Sami Saunje#1.indd
Sami Saunje#1.indd
Sami Saunje#1.indd
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anzor ToTaZe<br />
roca saunjes gedavebian,<br />
anu qvebTan erTad wlebic RaRadeben<br />
somxebi erT-erTi uZvelesi kulturuli eria. kacobriobis civilizaciis<br />
SeqmnaSi maT garkveuli wvlili miuZRviT. Zv. w. VI s-Si<br />
sabolood damTavrda somexi xalxis Camoyalibebis procesi, romelic<br />
Tanxvdeba somxeTis saxelmwifos Camoyalibebas. somxeTma erT<br />
dros mezobeli qveynebis teritoriebic daipyro da igi sakmaod<br />
Zlier saxelmwifos warmoadgenda. maT TavianTi arsebobis manZilze<br />
Seqmnes umniSvnelovanesi kulturisa da xelovnebis Zeglebi, Zveli<br />
somxuri hagiografiuli, saero da saistorio literatura, xuroTmoZRvreba,<br />
romlebic civilizaciis saganZuradaa miCneuli. is, rac<br />
maT Seqmnes, savsebiT yofniT, raTa samarTlianad iamayon. miuxedavad<br />
amisa, msoflio istoriaSi analogi ar moepoveba mezobeli qveynebis<br />
mimarT iseT upativcemulobas, maTi mTeli istoriuli warsulis<br />
gayalbebis, teritoriebisa da kulturuli memkvidreobis miTvisebis<br />
iseT mcdelobas, rogorc amas akeTeben somexi vaimecnierebi. kerZod,<br />
jer kidev me-19 s-dan dawyebuli, isini SemTxvevas xelidan ar uSvebdnen,<br />
rom qarTvelebi da saqarTvelo miwasTan gaesworebinaT. amis<br />
Sesaxeb ilia WavWavaZe aRniSnavda: `lamis kavkasiis qeds aqeT Cveni<br />
xseneba gaaCanagon, qarTvelebis saxeli dedamiwis zurgidam aRgaon<br />
da CalasaviT qars gaatanon~. rogorc me-19 s-Si, ise axlac, maTi azriT,<br />
`saqarTvelo saqarTvelo ki ar aris, Zveli somxeTia~. mokled,<br />
es `pirmoSvebuli filosofosebi~ qarTvelebis `lanZRva ginebis<br />
`alaverds~ urT-erTTan gadadian~, TavianTTvis sasurveli azris<br />
damkvidrebas ise jiutad cdiloben, rom zRvis napirze qviSasac<br />
veRar amCneven, aRar daiRalnen qarTvelebis augad xsenebiT. swored<br />
amis Sesaxeb werda ilia WavWavaZe: `qveyanaze rom baJi edos Tavisis<br />
Tavis qebas da sxvis Zagebas, ramdeni somexTa mecnieri damunjdeboda<br />
somexTa sasaxelod da Cvenda samSvidoboT~. 1<br />
ukanasknel periodSi somexi mecnierebi gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurd-<br />
1<br />
i. WavWavaZe, Txz., t. VIII; Tb., 1957, gv. 158.
oca saunjes gedavebian<br />
67<br />
nen da saqarTvelos uZveles provincias _ samcxe-javaxeTs somxur miwebad<br />
acxadeben. metad samwuxarod, zogierTi somexi mecnieri `didi<br />
somxeTis~ aRdgenis ideafiqsiTaa Sepyrobili da, ager ukve TiTqmis<br />
200 welia, maT surT saTanado informaciuli niadagi moamzadon<br />
TavianTi mzakvruli miznis gansaxorcieleblad. isini absurdul<br />
teritoriul pretenziebs uyeneben saqarTvelos, teritoriuli<br />
pretenziebis wayeneba ki, faqtobrivad, omis gamocxadebas niSnavs.<br />
Tumca isini amas arc malaven da aRniSnaven: Tu yarabaRi CvenTvis iyo<br />
prestiJis saqme, samcxe-javaxeTi sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxiao.<br />
am dros ki, rogorc TviT somxuri, ise qarTuli, uZvelesi asuruli<br />
lursmnuli warwerebi da sxva ucxouri wyaroebi mowmoben, samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
somxebs kompaqturad arasodes ucxovriaT. mxolod<br />
1828-1829 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omis dros anatoliidan gamoqceuli<br />
somxebi, romlebic TurqeTis risxvas gadaurCnen, generalma<br />
paskeviCma javaxeTSi daasaxla. SiSvel-titveli somxebi, qarTvelebma<br />
TavianT saxlebSi gamoazamTres. SemdegSi maT saxelmwifoc daexmara,<br />
saxlebi auSenes da sacxovreblad javaxeTSi damkvidrdnen. magram<br />
es srulebiTac ar niSnavs imas, rom javaxeTi maTi istoriuli sam-<br />
Sobloa da somxeTs unda SeuerTdes. niSandoblivia, rom rodesac<br />
samcxe-javaxeTi TurqeTis batonobisagan ganTavisuflda da ruseT-<br />
TuqreTis 1828-1829 wlebis omis Sedegad dedasamSoblos daubrunda,<br />
ruseTis administraciuli dayofis Sedegad igi jer quTaisis, xolo<br />
Semdeg Tbilisis guberniaSi Seiyvanes da ara erevnis guberniaSi.<br />
ruseTis xelisuflebam SesaniSnavad icoda, rom samcxe-javaxeTi<br />
saqarTvelos istoriuli provincia iyo.<br />
somxebi ki ukve me-20 s-is dasawyisSi, kerZod, 1913 wels cdilobdnen<br />
axalqalaqis mazra, igive javaxeTi, rogorme Tbi lisis guberniisagan<br />
gamoeyoT d somxur administraciul er TeulTan, gumbrTan<br />
mieerTebinaT. isini daukavSirdnen prosomxuri orientaciis<br />
rus didmoxeles, mefisnacval voroncov-daSkovs. am mizniT Seqmnilma<br />
komisiam, romelic ZiriTadad rusebisagan Sedgeboda, javaxeTi isev<br />
Tbilisis guberniaSi datova, radgan sakiTxis sxvagvari gadawyveta<br />
metad araobieqturi da arakanonieri iqneboda. 2<br />
`didi somxeTis~ qronikuli daavadebis mqone `didi Semoqmedni~<br />
gamiznulad, winaswarganzraxulad, umowyalod amaxinjeben, ufro<br />
sworad, TviTon igoneben faqtebs da cdiloben, yovelgvari qarTuli<br />
somxurad warmoaCinon. isini erTsa da imaves wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
imeoreben, magram TavianTi `mosazrebebis~ dasacavad erT wyarosac<br />
ki ver asaxeleben.<br />
2<br />
gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, 31 marti, 2011.
68<br />
anzor ToTaZe<br />
didi xania `yvelaCemia~ somxebi aTasgvar tyuils weren saqarTvelos<br />
Sesaxeb. kerZod, msoflio sazogadoebas gayalbebul istorias<br />
axveven Tavs: saqarTvelo da Tbilisi somxebma Seqmnes; samxreT kavkasia<br />
Turme mTlianad somxebiT yofila dasaxlebuli da Semdeg es teritoriebi,<br />
qarTvelebsa da azerbaijanelebs miuTvisebiaT; samcxe-javaxeTi<br />
somxebis istoriuli samSobloa; qvemo qarTlis toponimika pirwmindad<br />
somxuria; saqarTvelo wminda ninos ki ar mouqcevia qristianul<br />
sarwmunoebaze, aramed somxebs; qarTvelebma sakuTar teritoriaze<br />
dakarges kontroli viTomc somxebis mmarTvelobis Sewyvetis Semdeg;<br />
`vefxistyaosani~ somexma dawera da qarTvelebma Targmnes; yvela qarTveli<br />
Tavadi somxuri warmoSobisaa gamrekelis garda; msoflioSi<br />
cnobili `suliko~ daviT abramianma dawera, Semdeg qarTulad gada-<br />
Targmna somexi Tavadis rostom bagrationis Svilma, akaki bagratunma,<br />
romelic akaki wereTlis fsevdonimiT werda; giorgi saakaZe somexia;<br />
dediT da mamiT somexia stalini; borodinos gmiri petre bagrationi<br />
petros ovanesis Ze bagratunia; niko firosmaniSvili xelgaSlili<br />
somexi nikolai firosmaniania; saqarTvelos ukanaskneli mefe giorgi<br />
XII mamiT da dediT wminda somexi iyo; qarTuli samefo kari somxurad<br />
laparakobda da brZanebebsa da ganCinebebs somxur enaze gamoscemda;<br />
rusebi dRevandel saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovrebi uZvelesi<br />
xalxia, ise rogorc somxebi; `gruzia~ saqarTvelosaTvis rusebs<br />
daurqmeviaT da igi ukavSirdeba rusul sityva `gruzCiks~; qarTuli<br />
saxelmwifo pirvelad 1918 wels Seiqmna, somxeTis saxelmwifo ki<br />
daarsda 2017 wels Cvens welTaRricxvamde; me-19 s-is bolos Tbilisis<br />
mosaxleobis 90 %-s somxebi Seadgendnen, Semdeg modiodnen rusebi,<br />
osebi, afxazebi da qurTebi, qarTveli mxolod 1,5 % iyo; erTi s-is<br />
manZilze saqarTvelos somxebis naxevari asimilirebulia, rom ara<br />
qarTvelebis mier maTi asimilacia, me-20 s-is dasawyisSi TbilisSi<br />
somxebis ricxvi 2,5 milions miaRwevda; me-15 s-Si foTis mosaxleobas<br />
mTlianad somxebi Seadgendnen da qalaqis maxloblad 9 somxuri<br />
sofeli iyo gaSenebuli; sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg daisva saqarTvelodan<br />
somxebis gaZevebis sakiTxi; saqarTveloSi 650-ze meti<br />
somxuri eklesiaa; qarTuli Rvino saferavi Tu sxva qarTuli Rvinoebi<br />
da cnobili mineraluri wyali `borjomi~ somxurad monaTles; napoleonis<br />
pi radi mcveli rustamic ki somexad gamoacxades; saberZneTSi<br />
mcxovrebma vinme karapeta kalfaianma berZnul gazeT `kaTimerinis~<br />
meSveobiT mTel saberZneTs auwya, rom qarTvelebs arasodes hqoniaT<br />
saerTo istoria berZnebTan, rogorc berZnebsa da somxebs, isini xSirad<br />
exmarebodnen Turqebs berZnebisa da somxebis ganadgurebaSi da a. S.<br />
da a. S. aseTi paTologiuri azrebis CamoTvla usasrulod SeiZleba.
oca saunjes gedavebian<br />
69<br />
maT sWirT `avadmyofuri istorizmi~ (stalins uTqvams somxebis trabaxze<br />
istoriaSi). am vaimecnierebs awvalebT didi somxeTis aRdgenis<br />
idea, Tumca franguli andaza ambobs: `araferia uaresi, vidre fuWi<br />
ocneba~.<br />
Cven araerTxel vamxileT maTi sicrue da axla aq sityvas aRar<br />
gavagrZelebT, mxolod ramdenime SeniSvniT davkmayofildebiT.<br />
yvela aRniSnuli pretenzia somexi vaimecnierebis uazro tyuilia,<br />
romelic logikas ar eqvemdebareba. magaliTad, somexi istorikosi<br />
manuk manukiani wers: `me-18 saukunis dasawyisSi, TbilisSi mcxovrebi<br />
20 aTasi adamianisagan 12 aTasi somexi iyo. amden adamians bunebrivi<br />
asimilacia rom ar ganecada, maSin me-20 s-is dasawyisSi Tbilis-<br />
Si somxebis ricxvi 2,5 milions miaRwevda~. 3 _ am yovlad uazro<br />
gancxadebis Sesaxeb unda SevniSnoT Semdegi: Tbilisis mosaxleobis<br />
erovnuli Semadgenloba me-18 s-is dasawyisisaTvis, vTqvaT, iseTia,<br />
rogorc es manukians surs. Tu Tbilisis 20 aTasi mcxovrebidan 12<br />
aTasi iyo somexi, romelsac me-20 s-is dasawyisisaTvis 2,5 milionisaTvis<br />
unda mieRwia, maSin imave gaangariSebiT danarCeni 8 aTasi<br />
qarTveli 1,7 milioni unda gamxdariyo. amrigad gamodis, rom me-20<br />
s-is dasawyisSi TbilisSi 4,2 milion kacs ucxovria, magram ra vuyoT<br />
im faqts, rom 1897 wels ruseTis imperiis mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebis<br />
mixedviT TbilisSi mxolod 160 aTasi kaci cxovrobda da<br />
ara 4,2 milioni. manukiani isea dabrmavebuli Tavisi bneli zraxvebiT,<br />
erTi wuTiTac ar ufiqrdeba im faqts, rom 4,2 milioniani qalaqi<br />
me-20 s-is dasawyisSi msoflioSi saerTod arsebobda Tu ara. 1897<br />
wels moskovis mosaxleoba _ 1039 aTass, peterburgisa _ 1265 aTass,<br />
xolo kievisa _ 248 aTas kacs udrida. 4 Tu manukianis gaangariSebiT<br />
vixelmZRvanelebT, maSin, amJamad msoflioSi 6 miliardi kacis nacvlad<br />
218 miliardi kaci unda cxovrobdes. magram es ar aris mTavari.<br />
manuk manukiani xazs usvams im faqts, rom Tbilisis mosaxleobis<br />
umravlesobas somxebi Seadgendneno da amiT am garemoebas sxvagvar<br />
datvirTvas aniWebs.<br />
somexi mecnierebis mogonilia isic, rom TiTqos yvela qarTveli<br />
Tavadi somxuri warmomavlobisaa da erTaderTi qarTuli warmomavlobis<br />
Tavaduri gvari aris gamrekelio. sakiTxavia, SeiZleba erSi mxolod<br />
erTi Tavaduri gvari arsebobdes?! aseTi sisulele maT meored<br />
rom ar wamoscdeT, erT metad sando wyarosac mivuTiTebT: 1897 wels<br />
ruseTis imperiaSi Catarda mosaxleobis aRwera. am aRweris mixedviT,<br />
3<br />
somxuri gazeTi `hzor haireniqi~ (`samSoblos Zliereba~), 20 marti, 1999. qar-<br />
Tuli Targmani daibeWda gazeT `axal saqarTveloSi~, 29 aprili _ 5 maisi, 1999.<br />
4<br />
Народонаселение стран мира, М., 1984, с. 435.
70<br />
anzor ToTaZe<br />
qarTvelebSi STamomavlobiTi Tavadaznauroba 70 aTasze met kacs,<br />
anu mTeli qarTveli mosaxleobis 5,29 %-s udrida da es maCvenebeli<br />
Seudareblad maRali iyo imperiaSi mcxovreb sxva xalxebis Sesabamis<br />
maCvenebelTan SedarebiT. magaliTad, rusebSi igi 0,76, xolo saSualod<br />
imperiaSi 0,97 %-s Seadgenda. 5<br />
amasTan, kavkasiaSi mTeli Tavadaznauruli wodebis 41,5 % qarTveli<br />
Tavadaznauroba iyo, rusi _ 16,8 %, xolo somexi Tavadaznauroba<br />
mxolod 5,4 %-s udrida. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom es monacemebi moaqvs<br />
somexi vaimecnierebis ideologiur winapars, qarTveli eris winaaRmdeg<br />
gamoxtomebiT cnobil b. iSxanians, 1902 wels berlinSi germanul<br />
enaze gamocemul wignSi `kavkasiis xalxebi~, romlis rusuli Targmanic<br />
1916 wels petrogradSi daistamba.<br />
aseve srul gaugebrobazea agebuli mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />
`gruzia~ saqarTvelosaTvis, viTomc somxeTis am CrdiloeTi provinciisaTvis,<br />
Cvens welTaRricxvamde rusebs daurqmeviaT da igi<br />
ukavSirdeba sityva `gruzCiks~. am mezRapreebs sul ar aintersebT<br />
im uZveles dros sityva `gruzCiki~ rusul enaSi arsebobda Tu ara.<br />
me-19 s-Si moRvawe cnobil rus leqsikografs v. dals `ganmartebiT<br />
leqsikonSi~ sityva `gruzCiki~ ganmartebuli ar aqvs. leqsikonSi<br />
ganmartebulia mxolod sityva «грузить» da mocemulia misi variantebi.<br />
6 martooden Tanamedrove rusul leqsikonebSi gvxvdeba sityva<br />
«грузчик»-is ganmarteba. 7<br />
somexi vaimecnierebi aseTi cilismwamebluri publikaciebiT,<br />
mogonili absurduli pretenziebiT cdiloben CvenTan mcxovreb somex<br />
moqalaqeebs mouwamlon cnobiereba, daayenon isini agresiis gzaze.<br />
magaliTad, rodesac javaxeTSi mcxovreb somxebs wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
CasCiCineb, rom es teritoria somxuria da ara qarTuli, rom javaxeTis<br />
xuroTmoZRvreba somxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis nawilia da sxva<br />
aTasgvar nabodvarsac SesTavazeb, romelsac xels awers, vTqvaT akademikosi,<br />
metad Znelia SemdegSi am adamianebis gadarwmuneba, maTi<br />
WeSmaritebasTan ziareba.<br />
somexma urapatriotebma, romlebic cdiloben SeTxzuli an yurmokruli<br />
sisulele mecnierul naazrevad gaasaRon, SesaniSnavad<br />
ician, rom `ciliswameba naxSiria _ Tu ar dagwvavs, gagsvris mainc~.<br />
maT mier moyvanili usafuZvlo faqtebis gabaTileba sruliad ar aris<br />
Zneli, magram isini ukve warmoiTqva milionobiT mkiTxvelis winaSe<br />
5<br />
Общий свод по Империи результатов разработки данных первой всеобщей<br />
переписи населения произведенной 28 января 1897 года. С. Петербург., 1905, с. LVI.<br />
6<br />
В. Даль. Тольковый словарь, М., 1956, т. I, с. 400.<br />
7<br />
С. И. Ожегов. «Словарь русского языка», М., 1983, с. 131.
oca saunjes gedavebian<br />
71<br />
da axla maT najaxiTac veRar amoZirkvav. ase, rom `piesa dadgmulia,<br />
sapeqtakli gaTamaSebulia~. publikaciebma ukve Seasrules TavianTi<br />
roli qarTveli xalxis sazianod.<br />
aqve gvinda xazgasmiT aRvniSnoT, rom rodesac somxebis mier usafuZvlo<br />
pretenziebze vsaubrobT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ara somexi<br />
xalxi, aramed `somexTa gulnamceca mecnierebi~, romlebic mas Semdeg,<br />
rac saqarTvelom damoukidebloba moipova, magram am gzaze bevr<br />
winaaRmdegobas waawyda, gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurdnen. `droa niRabi<br />
avxadoT im erT gunds somxebisas, romelTa mecnierni aseT yofas gvaweven<br />
qarTvelebs, didsa da pataras gamouklebliv~ (ilia WavWavaZe).<br />
2009 wels erevanSi rusul enaze gamoica erevnis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis somxeTis mezobeli qveynebis istoriis kaTedris aspirantis,<br />
vae sarqisianis 380-gverdiani wigni `javaxqi 1988-2008 wleb-<br />
Si~, romelic aspirantis mier sxvadasxva dros dawerili statiebis<br />
krebulia da mTlianad mimarTulia saqarTvelos suverenitetis winaaRmdeg.<br />
wigni gamocemulia analitikur centr `mitkis~ mier, romlis<br />
Tavmjdomare grant meliq-Saxnazariani SesavalSi gvamcnobs: `v.<br />
sarqisianis statiebi exeba somxuri regionis samcxe-javaxq-walkis<br />
sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan problemebs... ukanasknel or weliwadSi<br />
vae sarqisianma yovelmxriv Seiswavla samcxe-javaxq-walkis politikuri,<br />
ekonomikuri, socialuri procesebi da somexi sazogadoebis<br />
yuradReba miapyro situaciis mTel seriozulobas da siZneleebs,<br />
romlebic Seiqmna samSoblos am regionSi. amJamad vae sarqisiani<br />
erTaderTia, vinc seriozulad swavlobs saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi<br />
am somxuri regionis Tanamedrove problemebs... samcxe-javaxqwalka<br />
yoveli somxis da gansakuTrebiT somxeTis saxelmwifoebriobis<br />
mxridan politikur yuradRebas saWiroebs. dRes mimdinareobs am<br />
regionis somxebisagan `gawmendis~ procesebi, rac somxeTis respublikas<br />
uSualo safrTxes uqmnis. mxolod am gamowvevebis sworma<br />
gagebam da gaazrebam, maTma sworma politikurma Sefasebam SeiZleba<br />
gadaarCinos Cveni samSoblo... gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />
am problemis gadawyvetiskenaa mimarTuli vae sarqisianis mTeli moRvaweoba<br />
ukanasknel wlebSi... v. sarqisiani darwmunebulia, rom am<br />
sakiTxebis yovelmxrivma Seswavlam am regionis samSoblos SemadgenlobaSi<br />
moqcevis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba migviyvanos somxebis, rogorc<br />
erTiani da suverenuli xalxis, ganviTarebasa da ayvavebamde~.<br />
amave wignis winasityvaobaSi ekonomikis mecnierebaTa kandidati,<br />
imave `mitkis~ eqsperti eduard abramiani gvmoZRvravs: mraval Sena-<br />
ZenTan erTad, rac somex xalxs Tavisi istoriis ganmavlobaSi hqonia,<br />
didia misi danakargebic kulturuli faseulobebis, mosaxleobis,
72<br />
anzor ToTaZe<br />
saxelmwifoebriobisa da, bolos, samSoblos saxiT. wigni, romlic<br />
devs mkiTxvelis winaSe, warmoadgens im regionis ocwlian (1988-2008<br />
ww.) istorias, romelic somxeTis istoriuli samSoblos nawilia<br />
da somexi xalxis zemoCamoTvlil danakargebSi Sedis. amasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
e. abramiani saWirod Tvlis warmoadginos regionis politikuri<br />
formulireba: istoriuli somxeTis (CrdiloeTi somxeTi)<br />
olqebi _ samcxe (axalcxa, Tanamedrove adigenis, axalcixis da<br />
aspinZis raionebi), javaxqi (axalqalaqi, Tanamedrove axalqalaqisa<br />
da ninowmindis raionebi) da walka (trexqis olqi da javaxqis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi<br />
nawili, Tanamedrove walkis raioni) erTiandeba erT<br />
politikur regionad, romelic iRebs saxelwodebas `javaxq~ da es<br />
regioni, misi azriT, aris somxebis istoriuli samSoblo. 8<br />
aq saWirod migvaCnia aRvniSnoT, rom samcxe-javaxeTi Tavankara qarTuli<br />
toponimebiTaa mofenili. somexi avtorebi umowyalod amaxinjeben<br />
am toponimebs, raTa maTi qarTuli warmomavloba ar gamoCndes.<br />
magaliTad, javaxeTs uwodeben javaxq-s, axalcixes _ axalcxa-s da<br />
a. S., Tanac zogierT toponims mizanmimarTulad ise amaxinjeben, rom<br />
maTi somxurad gaazrebac moaxerxon.<br />
abramianis azriT, am regionis xangrZlivad floba rogorc adre<br />
Turqebis, ise qarTvelebis mier mxolod droebiTi movlenaa. swored<br />
amitom, saqarTvelo da yovelive qarTuli aq mcxovrebi somxebisaTvis<br />
ucxo da miuRebelia. am regionSi mcxovreb somxebs SeuZlebelia<br />
aswavlon qarTuli ena, Tundac qarTulma da saerTaSoriso organizaciebma<br />
am saqmeSi milionobiT dolari Cadon, radgan aq somxebi<br />
TavianT `samSobloSi~ arian. javaxeTis somxebi ukanaskneli 180 weli<br />
ar grZnobdnen Tavs saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi da miiCneven am saxelmwifos<br />
iseve, rogorc aqamde, 200 weli miiCnevdnen osmaleTis imperias.<br />
abramianis azriT, am teritoriebiT `sunTqavs~ dRes somxeTis<br />
respublika. somxeTis eri grZeldeba Tavis bunebriv sazRvrebSi da<br />
es sazRvrebi SeuZlebelia Seicvalos. `am sferoSi~ didi Tu patara<br />
politikis yoveli miRweva metad droebiTia.<br />
vae sarqisianis yvela statia aRniSnuli suliskveTebiTaa gaJRen-<br />
Tili. misi `naazrevi~ metad saSiSia ara marto qarTuli saxelmwifosTvis.<br />
igi qarTul miwebs somxurad acxadebs da qarTvelebis<br />
saxiT mtris xatis daxatvas cdilobs, agresias aRvivebs sakuTar<br />
erSi, magram ra SeiZleba mohyves amas, srulebiTac ar aRelvebs. sarqisiani<br />
daufaravad Tesavs SuRlsa da mtrobas or mezobel, istoriulad<br />
megobar xalxs Soris, romlebsac damoukideblobis aRdgenis<br />
Semdeg bevri da mniSvnelovani saqme aqvT gasakeTebeli.<br />
8<br />
В. Саркисян, Джавахк в 1988-2008 гг., Ереван, 2009, gv. 6.
oca saunjes gedavebian<br />
73<br />
amasTan, ZirSive mcdaria mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom uyuradRebod<br />
unda davtovoT iseTi tendenciuri literatura, romelic, rogorc<br />
wesi, mdare samecniero Rirebulebisaa da amitom TiTqos ar Rirs<br />
mopaeqris doneze daSveba. am mxriv savsebiT veTanxmebiT Jurnal<br />
`artanujis~ redaqcias, romelic 1998 wels miuTiTebda: `wayruebis<br />
politikis negatiuri Sedegebi ukve zedapirze Zevs. somxuri saistorio<br />
mecniereba saeWvo Rirebulebis naSromebiT uxvad amaragebs,<br />
erTi mxriv, ucxoeTis samecniero wreebs, xolo, meore mxriv, saqarTveloSi<br />
mcxovreb somxebs da am gziT misTvis xelsayrel azrs amkvidrebs...<br />
somex istorikosTa `araseriozuli~ naSromebiT sakmaod<br />
seriozuli politika tardeba~. 9<br />
sxvisi miwebis miTvisebis pretenziebi somxebs sxva qveynebis<br />
mimarTac aqvT. maTi vai-mecnierebi iqeqebian istoriis analebSi da<br />
sxva qveynebSi eZeben somxeTis ararsebul teritoriebs. amisTvis ar<br />
eridebian arc mosyidvas, arc ukadrisi gziT sxvisi qonebis xelSi<br />
Cagdebas, arc aSkarad sxvisi xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebis miTvisebis<br />
mcdelobas da arc istoriuli faqtebis kuriozebamde misul damaxinjebas.<br />
am mxriv niSandoblivia didi rusi mwerlisa da saxelmwifo<br />
moRvawis aleqsandre griboedovis mier 1820-ian wlebSi ruseTis<br />
imperator nikoloz pirvelisadmi gagzavnili werili, romelSic<br />
naTqvamia: `Tqveno aRmatebulebav, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar misceT<br />
somxebs centraluri ruseTis miwebze dasaxelebis ufleba. es iseTi<br />
eria, romelic ramdenime aTeuli wlis Semdeg miiTvisebs da mTel<br />
msoflios ganucxadebs, rom es maTi uZvelesi miwaa~. 10 iqneb amis<br />
Sedegicaa, rom ruseTis bevr raionSi, sadac somxebi raodenobrivad<br />
rusebis Semdeg meore adgilze arian, magaliTad, krasnodaris mxare-<br />
Si, rogorc moskovis politikuri da samxedro analizis isntitutis<br />
ganyofilebis gamge s. markedonovi aRniSnavs, ramdenjerme moxda<br />
Tavdasxma somxebze, moTxovniT maTi gasaxlebis Sesaxeb.<br />
sagulisxmoa, rom 1985 wels, rodesac aTenSi partia `daSnakcutiunis~<br />
23-e yriloba Sedga da somxeTis sazRvrebis gafarToebis<br />
sakiTxi daayenes, xmebis mciredi upiratesobiT xma misces yarabaRis<br />
da ara samcxe-javaxeTis dapyrobas. amitomac axla ukve javaxeTSi<br />
Seqmnili partiis _ `virqisa~ da adgilobrivi `daSnakcuTiunis~<br />
warmomadgenlebis azriT, `javaxqi saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi<br />
droebiT imyofeba da adre Tu gvian somxeTs SeuerTdeba~, rac imas<br />
niSnavs, rom, faqtobrivad, somxeTi SeiZleba seriozulad aRmoCndes<br />
axali omis sazRvarze!<br />
9<br />
Jur. `artanuji~, 1998, #7, gv. 4.<br />
10<br />
Армянский терор. Баку, 2005, с. 164.
74<br />
anzor ToTaZe<br />
movlenebis aseTi msvleloba im garemoebamac ganapiroba, rom<br />
mTiani yarabaRi iyo avtonomiuri olqi, xolo samcxe-javaxeTi upiratesad<br />
somxebiT dasaxlebuli saqarTvelos teritoriaa. sainformacio<br />
wyaro `trend~-is Tanaxmad, `somxebis warmodgenaSi, avtonomia<br />
_ es aris somxebiT dasaxlebuli sxva qveynebis regionebis<br />
`amputaciis~ swori da warmatebuli dasawyisi. unda vaRiaroT, rom<br />
saqarTvelosTvis arsebobs qveynis samxreTSi warmoqmnili problemebis<br />
didi riski. amisTvis ibrZolebs ara mxolod somxuri diaspora,<br />
aramed zogierTi gare moTamaSec, romlisTvisac xelsayrelia<br />
situaciis destabilizacia qveyanaSi~. 11<br />
axla imis Sesaxebac unda iTqvas, rom somxebma marTlac ganaxorcieles<br />
genocidi saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT javaxeTSi, qarTvelebis<br />
istoriul samSobloSi, rogorc demografiul, ise<br />
kulturul sferoebSi. Zalian zogadad Tu vityviT, am orasi wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi isini mosyidviT da sxva maqinaciebiT masobrivad esaxlebodnen<br />
saqarTvelos saukeTeso adgilebSi (javaxeTis garda,<br />
TbilisSi, afxazeTsa da aWaraSi), vaWrobiTa da motyuebiT xelSi<br />
igdebdnen qarTvelebis simdidres, iZendnen didi raodenobiT qarTul<br />
miwebs, am miwebze mcxovreb qarTvelebs aRebinebdnen somxur grigorianul<br />
sarwmunoebas da asomxebdnen da sxv. swored am gziT dasaxldnen<br />
somxebi afxazeTSi, sadac maTi raodenoba 1886-1979 wlebSi<br />
gaizarda 1037-dan 73 aTas kacamde, anu 70-jer, xolo qarTvelebisa<br />
_ 34806 kacidan 213 aTas kacamde, anu 6,1-jer. swored somxebis afxazeTSi<br />
damkvidrebisa da qarTvelebis iqidan gamodevnis mizniT,<br />
bagramianis somxurma batalionma 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, konfliqtis<br />
dros afxazeTSi qarTvelebis sisxlis Rvari daayena da<br />
amisTvis bodiSic ki arc erT somexs ar mouxdia. piriqiT, zemoxsenebuli<br />
vae sarqisiani gaxarebuli acxadebs: amJamad afxazeTSi, rogorc<br />
cnobilia, somxebis didi ricxvi cxovrobs, romlebic raodenobiT<br />
afxazebsac ar Camouvardebiano. 12<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, rasac istoriis Tvali swvdeba, somxebs<br />
javaxeTSi, TiTo-orola kacis garda, arasodes ucxovriaT, miT<br />
umetes, kompaqturad. amas adasturebs Tanamedrove piruTvneli somexi<br />
mecnierebis gamokvlevebic. magaliTad, rogorc amerikeli mecnieri,<br />
warmoSobiT somexi a. qoCiqiani aRniSnavs: `ruseT-TurqeTis<br />
1828-1829 wlebis omamde gadasaxlebul somexTa umravlesoba saqarTvelos<br />
dedaqalaq TbilisSi cxovrobda. rodesac qveynis samxreTi<br />
raionebi ruseTs SeuerTda, bevri somexi osmaleTis imperiidan emi-<br />
11<br />
gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, 25 ivnisi, 2011.<br />
12<br />
v. sarqisiani. dasax. naSromi, gv. 276.
oca saunjes gedavebian<br />
75<br />
graciaSi wavida, dasaxldnen mesxeTsa da javaxeTSi, sadac TanadTanobiT<br />
Seadgines mosaxleobis umravlesoba. amJamad am teritoriebis<br />
mcxovrebTa ZiriTadi nawili im somxebis STamomavlebi arian, romlebmac<br />
datoves erzerumi 1877-1878 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdeg~.<br />
metad sayuradReboa a. qoCiqianis Semdegi gancxadebac: `erevanma ar<br />
unda gaaRvivos nacionalisturi ganwyobileba sazogadoebriv da<br />
politikur sferoebSi, unda daexmaros javaxeTs, magram amave dros<br />
unda daicvas saqarTvelos suvereniteti~ 13<br />
veraviTar kritikas ver uZlebs v. sarqisianis yalbi gancxadeba<br />
imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos qarTvelebi somxebs saqarTvelodan da, maT<br />
Soris, javaxeTidan aZevebdnen. sapirispiro ki namdvilad xdeba. am<br />
bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi somxebma ise Seaviwroves qarTvelebi, rom<br />
isini iZulebuli gaxdnen gamoqceuliyvnen TavianTi ZirZveli miwidan,<br />
romlis dasacavad maT winaprebs uamravi sisxli dauRvriaT.<br />
ruseTis imperatoris brZanebiT, 1886 wels Sedga amierkavkasiis<br />
mosaxleobis saojaxo siebi. am aRweris mixedviT, javaxeTSi cxovrobda<br />
59496 kaci, maT Soris 9771 qarTveli (16,4 procenti) da 42301<br />
somexi (71 procenti). somxebs qarTvelebi rom ar SeeviwroebinaT,<br />
maSin qarTvelebis raodenoba imave tempiT gaizrdeboda, rogoriTac<br />
somxebisa. 1989 wels ki javaxeTSi cxovrobda 97056 somexi da 3459<br />
qarTveli. amrigad, somxebis raodenoba javaxeTSi 1886-1989 wlebSi<br />
2,3-jer gaizarda (97056:42301). aseTive zrdis pirobebSi 1989 wels<br />
javaxeTSi unda ecxovra sul mcire 22473 qarTvels 3459-is qarTvelis<br />
nacvlad.<br />
gavaanalizoT konkretuli demografiuli monacemebi: 1989 wels<br />
ruseTSi mudmivad cxovrobda 532 aTasi somexi, xolo 2002 wels _<br />
1130 aTasi. amrigad, aRniSnul periodSi ruseTSi mudmivad mcxovrebi<br />
somxebis raodenoba 598 aTasi kaciT gaizarda. ZiriTadad es<br />
zrda moxda sxvadasxva respublikidan (maT Soris, saqarTvelodan)<br />
somxebis mudmiv sacxovreblad ruseTSi gadasvlis Sedegad. amasve<br />
amtkicebs saerTaSoriso migraciis monacemebi. kerZod, saqarTvelodan<br />
2006-2008 wlebSi ruseTSi Sevida 26207 kaci, xolo somxeTidan,<br />
romlis mosaxleoba 1,4-jer naklebia saqarTvelos mosaxleobaze,<br />
ruseTSi imave sam weliwadSi Sevida 78916 kaci, anu saqarTvelosTan<br />
SedarebiT 52709 kaciT meti, romlebic, rogorc vnaxeT, ZiriTadad<br />
iqve rCebian sacxovreblad. maS, ra gamodis, somxebi somxeTidan<br />
somxebs aZeveben?<br />
v. sarqisiani samcxe-javaxeTSi moswavleTa da, uwinaresad,<br />
13<br />
А. Кочикян. Прошлое и настоящее грузино-армянских отношении. Жур. «Це н-<br />
тральная Азия и Кавказ». №6 (30), 2003, с. 150.
76<br />
anzor ToTaZe<br />
pirvelklaselTa ricxvis Semcirebasac am kuTxidan somexTa gaZevebas<br />
ukavSirebs. igi aRniSnavs: statistikuri monacemebis Tanaxmad,<br />
pirvelklaselTa ricxvi axalqalaqis raionSi TandaTanobiT mcirdeba.<br />
kerZod, Tu 1994 wels am raionSi 1880 pirvelklaseli iyo, ukve<br />
2004 wels maTi raodenoba 943-s udrida, anu 10 weliwadSi pirvelklaselTa<br />
raodenoba 900 kaciT da metad Semcirdao. 14 aseTi viTarebaa<br />
mTel saqarTveloSi da aramarto axalqalaqSi. kerZod, Tu 1980-1989<br />
wlebSi, aT weliwadSi saqarTveloSi 935776 bavSvi daibada, 1995-2004<br />
wlebSi, isev aT weliwadSi, daibada 504302 bavSvi, anu 431474-iT naklebi.<br />
aseT pirobebSi moswavleTa raodenoba qveyanaSi mniSvnelovnad<br />
Semcirda da zogierTi skola daixura kidec. ra gasakviria, rom<br />
axalqalaqis raionSic moswavleTa raodenoba Semcirebuliyo?<br />
axla mTavar saTqmelsac unda SevexoT. saqarTveloSi somxebs<br />
odiTganve cxovrebis saukeTeso pirobebi hqondaT Seqmnili, rac<br />
TviT somxeTis mTavrobis wevrebsa da kulturis moRvaweebs araerTxel<br />
aRuniSnavT. axlac saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi somxebi swavloben<br />
mSobliur enaze somxur skolebSi, biujetidan gamoiyofa sakmaod<br />
didi saxsrebi 170-ze meti somxuri skolis dasafinanseblad, saxelmwifo<br />
biujetidan finansdeba agreTve somxuri Teatri, gazeTi<br />
da a. S. msoflioSi ver naxavT msgavs precedents. rogorc wesi, saxelmwifo<br />
afinansebs mxolod im skolebs, Teatrebs, gazeTebs (isic<br />
iSviaT SemTxvevaSi), romlebic saxelmwifo enaze funqcionirebs.<br />
ase rom, Tuki saqarTveloSi mcxovreb somxebs surT maTma Svilebma<br />
somxur enaze iswavlon, Tu maT surT iaron somxur TeatrSi, ikiTxon<br />
somxuri gazeTebi, naxon somxuri gadacemebi televiziiT, wesiT maT<br />
TviTon unda Seagrovon fuli da sakuTari xarjebiT gaxsnan somxuri<br />
skolebi, daaarson somxuri Teatri, somxuri gazeTi, somxuri<br />
gadacemebi televiziasa da radioSi da a. S., ise, rogorc amas adgili<br />
aqvs msoflios yvelaze demokratiul qveyanaSi _ amerikis SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi, sadac somxuri diaspora am xarjs Tavad afinansebs.<br />
somxebi ki TavianT qveyanaSi mravalaTasian mitingebs awyobdnen yvela<br />
ucxouri skolis, maT Soris, rusuli skolis gaxsnis sawinaaRmdegod.<br />
amave dros somxeTi erTaderTi yofili sabWoTa respublikaa,<br />
sadac ucxoenovani skolebis gaxsna ikrZaleba, radgan somxebi amas<br />
sakuTari enis Seuracxyofad da upativcemulobad aRiqvamen. 15 am<br />
dros, rogorc aRvniSneT, saqarTveloSi, kerZod, mTel javaxeTSi da<br />
im regionebSi, sadac somxebi kompaqturad cxovroben, yvelgan gaxsnilia<br />
somxuri skolebi saxelmwifos xarjze. sakiTxi rom mTlianad<br />
14<br />
v. sarqisiani. dasx. naSromi, gv. 280.<br />
15<br />
gaz. `saqarTvelos resoublika~, 18 agvisto, 2011.
oca saunjes gedavebian<br />
77<br />
naTeli gaxdes, erTic unda aRvniSnoT. rodesac somxebs sakuTari<br />
parlamentis mier enasTan dakavSirebiT kanonproeqtSi Setanili cvlilebebi<br />
ar moewonaT, mTel erevanSi saprotesto mitingebi gaimarTa,<br />
quCebSi aTasobiT lozungi gaikra: `SeinarCune Seni geni da Seni ena~.<br />
am dros somexi vaimecnierebis azriT, saWiroa samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi<br />
meore saxelmwifo enad somxuri gamocxaddes. komentarebi,<br />
marTlac, zedmetia, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi Rirs akaki wereTeli gavixsenoT:<br />
`sadac ki somexs arSini Seutania, yvela `haiastani~ hgonia~.<br />
miTuri `didi somxeTis~ aRdgenis safuZvlis momzadebisaTvis<br />
somxoba arafers erideba _ qmnian aTasgvar siyalbes imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />
kacobriobis kulturuli memkvidreoba didadaa davalebuli somxebisagan.<br />
isini mecnierul yalTabandobaSi araerTxel amxiles saqveynod<br />
cnobilma mecnierebma. magaliTad, somexma crumecnierebma ucxour<br />
JurnalebSi inglisur enaze dabeWdes statiebi Cvens welTaRricxvamde<br />
XIX s-is somxuri (haiasuri) monetebis Sesaxeb, romlebic cnobili<br />
rusi mecnierebis azriT, sinamdvileSi XII-XIII ss-ebs ganekuTvneba<br />
da gamoSvebulia azerbaijaneli aTabagebis mier. analogiuri yalbi<br />
mosazrebebi aqvT gamoTqmuli somxuri ieroglifuri damwerlobis<br />
Taobaze. mewamoris qvaze arsebul arabul warwerebs, romlebic Cveni<br />
eris XIX s-s miekuTvneba, 40 saukuniT aZveleben da asaReben Cvens<br />
welTaRricxvamde XIX-XVII ss-is haiasur ieroglifur damwerlobad,<br />
romlisganac warmoiSva Turme msoflios yvela anbani.<br />
msoflioSi aRiarebulma mecnierebma, maT Soris, cnobilma rusma<br />
mecnierma akademikosma b. piotrovskim sakadrisi pasuxi gasca `didi<br />
somxeTis~ aRdgenis ideiT daavadebul somxebs, raTa `SeeCerebina<br />
uwignuri `Teoriebis~ nakadi~. 16<br />
mraval aseT kuriozul mosazrebas gamoTqvamen somexi `mecnierebi~<br />
da TiTqos arc Rirs maTze yuradRebis gamaxvileba, magram kidev<br />
erTi mosazerebis Sesaxeb mainc unda SevCerdeT, romelic gviCvenebs,<br />
Tu sadamde SeiZleba migviyvanos gandidebis maniam.<br />
zogierTi somexi mecnieri somxur xuroTmoZRvrebas miiCnevs gansakuTrebul<br />
fenomenad, romelmac didi da gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa<br />
romauli religiuri xelovnebis CasaxvaSi, goTikis warmoSobaSi. maTi<br />
azriT, italiis, safrangeTis, germaniisa da evropis sxva qveynebis<br />
qalaqebs aSkarad etyoba somxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis gavlena. metad<br />
absurdulad JRers imis mtkiceba somxebis mxridan, TiTqos leonardo<br />
da vinCis mogzaurobas somxeTSi dasavleTisa da, gansakuTrebiT,<br />
italieli istorikosebi mxolod imis gamo uaryofen, rom ar surT<br />
16<br />
Б. Пиотровский. Письмо в редакцию. «Историко-Филологический Журнал».<br />
Ереван, 1971, №3, с. 202-203.
78<br />
anzor ToTaZe<br />
aRiaron somxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis gavlena leonardo da vinCze. 17<br />
zemoT aRniSnulis Semdeg gasakviri ar aris somexi mecnierebis jiuti<br />
mcdeloba, daamkvidron azri, saqarTveloSi 650-ze meti somxuri<br />
eklesiis arsebobis Sesaxeb. maTi azriT, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis<br />
Sedevrebi _ mcxeTis jvari, oSki, xaxuli, iSxani, Satberdi da mravali<br />
sxva ukvdavi Zegli somxuria, Tumca es Zeglebi Tavisi arqiteqturiT,<br />
mTeli Tavisi morTulobiT, es iqneba skulpturuli reliefi, ornamenti<br />
Tu kedlis mxatvroba, qarTuli kulturis organuli nawilia, qarTuli<br />
xuroTmoZRvrebaa, rom araferi vTqvaT qarTul asomTavrul warwerebze,<br />
romlebic am nagebobebis kedlebze mravlad gvxvdeba.<br />
axlaxan saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesias oficialuri<br />
vizitiT ewvia yovelTa somexTa kaTolikosi garegin II. somxebi imedovnebdnen,<br />
rom garegin II miaRwevda SeTanxmebas somxuri eparqiis<br />
iuridiuli statusis miRebasa da misTvis eqvsi eklesiis dabrunebis<br />
Sesaxeb, romlebsac somxeTis mxare Tavisas uwodebs, qarTul mxares ki<br />
isini sadavod miaCnia. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, garegin meoresTan Sexvedrisas<br />
kaTolikos-patriarqma ilia meorem ganacxada: `ra statusic<br />
eqneba saqarTvelos eklesias somxeTSi, igive statusi eqneba somxeTis<br />
eklesias saqarTveloSi. rac Seexeba taZrebis sakiTxs: is moTxovnebi,<br />
romelic arsebobs qarTvelebis mxridan somxeTisadmi da, Tavis<br />
mxriv, somxeTis pretenziebi saqarTvelos mimarT, samecniero doneze<br />
unda ganvixiloT. taZrebis sakiTxi mecnierebma saguldagulod unda<br />
Seiswavlon... orive mxares aqvs sabuTebi imisa, rom somxuri eklesiebi<br />
arsebobda saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc qarTuli eklesiebi arsebobda<br />
somxeTSi. Cven moviwvevT samecniero komisias, romelic orive mxaris<br />
poziciebs ganixilavs... ar SeiZleba urTierTobebsa da problemebze<br />
calmxrivad saubari. urTierToba ormxrivi unda iyos. roca vsaubrobT<br />
ama Tu im eklesiis dabrunebaze, kargad unda dadgindes, Tu vis<br />
ekuTvnoda igi warsulSi. Cven aucileblad unda vTqvaT, rom problemebi<br />
somxeTis mxaresac aqvs da saqarTvelosac; qarTvelebsac gvaqvs<br />
Cveni moTxovnebi. imedi maqvs, rom Tqveni uwmindesoba xels Segviwyobs<br />
Cveni eklesiebisa da monastrebis dabrunebaSi.<br />
Cvens urTierTobaSi, romelic samagaliTo unda iyos, ar SeiZleba<br />
arsebobdes mxolod calmxrivi moZraoba; interesebi ormxrivad unda<br />
iyos gaTvaliswinebuli~. 18<br />
marTlac, interesebi, ormxrivad unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />
uamravi wyaro da dokumenti arsebobs, rogorc somxur, ise qarTul<br />
enebze, romlebic amtkiceben dRevandeli somxeTis teritoriaze qa-<br />
17<br />
К. Зарьян, Леонардо да Винчи и Армения, Жур. «Литературная Армения», 1971, №6, с. 60.<br />
18<br />
`sapatriarqos uwyebani~, 16-22 ivnisi, 2001, gv. 5.
oca saunjes gedavebian<br />
79<br />
rTvelebis cxovrebas da qarTuli Zeglebis arsebobas. somxur eklesieb-<br />
Si moipoveba qarTuli warwerebi da freskebi, Cans qarTuli epitafiebi.<br />
am mxriv metad sainteresoa akademikos niko maris naSromze dayrdnobiT<br />
istorikos d. berZeniSvilis msjeloba: `nuTu... naklebad metyvelia<br />
qarTuli warwerebi somxeTis teritoriaze, an ufro mcire sabuTia anisSi<br />
qarTuli mosaxleobis arsebobis warmosaCenad saqarTvelos kaTolikosis<br />
mowodeba mrevlisadmi, romelic anisis marTlmadidebluri<br />
eklesiis qarTul warweraSia SemorCenili: `mkuidrno amis qalaqisano<br />
qarTvelno!.. ese me etifanes kaTalikozsa CemiTa xeliTa damiweria, odes<br />
anis eklesiani vakurTxen~. 19 metad sagulisxmoa, rom kaTolikosi anisSi<br />
mcxovreb qarTvelebs mkvidrebs uwodebs da amasTan ramdenime eklesiac<br />
ukurTxebia _ `anis eklesiani vakurTxeno~.<br />
somxebisaTvis eklesiebis gadacemis sakiTxs, samwuxarod, metad<br />
zereled Sexeda prof. zurab kiknaZem, ris Sesaxebac aucileblad<br />
saWiroa aRiniSnos, radgan aseTi mosazreba did safrTxesTan aris<br />
dakavSirebuli. am sakiTxze misi interviu daibeWda gazeTSi `kviris<br />
palitra~ (27 ivnisi, 2011).<br />
b-i zurab kiknaZe gvmoZRvravs: `rac ufro mets gascem, mets mii-<br />
Reb~, `rasaca gascem _ Senia~, am sityvebiT ar vamayobT? Cven xom<br />
gv inda, rom sxva qveyanaSi Cveni Zeglebi daculi iyos da Cvenve gveku-<br />
T v nodes? Tu amas winaT inglisSi eklesiis Senobac ki SeviZineT, mzad<br />
varT imisaTvis, rom somxebs Tundac gamovasyidinoT romelime maTi ku-<br />
Tvnili Senoba?~ b-ni zurabi ise wers, TiTqos saqarTvelos ek lesiebi<br />
memkvidreobiT ergo. gasagebad iyo gacxadebuli, rom unda da dgindes,<br />
romelia namdvilad somxuri eklesia saqarTveloSi, da ro melia qarTuli<br />
eklesia somxeTSi da problema amis Semdeg unda mogvardes.<br />
b-i zurabi TanagrZnobiT acxadebs, romelime eklesia mainc gamovasyidinoT<br />
somxebs da rac mets gavcemT, miT mets miviRebTo. rasac<br />
Cven miviRebT, is mere daviTvaloT, xolo didi rusTavelis aforizmis<br />
`rasaca gascem _ Senia~ moxsenieba am konteqstSi uxerxulia, es sibrZne<br />
sxva movlenisa da viTarebisaTvisaa gankuTvnili da ara Cveni<br />
erovnuli simdidris gasaniaveblad. rusTavels Semdegic aqvs naTqvami:<br />
`grZeli sityva mokled iTqmis, Sairia amad kargi~ da mis sapirispirod<br />
ambobs: `moSaire ara hqvian, veras ityvis vinca grZelad~.<br />
orTave am aforizmSi didi sibrZnea Cadebuli, magram maTi moSveliebis<br />
dros unda ganvsazRvroT, TiToeuli ra viTarebaSi da rodis<br />
unda gamoviyenoT. b-ni zurabis nebaze rom iyos, maSin unda gavceT<br />
afxazeTi qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli ZeglebiT, yofili samxreT oseTis<br />
olqi aseve qarTuli ZeglebiT, gavceT samcxe-javaxeTi, romelsac<br />
19<br />
d. berZeniSvili, Jur. `artanuji~, #7, 1998, gv. 27.
80<br />
anzor ToTaZe<br />
somxebi TavianT istoriul samSoblod da somxeTis respublikis<br />
ganuyofel nawilad Tvlian, gavceT qvemo qarTli, gavceT aWara,<br />
romelzec TurqeTs uWiravs Tvali da Semdeg, rac dagvrCeba gasacemi<br />
da samagierod rasac mets miviRebT, imasac vnaxavT.<br />
somxebisTvis eklesiebis gadacemis survilis gamo ar SeiZleba<br />
vTqvaT, axlaxan Cvenc xom SeviZineT inglisSi eklesiis Senobao.<br />
somxebs, rom ase haiharad gadavceT eklesiebi maTi kuTvnilebis<br />
sakiTxis garkvevis gareSe, es didi safrTxis Semcvelia. inglisSi ki<br />
araTu eklesiis SeZena, aramed iq saqarTvelos mTeli mosaxleobis<br />
gadasaxlebac ki, inglisisTvis araviTar safrTxes ar warmoadgens.<br />
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqisa da sruliad somexTa kaTolikosis<br />
Sexvedraze somxeTis mxridan dayenebul moTxovnebze damajerebeli<br />
pasuxi iqna gacemuli, oRond esaa, karg mTqmels kargi<br />
gamgonec unda.<br />
gvinda kidev erTxel xazgasmiT ganvacxadoT, rom vae sarqisianis<br />
380-gverdiani wigni mTlianad siyalbezea agebuli da, amdenad, Seu-<br />
Zlebelia erT statiaSi yvela mis paTologiur azrze pasuxis gacema,<br />
magram, rac iTqva, vfiqrobT, naTlad warmoaCens rogorc v. sarqisianis,<br />
ise misi wignis recenzentebis, Sesavlisa da winasityvaobis avtorebis<br />
namdvil saxes, maTs mzakvrul Canafiqrs. gvjera, rom maTi `naazrevi~<br />
dapirispirebis sazrdos ver povebs Cvens xalxebSi da Cveni saukunovani<br />
megobroba, erTmaneTis Tanadgoma Wirsa da lxinSi, qarTvelTa da somexTa<br />
mtkice Tanaarsebobis safuZveli iqneba momavalSic.<br />
v. sarqisianis msgavsi mosazrebebis tiraJirebiT Tavs ar gvawyenen<br />
sxva somexi vaimecnierebic. sul axlaxans `Forum msk.ru~-ze gamoqveynda<br />
afxazeTis aRiarebis sakiTxebze ucnobi avtoris statia,<br />
romelic wvimis wveTiviT hgavs rogorc v. sarqisianis, aseve axlaxans<br />
vinme g. aRanianis gamoqveynebul statiebs da amdenad Cans, rom ucnobi<br />
avtoris statiac romelime somexi urapatriotis najaxirebia.<br />
kidev erTxel unda aRvniSnoT, rom, samwuxarod, aseTi statiebi<br />
ibeWdeba ucxoeTSi inglisur, rusul da sxva enebze, Cven ki mxolod<br />
qarTulad pasuxis gacemiT vifarglebiT da Cvens wvenSi vixarSebiT.<br />
amis Sedegad msoflios sazogadoeba sruliad moklebulia realuri<br />
viTarebis Sesaxeb codnis miRebas da wlidan wlamde vagebT informaciul<br />
oms. sakiTxi saxelmwifoebriv doneze unda wydebodes, rogorc<br />
es Cvens mezobel qveynebSi xdeba.<br />
ucnobi avtoris azriT, Tu saqarTvelo afxazeTs aRiarebs, amas<br />
aucileblad moyveba afxazeTis msoflio aRiareba da dasavleTi<br />
Seecdeba, ar dauSvas aseTi scenari, raTa ar misces moskovs kidev<br />
erTxel warmoaCinos Tavisi warmatebebi `fexze wamodgomis~ pro-
oca saunjes gedavebian<br />
81<br />
cesSi. sakiTxis naTelsayofad aq saWiroa iTqvas im pragmatuli<br />
miznebis Sesaxeb, romlebic aSS-sa da dasavleTis qveynebs `amegobrebs~<br />
saqarTvelosTan da saerTod samxreT kavkasiis qveynebTan. Tu<br />
Zalian mokled da mTavar saTqmels vityviT, es aris kaspiis zRvis<br />
fskeris simdidris dauflebis problema. aSS-is energetikis saminitros<br />
SefasebiT, kaspiis zRvis regionSi ganlagebulia msoflioSi<br />
gadaumuSavebeli naxSirwyalbadebis umsxvilesi maragi. maT Soris,<br />
gamoZiebuli maragi Seadgens 17-dan 33 miliard barel navTobs da<br />
daaxloebiT 232 trilion kubur fut bunebriv gazs. potenciurma<br />
maragma SeiZleba Seadginos daaxloebiT 200 miliardi bareli nav-<br />
Tobi da 350 trilionamde kuburi futi bunebrivi gazi.<br />
aseT simdidres adre TiTqmis mTlianad ruseTi ganagebda, axla igi<br />
iZulebulia msofliosa da regionul saxelmwifoebTanac daabalansos<br />
Tavisi interesebi. amisaTvis mas, upirveles yovlisa, sWirdeba<br />
samxreT kavkasiis regionSi Tavisi zegavlenis aRdgena, raTa samxreT<br />
kavkasiis qveynebma aucileblad gauwion angariSi mis interesebs da<br />
amiT garkveuli prioriteti moipovos regionSi msoflios wamyvan<br />
saxelmwifoTa interesTa dabalansebis sferoSi. dRes msoflio ar<br />
aris ise mowyobili, rom mcirericxovan qveynebs SeeZloT Tundac<br />
metad samarTliani erovnuli interesebis sruli dacva da ganviTareba.<br />
amitom saqarTvelom yoveli Rone unda ixmaros da ecados, ara<br />
calmxrivad daabalansos erovnuli interesebi. es metad mniSvnelovania,<br />
radgan XXI s-Si Tu kavkasiis regioni iqneba navTobisa da gazis<br />
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mimwodebeli msoflio bazarze, xolo energoresursebis<br />
faqtori mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs aSS-isa da ruseTis<br />
urTierTobas regionSi, romelic zogjer iRebs Ria dapirispirebis<br />
saxes, saqarTvelos interesebi ar unda daiCrdilos. unda gvaxsovdes,<br />
rom am mxriv bevri ram Cvenzea damokidebuli. isic ar unda daviviwyoT,<br />
rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi dasavleTis qveynebis mier Cveni teritoriuli<br />
sazRvrebisa da ruseTis okupantad sityvieri aRiareba saqmes ki<br />
ar Svelis, aramed mxolod `status-kvos~ SenarCunebas emsaxureba.<br />
Catarebuli sociologiuri gamokvlevebi azerbaijansa da TviT<br />
somxeTSic cxadad gviCvenebs, rom somxeTs uaRresad cudi urTierToba<br />
aqvs mezoblebTan, rac `didi somxeTis~ `did SemoqmedTa~<br />
damsaxurebaa. Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom `xsovnis mqone STamomavlobas~<br />
araferi aviwydeba, maSin somxeTs mtrul garemoSi mouwevs<br />
cxovreba. es ki metad Zabavs urTierTobebs samxreT kavkasiaSi,<br />
sagrZnoblad aferxebs samxreT kavkasiis qveynebis ekonomikis ganviTarebas<br />
da amaze seriozuli dafiqreba marTebT `didi somxeTis~<br />
aRdgenis paTologiuri azrebiT Sepyrobil somex mecnierebs.
82<br />
anzor ToTaZe<br />
`Forum msk.ru~-ze gamoqveynebuli statiis avtoris msjeloba qarTveli<br />
eris warmoSobis Sesaxeb srul gaugebrobazea agebuli, oRond<br />
gamiznul gaugebrobaze. igi aRniSnavs: `saqarTvelo es gansakuTrebuli<br />
SemTxvevaa, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi STanTqavda xalxebs,<br />
maTgan adnobda im politikur ers, romelsac dRes warmoadgens qarTvelebi.<br />
didi xania Sewyvites calkeul eTnosebad dayofa xevsurebma,<br />
gurulebma, TuSebma, imerlebma, magram erTgvarad kvlav SeinarCunes<br />
TavianTi identuroba megrelebma, aWarlebma, svanebma... qarTveli<br />
xalxi axdens asimilirebas sakmaod iolad, saqarTvelos teritoriaze<br />
arian aseve somxebi, azerbaijanelebi... osebi, afxazebi, romlebsac<br />
rogorc minimumi, daJinebiT ar undaT asimilireba, rogorc maqsimumi<br />
_ winaaRmdegobas uweven amas iaraRiT xelSi. swored amitom<br />
qarTul erovnul ideas safuZvlad daedo `Cveni miwis~ koncefcia...<br />
qarTuli erovnuli idea ar aris sicocxlisunariani `Cveni miwis~<br />
cicqna nawilis dakargvis pirobebSi, rodesac teritoriis dakargva,<br />
gansakuTrebiT agvistos omis Semdeg, gaxda praqtikulad Seuqcevadi,<br />
Tamamad SeiZleba aseTi erovnuli ideis mosrola nagavsayrelze~.<br />
motanili statia, romelic saqarTvelosa da qarTveli xalxisadmi<br />
zizRiT aris gaJRenTili, veraviTar kritikas ver uZlebs.<br />
daviwyoT imiT, rom 2008 wlis agvistos omis Semdeg ruseTis mier<br />
afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis damoukidebel saxelmwifod aRiareba<br />
sruliadac ar niSnavs erTi cicqna `Cveni miwis~ dakargvas. es `cicqna~<br />
miwa saqarTvelos teritoriis TiTqmis mexuTedia.<br />
amasTan sakiTxavia, romeli xalxis erovnul ideas ar udevs<br />
safuZvlad `Cveni miwis~ koncefcia. ufro metic, is ufro sakiTxavia,<br />
somxebis mier yovelgvari samarTlebrivi normebis darRveviT saz-<br />
Rvrebis gafarToebas yarabaRis xarjze, romelmac didi sisxlisRvra<br />
gamoiwvia, maS ra udevs safuZvlad, an saqarTvelos mimarT miTuri<br />
`didi somxeTis~ aRdgenis mizniT sruliad usafuZvlo teritoriuli<br />
pretenziebis wayenebas ra davarqvaT? vin yviris mTeli msoflio<br />
sazogadoebis gasagonad, rom saqarTvelos ZirZveli kuTxe samcxejavaxeTi<br />
somxuri miwebiao? Cven, Tu marTlac namceca sulis patroni<br />
zogierTi somexi mecnieri?<br />
ucnob avtors imdeni Wkuac ar yofnis, rom logikurad mainc<br />
gadmosces saTqmeli. saqarTvelos s-is ganmavlobaSi marTlac rom<br />
STaenTqa masTan mcxovrebi xalxebi da sakmaod iolad moexdina maTi<br />
asimilireba, maSin aseTi siZulviliT gaJRenTili statiebic ar daiwereboda.<br />
TviT cnobili somexi istorikosebi sruliad sawinaaRmdego<br />
mosazrebas gamoTqvamen. isini qarTvelTa mefes daviT aRmaSenebels<br />
didi pativiscemiT moixsenieben, rogorc somxeTa mfarvelsa da maT
oca saunjes gedavebian<br />
83<br />
moWirnaxules. somexi istorikosis maTeos urhaelis (XII s.) cnobiT,<br />
daviT aRmaSenebeli `iyo Semwynarebeli da moyvaruli somexi xalxisa~.<br />
cnobili somexi istorikosis Tovma mewofecis (1376-1446) gadmocemiT,<br />
rodesac qarTvelTa mefem, giorgim Seityo Temur-lengis jarebis<br />
axali Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb, qarTvel xalxTan erTad somxebsac miuCina<br />
TavSesafari miudgomel cixeebSi da TviT iTava mosuli urdoebisTvis<br />
winaaRmdegobis gaweva. gaZlierda somxebis gaxizvna saqarTvelosken.<br />
maT ganuwyvetliv emuqrebodaT fizikuri ganadgurebis, ukvalod<br />
gaqrobis, Tu iZulebiTi emigraciis saSineli safrTxe. rogorc cnobili<br />
somexi moRvawe v. nalbandiani aRniSnavs, am pirobebSi somxebisTvis<br />
saimedo TavSesafars, bunebrivia, warmoadgenda saqarTvelo, sadac<br />
moZme qarTveli xalxis stumarTmoyvare kedlebSi, mis WerqveS SeiZleboda<br />
uzrunveli cxovreba epova kacs. 20 gaWirvebis Jams saqarTveloSi<br />
gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb Tovma mewofecs movusminoT: 1431 wels `sastiki<br />
SimSili daiwyo Cvens qveyanaSi rogorc morwmuneTa, ise urwmunoTa<br />
Soris, ise rom SeWames ZaRlebi da katebi, gvamebi, cxenebi, virebi,<br />
jorebi da aqlemebi. aRaraferi rom ar darCaT, maSin TavianT vaJebsa da<br />
asulebs mimarTes. saqme iqamdec ki mivida, rom... farulad da aSkarad<br />
aTasi kaci SeWames... morwmuneni zamTris Jams araratis gavaridan aiyarnen<br />
da saqarTvelosken gaswies~. 21 XIII saukunis aseve cnobili somexi<br />
istorikosis kirakos ganZakecis mosazrebac movisminoT qarTvelebis<br />
Sesaxeb: `qarTvelebi... Zalze keTilni da guliTadni iyvnen mosulebis<br />
mimarT, romlebic maTTan TavSesafars eZebdnen~. 22<br />
aseTi mravali magaliTis Setana SeiZleba, magram rac iTqva, movlenis<br />
naTelsayofad isic sakmarisia. Tu `didi somxeTis~ ideafiqsiT daavadebul<br />
zogierT somex `mecniers~ somexi istorikosebisac ar sjera,<br />
maSin italieli misionerebisa da evropeli mogzaurebis naSromebsac<br />
unda mivmarToT, romlebSic mravlad gvxvdeba qarTveli xalxis<br />
keTili damokidebuleba qveyanaSi mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobebis<br />
mimarT da sxva sarwmunoebis adamianebisadmi pativiscemis Seudarebeli<br />
magaliTebi. cnobili frangi mogzauri Jan Sardeni, romelmac<br />
1672-1673 wlebSi imogzaura dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi<br />
da vrclad aRwera sakuTari TvaliT nanaxi uamravi faqti Tu movlena,<br />
aRniSnavs: `qarTvelebi Tavazianni da kacTmoyvareni, amasTanave<br />
darbaiselni da TavdaWerilni arian... saqarTveloSi yvelas aqvs mini-<br />
Webuli... ufleba icxovro Seni sarwmunoebiT da adaTebiT, imsjelo<br />
20<br />
v. nalbandiani, Tbilisi Zvel somxur mwerlobaSi. Targmani somxuridan, Tb.,<br />
1959, gv. 118-122.<br />
21<br />
Tomas mewofeci, istoria Temur-lengisa da misi STamomavlebisa. Tb., 1987, gv. 62.<br />
22<br />
К. Гандзакеци, История Армении, М., 1976, с. 167.
84<br />
anzor ToTaZe<br />
masze da daicva igi~. 23 meore frangi mogzauri grafi ferier-sovbefi,<br />
romelic me-18 s-is 80-ian wlebSi imyofeboda saqarTveloSi, aRniSnavs:<br />
qarTvelebi `marTalia metismetad morwmuneni arian, magram sxva<br />
sarwmunoebis adamianebs religiis gamo arasodes awyenineben~. 24<br />
am SemTxvevaSic usasrulod SeiZleba analogiuri mosazrebebis<br />
motana, magram rac zemoT iTqva, isic sruliad sakmarisia ucnobi<br />
avtorisa da saerTod somexi `mecnierebis~ mier gamoTqmuli msgavsi<br />
msjelobebis sruli usafuZvlobis, faqtebis arnaxuli gayalbebis,<br />
mecnieruli sindisisadmi upativcemulobis dasamtkiceblad. cudad<br />
hgoniaT, rom `mizani amarTlebs saSualebas~.<br />
ucnobi avtori Segnebulad saqarTvelos istoriul provinciebSi<br />
mcxovreb qarTvelebs eTnosebs uwodebs. TuSebi, xevsurebi, gurulebi,<br />
imerlebi da a. S. Turme eTnosebia, romlebmac Sewyvites arsebobao.<br />
sinamdvileSi, magaliTad, TuSebi qarTveluri eTnosis eTnografiuli<br />
jgufia. isini saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi<br />
arian, romlebsac moixsenieben maTi sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT.<br />
ase rom ar iyos, maSin gamodis, rom somxeTSic SeuwyvetiaT calkeul<br />
eTnosebad yofna Siraqelebs, lorelebs, zangezurelebs, polsecebs,<br />
aparanebs da a. S. cnobilia, rom mosaxleobis aRweris dros erovnebis<br />
Cvenebisas somexma erovnebis aRsaniSnavad SeiZleba TviT saxelwodeba<br />
hai, an sxva saxelwodebac daasaxelos (loreli, zangezureli da a.<br />
S.), magram specialurad am mizniT gamoSvebul erovnebis leqsikonSi<br />
miTiTebulia, rom yvela eseni somxebia, ise rogorc qarTvelma mosaxleobis<br />
aRweris dros, iSviaT SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba erovnebad<br />
daasaxelos guruli, javaxi, xevsuri, imereli da a. S., magram yvela<br />
maT miniWebuli aqvs erTi saerTo kodi da saaRwero furclebis damuSavebis<br />
dros yvela iwereba qarTvelad. 25 ase esmodaT es sakiTxi<br />
saukunenaxevris winaT ruseTis imperiaSic. rusi Cinovnikebis mier Sedgenil<br />
kavkasiis Sesaxeb statistikuri cnobebis krebulSi garkveviTaa<br />
miTiTebuli: qarTvelebis ricxovnobis gansazRvris dros Tbilisis<br />
guberniis marTlmadidebel mosaxleobas unda daumatoT quTaisis<br />
guberniis marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba, axalcixis mazris mahmadianebis<br />
ricxvi, romlebic ekuTvnian qarTvelebs, samegrelos mcxovreb-<br />
Ta ricxvi, gurulebi, svanebi, agreTve Tbilisis guberniis mTiulebi<br />
(TuSebi, fSavlebi, xevsurebi), zaqaTalas olqSi mcxovrebi ingiloebi<br />
da Crdilo kavkasiaSi umniSvnelo raodenobiT mcxovrebi qarTvelebis<br />
raodenoba da mTlianad kavkasiaSi qarTvelebis ricxvi 900 aTasze<br />
23<br />
Sardenis mogzauroba, Tb., 1975, gv. 297-298.<br />
24<br />
m. iamaniZe, saqarTvelo frangul mogzaurul literaturaSi. Tb., 2006, gv. 208.<br />
25<br />
Словари национальностей и языков. 1988, с. 12, 14.
oca saunjes gedavebian<br />
85<br />
naklebi ar SeiZleba iyoso. 26<br />
aqve unda iTqvas imis Sesaxeb, rom 1800 wels saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT<br />
600 aTasi qarTveli cxovrobda. me-19 s-is dasawyisSi Savi Wiris<br />
gavrcelebis Sedegad qarTvelebis raodenoba TiTqmis ganaxevrda. am<br />
periodSi Savi Wiris gavrcelebasTan dakavSirebiT, magaliTad, bagrat<br />
batoniSvili werda: Savma Wirma `mosrna mravalni sulni qarTls,<br />
kaxeTs da imereTs, vidre naxevar xalxadmde~. 27 ruseTis imperiaSi 1897<br />
wels Catarebuli mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebis Tanaxmad, imperiis<br />
maSindel sazRvrebSi 1352 aTasi qarTveli cxovrobda, maT Soris kavkasiaSi<br />
1350 aTasi, xolo saqarTveloSi 1331 aTasi. amitom, rodesac vambobT,<br />
ruseTma dagvanawila qarTvelebad, aWarlebad, imerlebad da a.<br />
S., romelime tvingaxurebuli rusis nabodvars ar unda avyveT. cnobili<br />
rusi mecnierebi, qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis<br />
erovnul kuTvnilebas eWvis qveS ar ayeneben. amasTan, yuradReba unda<br />
mivaqcioT im garemoebas, rom TiTqmis fizikuri wyvetis piras misuli<br />
qarTvelebi me-19 s-Si 3-jer da metad gaizarda.<br />
Tu obieqturebi viqnebiT, aq isic unda iTqvas, rom erekle II-is<br />
politika ruseTTan SeerTebis sakiTxSi absoluturad swori iyo.<br />
Sua saukuneebSi aTasi rjulis mtrebTan gamudmebuli brZolebis<br />
Sedegad saqarTvelos Camoscilda evropuli ganviTarebis gzas da<br />
qveyanaSi umZimesi politikuri, ekonomikuri da demografiuli vi-<br />
Tareba Seiqmna. kapitan n. iazikovis cnobiT, 1770-iani wlebis dasawyisSi<br />
erekle II-s mxolod TxuTmetaTasiani jaris gamoyvana See-<br />
Zlo. am periodSi ruseTi ukve afarToebda samxreTiT sazRvrebsa da<br />
moiwevda kavkasiisken. misi SeCereba kavkasiis xalxebs ar SeeZloT.<br />
aseT viTarebaSi yvelaze kargi gamosavali iyo Zlieri saxelmwifos<br />
mfarvelobaSi susti saxelmwifos nebayoflobiTi Sesvla, rac kidevac<br />
ganxorcielda 1783 wels Crdilo-kavkasiis georgievskis cixesimagreSi<br />
didebuli xelSekrulebis Sedegad. marTalia, ruseTma<br />
SemdegSi daarRvia georgievskis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
pirobebi, magram nu dagvaviwydeba, rom imperias Tavisi miznebi hqonda.<br />
dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, TviTmpyrobelobis arsidan gamomdinare,<br />
sxvagvarad movlenebis ganviTareba, albaT, arc SeiZleboda.<br />
ruseTi saqarTvelos ukve ganixilavda, rogorc erTiani imperiis<br />
Semadgenel nawils. miuxedavad am yvelafrisa, mSvidobianma wlebma<br />
mosaxleobis gamravlebasa da saerTod cxovrebis stabilur ganviTarebas<br />
daudo saTave da es arc Tu ise cotas niSnavda. saqarTveloSi<br />
gaixsna skolebi, daarsda Jurnalebi da gazeTebi, Teatrebi, ruseTis<br />
26<br />
Сборник статистических сведений о Кавказе, Тифлис, 1969, с. 23.<br />
27<br />
bagrat bagrationi, axali moTxroba. Tb., 1941, gv. 114.
86<br />
anzor ToTaZe<br />
daxmarebiT qveyana aRdga adrindel sazRvrebSi _ mas daubrunda<br />
samcxe-javaxeTi da aWara, razec ocnebobdnen qarTveli mefeebi. aq<br />
aucileblad unda iTqvas, rom qarTvelma sazogadoebam am periodSi<br />
ver upatrona samcxe-javaxeTs. aWaris SemoerTebis dros ki erovnuli<br />
cnobierebiT gacilebiT maRla mdgom qarTul sazogadoebas, ilia<br />
WavWavaZis meTaurobiT, aWaraSi Turqebis 300-wliani batonobis Sedegad<br />
garkveulwilad dakninebuli qarTuli sulieri kulturis ganviTarebisTvis<br />
Zal-Rone ar dauSurebia.<br />
me-19 s-Si saqarTvelo ruseTis meSveobiT isev eziara evropis<br />
civilizacias. ra Tqma unda, ruseTTan erTad ganvlili gza arc mefis<br />
ruseTisa da arc sabWoTa periodSi ar iyo ia-vardebiT mofenili<br />
da qarTvel xalxs uxdeboda metad mZime brZola erovnuli interesebis<br />
dasacavad, magram isic faqtia, rom 1991 wels, rodesac sabWoTa<br />
kavSiri daiSala da saqarTvelo erTiani teritoriiT da erTiani<br />
erovnuli SegnebiT daadga qveynis damoukidebeli mSeneblobis gzas,<br />
bevri Secdoma iqna daSvebuli ruseTTan urTierTobaSi. imedebi mxolod<br />
dasavleTis qveynebze davamyareT da ver gaviTvaliswineT imxanad<br />
mravali problemiT dakavebuli mezobeli Zlieri saxelmwifos<br />
_ ruseTis politikuri da geopolitikuri interesebi, uromlisodac,<br />
samwuxarod, 21-e s-Sic Znelia damoukidebeli ganviTareba.<br />
amasTan erTad, gatarebuli Tanacxovrebidan mxolod negatiuri movlenebi<br />
wamovwieT win. magaliTad, xSirad iwereboda imis Sesaxeb,<br />
rom ruseTma gadagviReba eklesiebi, gagviuqma avtokefalia da sxv.<br />
ZiriTadad moxda alaverdis taZris TeTrad gadaRebva, rac, ra Tqma<br />
unda, barbarosoba iyo, magram arc is aris gamoricxuli, rom rus<br />
saeklesio moRvawes, romelmac aseTi brZaneba gasca, ucodinarobiT<br />
mouvida _ saTanadod ver Seafasa taZris SesaniSnavi mxatvroba.<br />
amasTan gasaziarebelia qristianuli religiis istoriis cnobili<br />
mkvlevaris gvanca kolpataZis mosazreba: `ruseTTan, rogorc<br />
marTlmadidebel qveyanasTan urTierTobam myisierad iCina Tavi da<br />
progresic TvalsaCino gaxda. dRes xSirad niSnismogebiT amboben,<br />
maSin ratom gaauqma ruseTma Cveni avtkefalia 1811 welso. magram<br />
aviwydebaT, rom Tavad ruseTSi gaauqma avtokefalia petre I-ma erTi<br />
saukuniT adre da eklesia oberprokurors dauqvemdebara. amitom<br />
aq marTlmadidebloba arafer SuaSia. sxvaTa Soris, ruseTs avtokefalia<br />
stalinma daubruna~. 28<br />
ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobaSi saTqmeli bevria, magram<br />
ukanasknel periodSi movlenaTa naTelsayofad saWiroa Semdegi iTqvas:<br />
ukanasknel wlebSi uSualod ruseTis xelSewyobiT qarTvelebi<br />
28<br />
gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, 6 maisi, 2011.
oca saunjes gedavebian<br />
87<br />
gamoaZeves sakuTari saxlebidan da isini intervenciis msxverplni<br />
gaxdnen. amasTan, 2008 wlis agvistos omis dros ruseTma sruliad<br />
moulodnelad usamarTlo da aragonivruli nabijebi gadadga. magali-<br />
Tad, saerTaSoriso samarTlis, gaeros mier aRiarebuli principebisa<br />
da TviT ruseTis moqmedi kanonebis darRveviT ruseTma oficialurad<br />
cno afxazeTisa da e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ damoukidebloba da, faqtobrivad,<br />
igi konfliqtis erT-erT mxared iqca. ruseTis mier es nabiji<br />
aragonivruli iyo imitom, rom TviT ruseTisaTvis es cudi precedentia<br />
da is mas bumerangiviT ukan SeiZleba daubrundes. qarTveli<br />
xalxisTvis es miT ufro moulodneli iyo, rom 200 wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
Cvenma xalxebma uamravi Wiri da lxini erTad gamoiares, Cveni qveynebis<br />
ubralo Tu metad TvalsaCino adamianebs erTmaneTTan arnaxuli megobroba<br />
akavSirebdaT, marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis gamo cxovrebis<br />
wesSic bevri ram saerTo gvqonda, bevr gamoCenil qarTvels ruseTi<br />
gulwrfelad uyvarda, mas rogorc Tavis samSoblos ise aRiqvamda da<br />
maT uaRresad mniSvnelovani kvalic gaavles ruseTis cxovrebaSi.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, Cven gvmarTebs ruseTTan gamovnaxoT saerTo ena,<br />
garkveulwilad gaviTvaliswinoT maTi interesebi, rom cvalebad<br />
msoflioSi movlenebi metad swrafad icvleba, ruseTi ki samaradJamo<br />
mezobelia da am faqts versad gaveqceviT. imis molodini, rom ruseTi<br />
amJamad susti saxelmwifoa da igi male daiSleba, gulubryvilobaa.<br />
es asec rom moxdes, saqarTvelo kataklizmebs ver gadaurCeba<br />
da is metad myife damoukidebloba da suvereniteti, rac gagvaCnia,<br />
SeiZleba xelSi Semogvadnes. amis Tqmis uflebas gvaZlevs qveynis<br />
teritoriuli mTlianobis gaurkvevloba da arc Tu usafuZvlo<br />
sagareo (mezobeli qveynebis teritoriuli pretenziebi, religiuri<br />
problemebi da sxv.) da saSinao (magaliTad, mezobel qveynebTan SedarebiT<br />
Cvens qveyanaSi umZimesi demografiuli viTareba, romlis<br />
gajansaRebisaTvis araferi keTdeba, qveynidan didia migraciuli<br />
nakadebi da qveyanaSi sxva saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeTa Semodineba da<br />
sxv.) viTareba. amasTan arc Tu sworadaa moZebnili qveynis ekonomikis<br />
ganviTarebis prioritetuli mimarTulebebi. amdenad, isic sakiTxavia,<br />
movlenebis aseTi msvleloba xels gvaZlevs Tu ara.<br />
dasasrul, vusurvebdi `didi somxeTis~ `did Semoqmedebs~ gonze<br />
mosvlas, mezoblebis kulturuli faseulobebis miTvisebisa da<br />
maTdami sruliad usafuZvlo teritoriuli pretenziebis wayenebis<br />
mcdelobaze uaris Tqmas, didi istorikosebisadmi yuris dagdebas,<br />
radgan Cveni winaprebis urTierTpativiscemis magaliTze unda avagoT<br />
Cveni momavali urTierTobebi.
88<br />
anzor ToTaZe<br />
<br />
2011 wlis agvistos bolo ricxvebSi somxuri mediis meSveobiT<br />
gavrcelda morigi arnaxuli ciliswameba, TiTqos saqarTveloSi<br />
Sovinizmi zeimobs, romelic mxolod sustebsa da naZiralebs axasiaTebT.<br />
masala gazeTma `saqarTvelos respublikam~ gadmobeWda.<br />
isini lafSi svrian qarTveli xalxis saTayvanebel saxelebs, vinme<br />
grigor aRaniani aRniSnavs: Cveni saukunovani mezoblebi, isini, vinc<br />
Tavis xalxs maRali donis inteligentebad da kulturis moRvaweebad<br />
miiCneven, somxuri marazmiT arian daavadebulni. `me-19 saukunidan<br />
dawyebuli... Suris Wiam da somxurma fobiam daisadgura, upirvelesad<br />
maT sulebSi, vinc Tavi `ganmanaTleblad~ aRiara _ WavWavaZis,<br />
wereTlis da maTi mimdevrebis sulSi~. amis Semdeg sakiTxavi mxolod<br />
erTi ram rCeba: somxebis mier qarTvelebis mimarT wamoyenebuli im<br />
absurduli pretenziebis Sesaxeb, romlebic zemoT aRvniSneT, pasuxis<br />
gacema saWiro iyo Tu ara?<br />
grigol aRaniani armenofobiaSi amJamad upirveles brals debs<br />
Tanamedroveobis udides reJisors baton robert sturuas, magram<br />
misi mosazrebebi haerSia Camokidebuli. ara marto qarTveli sazogadoeba,<br />
aramed piruTvneli somxebic Tvlian, rom batoni roberti<br />
metad Sors dgas nacionalizmisa da Sovinizmisagan. amitom misi gan-<br />
Tavisufleba SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo dramatuli<br />
Teatris samxatvro xelmZRvanelobis Tanamdebobidan, qarTvelTa<br />
cxovrebaSi bevr savalalo kiTxvas badebs.<br />
qarTvelebi, sabednierod, ganebivrebulni varT saukeTeso re-<br />
JisorebiT. kote marjaniSvilma mTeli epoqa Seqmna qarTul TeatrSi.<br />
man bevri msaxiobi aRmoaCina, romlebmac SemdegSi didi wvlili Seitanes<br />
qarTuli Teatris warmatebaSi. geniosi reJisoris saxeli daimkvidra<br />
sandro axmetelma. novatorma reJisorma brwyinvale speqtaklebi<br />
dadga, romlebiTac msoflios nebismieri Teatri iamayebda.<br />
misma gastrolebma moskovsa da leningradSi triumfiT Caiara. amitom<br />
iyo, rom mas iwveven gastrolebze amerikaSi, Txoven amerikaSi<br />
wasvlamde moawyos patara turne evropis mTavar qalaqebSi _ venaSi,<br />
budapeStSi, praRaSi, varSavaSi, ciurixSi, parizSi, londonSi, amsterdamSi,<br />
briuselsa da haagaSi, agreTve italiis qalaqebSi, iwveven<br />
samuSaod moskovSi, leningradsa da sxva qalaqebSi, Txoven Sefoba<br />
aiRos yazaxeTis Teatrze da amiT daexmaros mas. sandro axmetels<br />
im periodSi gamefebuli reJimis gamo ar SeeZlo esargebla Tavaziani<br />
miwvevebiT. ufro metic, Semoqmedebis mwvervals ver miaRwia _ represiebis<br />
msxverpli gaxda.<br />
batonma robert sturuam SeZlo ara marto Tavis samSobloSi,
oca saunjes gedavebian<br />
89<br />
aramed ucxoeTSic daedga ganumeorebeli speqtaklebi da msoflio<br />
donis reJisoris saxeli daimkvidra. im dros, rodesac cisferi ekrani<br />
waleka provinciuli Souebis _ `vanos Sous~, `cocxali Sous~,<br />
`Tqveni Sous~, `bleq Sous~, `SabaTis Sous~, `komedi Sous~ da kidev<br />
vin moTvlis ramdenma ugemovno warmodgenam, rodesac patara baSvebis<br />
TamaSebis improvizaciam dro daamunja da saCvenebeli darCa cisferi<br />
ekranidan mxolod rik-tafelas TamaSi, msoflio saxelis mqone re-<br />
Jisoris Tanamdebobidan ganTavisufleba erovnuli energiis saSineli<br />
gaflangvis tolfasia. `xsovnis mqone STamomavloba~ am did danakliss<br />
Sesabamisad Seafasebs. samwuxarod, istoriam veraferi gvaswavla.<br />
kote marjaniSvilsa da sandro axmetels Soris arsebobda garkveuli<br />
dapirispireba. miuxedavad amisa, sandro axmeteli kote marjaniSvils<br />
werda: `rac ar unda moxdes, Zvirfaso kote, Cvens Soris,<br />
icode, garda uRrmesi siyvarulisa da erTgulebisa Sens mimarT,<br />
Cems gulSi araferi imaleba... TeatrSi me davikave Seni adgili... Seni<br />
suli Cvens TeatrSi usazRvrod ibatonebs, amitomac arc erTi nabiji<br />
ar iqneba gadadgmuli winaswar SenTan SeTanxmebis gareSe~. 29 ver<br />
getyviT, baton robert sturuas mimarT qarTvelebi da rusTavelis<br />
Teatris dasi mainc amaRldebian Tu ara ganviTarebuli samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebis doneze.<br />
metad sagulisxmo faqts mogviTxrobs Teatrmcodne vasil kiknaZe<br />
Tavis SesaniSnav wignSi `mixeil vaSaZe~: `marjaniSvilis TeatrSi<br />
daidga p. kakabaZis `cxovrebis jara~. speqtaklis Cabarebas kulturis<br />
saministros warmomadgeneli eswreboda. speqtaklis uaryofiT<br />
gmirs ZvalZvaliCs asrulebda akaki kvantaliani, romelsac centraluri<br />
komitetis pirveli mdivnis vasil mJavanaZis grimi gaekeTebina,<br />
ulvaSic miseburi miewebebina. Tavadac fizikurad hgavda mJavanaZes.<br />
sabolood yvelaferi gasworda, magram es yvelaferi v. mJavanaZisaTvis<br />
cnobili gaxda. akaki kvantaliani igonebs: `binis sakiTxze momiwia<br />
mJavanaZesTan Sesvla, araCveulebrivad kargad mimiRo, saqmec<br />
gamikeTa, roca kabinetidan gamovdiodi, miTxra: ise, akaki, qarTveli<br />
kaci yovelTvis pativs scemda ufross, rogoric ar unda yofiliyo.<br />
movkvdi kaci, vuTxari, rom Woria, me araferi gamikeTebia, mobr-<br />
ZandiT da naxeT-meTqi.<br />
mJavanaZem majoba, Semarcxvina~.<br />
ras izam, aseTia cxovreba. v. mJavanaZem SeZlo Tavisi TavisTvis<br />
ejobna. saerTod, Tu bevrjer ara, erTxel mainc unda SeZlo kacma<br />
ajobo sakuTar Tavs.<br />
29<br />
s. axmeteli. dokumentebi da narkvevebi, t. I, Tb., 1978, gv. 454.
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