Amperometric enzyme-based biosensors for application in food and beverage industry Bioanalytik, Göttingen, Germany [9 1]) and their characteristics were evaluated and compared with those obtained using reagentless biosensors developed in our laboratories (see section 4.3). As seen from the figure 10 the used sequential-injection analyser with integrated biosensors was able to follow the decrease of glucose and simultaneous increase of the ethanol concentration in the expected way. Figure 10. Monitoring of glucose and ethanol during the fermentation process of Tokay wine (see text for more details) 6. Conclusions Many integrated biosensors fulfil the requirements for their analytical applications in food and beverage industry. Their bioelectrochemical characteristics (sensitivity, selectivity, and stability) combined with their simplicity in use and relative cheapness forecast a wide spread of these analytical tools in the field of production and control of various foodstuff and beverages. Acknowledgements The authors thank the following organisations for financial support: the European Commission (Contract No. IC 15CT96-1008 and IC 15-CT98-0907), the Swedish Council for Forestry and Agricultural Research (SJSF), and Swedish National Board for Industrial and Technical <strong>De</strong>velopment (NUTEK). 125
References Elisabeth Csöregi et al 1. Nunes, G.S. and Barcelo, D. (1998) Electrochemical biosensors for pesticide determination in food samples, Analysis 26, M156-Ml59. 2. Turner, A.P.F. and Newman, J.D. (1998) An introduction to biosensors, Spec. Publ. -R. SOC. Chem 167, pp.13-27. 3. Loung, J.H.T., Bouvrette, P. and Male, K.B. (1997) <strong>De</strong>velopments and applications of biosensors in food analysis, Trends Biotechnol. 15, 369-377. 4. Maines, A., Ashworth, D. and Vadgama, P. (1996) Enzyme electrodes for food analysis, Food Technol. Biotechnol. 34,3 1-42. 5. Warsinke, A. (1997) Biosensors in food analysis, in Scheller, F.W., Schubert, F. and Fedrowitz, J. (eds.), Frontiers in Biosensorics II Fundamental aspects, BirkhSLuser Verlag, Basel, pp.121-139. 6. Campanella, L. and Tomassetti, M. (1996) Biosensors for food analysis in aqueous and non-aqueous media, Food Technol. Biotechnol. 34, 131-141. 7. Wagner, G. and Schmid, R.D. (1990) Biosensors for food analysis, Food Biotechnol. 4, 215-240. 8. Marcus, R.A. and Sutin, N. (1985) Electron transfer in chemistry and biology, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 9. Marcus, R.A. (1993) Electron-transfer reactions in chemistry. Theory and experiment (Nobel lecture), Angew. Chem. Znt. Ed. English 32, 1111-1121. 10. Marko-Varga, G., Emnéus, J., Gorton, L. and Ruzgas, T. (1995) <strong>De</strong>velopment of enzyme-based amperometric sensors for the determination of phenolic compounds, Trends Anal. Chem. 14, 3 19-328. 1 1. Stredansky, M., Pizzariello, A., Stredanska, S. and Miertus, S. (1999) <strong>De</strong>termination of D-f<strong>ru</strong>ctose in foodstuffs by an improved amperometric biosensor based on a solid binding matrix, Anal. Commun. 36, 57-61. 12. Parades, P.A., Parellada, J., Fernandez, V.M., Katakis, I. and Dominguez, E. (1997) Amperometric mediated carbon paste biosensor based on D-f<strong>ru</strong>ctose dehydrogenase for the determination of f<strong>ru</strong>ctose in food analysis, Biosens. Bioelectron. 12, 1233-1243. 13. Leca, B. and Marty, J.L. (1997) Reusable ethanol sensor based on a NAD+ - dependent dehydrogenase without coenzyme addition, Anal. Chim. Acta 340, 143-148. 14. Ruzgas, T., Csbregi, E., EmnCus, J., Gorton, L. and Marko-Varga, G. (1996) Peroxidase-modified electrodes: Fundamentals and application, Anal. Chim. Acta 330, 123-138. 15. Lindgren, A,, Tanaka, M., Ruzgas, T., Gorton, L., Gazaryan, I., Ishimori, K. and Morishima, I. (1999) Direct electron transfer catalysed by recombinant forms of horseradish peroxidase: insight into the mechanism, Electrochem. Commun. 1, 171-175. 16. Zimmermann, H., Lindgren, A,, Schuhmann, W. and Gorton, L. (2000) Anisotropic orientation of horseradish peroxidase by its reconstitution on a thiol-modified gold electrode, <strong>Chemistry</strong> - A European Journal, 6,592-599. 17. Csöregi, E., Jdnsson-Peterson, G. and Gorton, L. (1993) Mediatorless electrocatalytic reduction of hydrogen-peroxide at graphite electrodes chemically-modified with peroxidases, J. Biotechnol 30, 18. 81 1,265-322. Gorton, L., Bremle, G., Csöregi, E., Jönsson-Peterson, G. and Persson, B. (1991) Amperometric glucose sensors based on immobilised glucose-oxidising enzymes and chemically modified electrodes, Anal. Chim. Acta 249, 43-54. 19. Vreeke, M.S. and Heller, A. (1994) Hydrogen peroxide electrodes based on electrical connection of redox centres of various peroxidases to electrodes through a three-dimensional electron-relaying polymer network, in Usmani, M.U. and Akmal N. (eds.), Diagnostic Biosensor Polymers, ACS Symposium Series 556, Washington, pp. 180-192. 20. Munteanu, F.D., Lindgren, A., Emnéus, J., Gorton, L., Ruzgas, T., Csöregi, E., Ciucu, A., Huystee, R.B., Gazaryan, I.G. and Lagrimi, L.M. (1998) Bioelectrochemical monitoring of phenols and 21. 3 15-3 17. aromatic amines in flow injection using novel plant peroxidases, Anal. Chem. 70,2596-2600. Gáspár, S., Popescu, I.C., Gazaryan, I.G., Bautista, A.G., Sakharov, I.Y., Mattiasson, B. and Csöregi, E. (2000) Biosensors based on novel plant peroxidases; a comparative study, Electrochim. Acta in press. 22. Razumas, V., Kazlauskaite, J. and Kulys, J. (1992) Bioelectrochemistry of microperoxidases, Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 28, 159-1 76. 126
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PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY BASIS OF BIOT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORS PREFACE .
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4.3. Expression and functionality .
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BIOMIMETIC MATERIALS SYNTHESIS Abst
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Biomimetic materials synthesis cont
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Biomimetic materials synthesis 3. I
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Biomimetic materials synthesis 3.5.
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DENDRIMERS: Chemical principles and
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RATIONAL DESIGN OF P450 ENZYMES FOR
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COLD-ADAPTED ENZYMES D. GEORLETTE,
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RADIATION-INDUCED BIORADICALS: Phys
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RADIATION-INDUCED BIORADICALS: Tech
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AROMA MEASUREMENT: Recent developme
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62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73
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INDEX albumin.... 122,151, 198, 206
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frog embryo .......................
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P-32 ..............................