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the notion of proof, i.e. the real meaning of the theorem [or question]. The statement of a<br />

theorem [or question] as a symbol may evoke the proof <strong>de</strong>duction as a process that may<br />

contain sequential procedures and require the synthesis of distinct cognitive units 9 or the<br />

general notion of the theorem or question as an object like a manipulable entity to be used as<br />

inputs to other theorems re questions. (Chin & Tall, 2002, p. 2)<br />

Le jeu qu’entraine cette théorisation entre le symbole et la dialectique processus/objet pose<br />

le problème <strong>de</strong> la flexibilité dans l’usage du symbolisme mathématique. Pour expliquer ce<br />

phénomène et les possibilités d’acquisition <strong>de</strong> moyens <strong>de</strong> pensée efficaces, Barnard et Tall<br />

(1997), introduisent la notion d’unité cognitive :<br />

« A cognitive unit consists of a cognitive item that can be held in the focus of attention of<br />

an individual at one time, together with other i<strong>de</strong>as that can be immediately linked to it. »<br />

(Barnard & Tall, 1997, p. 2)<br />

« The i<strong>de</strong>ntification of schema and concept works only when the individual can<br />

comprehend the whole schema as a single cognitive unit. » (ibid. p. 9)<br />

Il s’agit d’une construction proche <strong>de</strong> la structure <strong>de</strong> schéma <strong>de</strong> Dubinsky. Néanmoins, les<br />

auteurs ici distinguent <strong>de</strong>ux types <strong>de</strong> structures : une structure dont les composants sont<br />

encore diffus et les liens internes sont faibles, ce qui ne permet pas un usage flexible et<br />

efficace du schéma, et une <strong>de</strong>uxième structure compacte, dont les items sont bien compressés<br />

et fortement liés. Celle-ci correspond à la notion d’unité cognitive.<br />

Barnard et Tall postulent que la construction d’une pensée mathématique flexible et<br />

opératoire dépend <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>ux facteurs essentiels et complémentaires : la faculté <strong>de</strong> pouvoir<br />

compresser l’information dans <strong>de</strong>s unités cognitives et la faculté d’établir <strong>de</strong>s connexions<br />

dans et entre les unités cognitives :<br />

« […] two complementary factors are important in building a powerful thinking structure :<br />

1) The ability to compress information to fit into cognitive units.<br />

2) The ability to make connections within and between cognitive units so that other relevant<br />

information can be pulled in and out of the focus of attention at will.<br />

[…] An individual with compressed cognitive structures and relevant internal links will be<br />

able to make relationships between them far more efficiently than one who has a more diffuse<br />

cognitive structure. »(ibid. p. 16)<br />

Suite à <strong>de</strong>s expérimentations menées avec <strong>de</strong>s étudiants <strong>de</strong> première année universitaire,<br />

les auteurs concluent que cette capacité <strong>de</strong> manipuler <strong>de</strong> manière flexible les théorèmes<br />

9 “A cognitive unit consists of a cognitive item that can be held in the focus of attention of an individual at one<br />

time, together with other i<strong>de</strong>as that can be immediately linked to it.” (Barnard & Tall, 1997, p. 2)<br />

30

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