places which are not directly in the control of the people in the community, but which are used by them to interact each other (Correa, 1998:107 in Nnaggenda-Musana, 2004:40). The main spaces to be considered that are relevant for this research are private, semi private and communal spaces for walking, gathering and holding community events where spaces mean not built upon, planned and developed or landscaped, and areas that have been left without any development. The study will also consider open spaces in front of building, courtyard squares, and spaces among buildings, side walks and streets. The analysis has been made in this study regarding to how indoor spatial qualities are being affected by the densification of housing settlements. As a result qualities that can be affected by densification need to be considered in all the ways to get environment where there is absence of spatial qualities in the residential areas. 2.5 Informal Settlements The phenomenon of the informal housing is worldwide. There are a lot of debates about the concept of informal settlements. They are defined in a variety of ways, but there is a general agreement on their core characteristics. Such settlements are created through a process of unassisted self-help and tend to have the following characteristics when they are initially created: 1) most houses are self built by the families occupying them using initially temporary building materials, 2) the settlements are illegal in some way (whether that is the land tenure, the house construction or both), 3) the settlements are un serviced, and 4) are mostly occupied by people living in situations of poverty (Gilbert and Gugler,1992 in Napier, 2002). In this context the informal settlements in Dhaka city are characterised by irregular housing where the houses are found in several government and privately owned land, along the rail line or beside the canals and water body. Figure 2.7 shows one example of informal settlements in Dhaka. 18
Fig 2.7: Cluster of Informal settlement in Dhaka city. Source: Sultana, 2007 Napier also identifies that there are five types of informal settlements. They are 1) informal settlements with traditional tenure (informal housing on customary land), 2) freestanding informal settlements (informal housing on urban land without legal tenure), 3) backyard shacks in formal areas (informal housing amongst formal housing), 4) Informal housing on serviced land (sites and services where housing is still inadequate), 5) indoor informal settlements (illegal occupation and buildings). The physical density and spatial qualities of those informal settlements depend on their type. In formal housing with traditional tenure, freestanding informal settlements and informal housing on serviced land can be seen in Dhaka. Kellet and Napier (1995:22) in their critical examination of Vernacular theory and spontaneous settlements with reference to South America and South Africa argue that spontaneous or informal settlements have traditionally been defined in negative terms in relationship to formal parts of the city: absence of legality, substandard in terms of space and infrastructure, absence of permanent materials, etc. are not available, in comparison with the formal settlement. Although Kellet and Napier do not refer to the informal settlements in Dhaka city, there is an absence of legality, substandard in terms of space and infrastructure, absence of permanent materials, etc. in the informal housing settlements in Dhaka (Fig: 2.7). From the definition above it can be said that most of the informal settlements are developed to follow the of block type of their own. So it is interesting to analyse the FAR, percentage of land coverage by block, whether the usability of space, availability of cross ventilation and presence of daylight. After analysing the above components, recommendations will be made to provide housing facility to the informal settlers to combat urban sprawl. 19
Page 1 and 2: KTH Architecture and the Built Envi
Page 3 and 4: CHAPTER 6: FINAL ANALYSIS..........
Page 5 and 6: ABSTRACT Md. Syful Islam: Physical
Page 7 and 8: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This study a
Page 9 and 10: Habraken (1998:292-93) states that,
Page 11 and 12: Since the study is dealing with the
Page 13 and 14: Banani Model Town residential area
Page 15 and 16: Applied Procedure to calculate land
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 2 THEORY OF THE CONCEPTUAL
Page 19 and 20: crowded and unsuitable environments
Page 21 and 22: unrealistic because tall buildings
Page 23: Carlos Barquin et. el. (1986) emplo
Page 27 and 28: Figure 3.1: Physical growth of Dhak
Page 29 and 30: Until 1951, Bangladesh was almost c
Page 31 and 32: 3.5 Land use pattern of Dhaka city
Page 33 and 34: construction is illegal while squat
Page 35 and 36: even accuse RAJUK, the most promine
Page 37 and 38: CUS, the number of informal settlem
Page 39 and 40: Figure 3.9: Ratio of formal and inf
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS FROM THE INFORMA
Page 43 and 44: Spatial qualities Spatial qualities
Page 45 and 46: settlement are selling their daily
Page 47 and 48: The houses are very close to one an
Page 49 and 50: Figure 4.15: The space inside the h
Page 51 and 52: It can be seen from the findings of
Page 53 and 54: 5.2 Shobhanbagh officers’ colony
Page 55 and 56: . Figure 5.4: Aerial photograph of
Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER 6 FINAL ANALYSIS Chapters 4
Page 59 and 60: narrow roads for drying and washing
Page 61 and 62: CHAPTER 7 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCL
Page 63 and 64: of proper monitoring in housing mar
Page 65 and 66: Nnaggenda-Musana A., (2004), Sprawl

Physical Density and Urban Sprawl: A Case of Dhaka City - KTH

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