Jurnali #7.indd
Jurnali #7.indd
Jurnali #7.indd
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valerian maWaraZe<br />
georgievskis traqtati 1<br />
georgievskis traqtatis ZaliT qarTl-kaxeTis samefo nebayoflobiT<br />
Sevida ruseTis mfarvelobaSi. es iyo pirveli ormxrivi<br />
saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba ruseT-saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovani<br />
urTierTobis istoriaSi. am aqtiT qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle<br />
II `saxeliTa TÂsiTa, memkÂdreTa da menacUleTa TÂsTa dResaswaulobiT~<br />
acxadebda, rom amieridan samudamod uars ambobda, ecno iranis<br />
an romelime sxva saxelmwifos meTauris uzenaesi xelisufleba,<br />
garda ruseTisa, xolo ruseTi valdebulebas iRebda, daecva qarTlkaxeTi<br />
gareSe mtrebisagan da ezruna misTvis mtris mier mitacebuli<br />
miwebis dabrunebisaTvis, romelic qarTveli mefis mflobelobaSi<br />
unda darCeniliyo.<br />
georgievskis traqtati mkveTri mobruneba iyo ara marto rus eTsaqarTvelos,<br />
aramed, agreTve, saqarTvelo-sparseTisa da saqarTvelo-TurqeTis<br />
urTierTobaSic.<br />
georgievskis traqtati, rogorc saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba,<br />
axali etapis dasawyisi iyo saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis sakiTxSi<br />
ruseT-TurqeTisa da ruseT-iranis urTierTobaSi, romelic mkve-<br />
Trad gansxvavdeboda mravalsaukunovani tradiciuli urTierTobisagan.<br />
ufro metic, es aqti moaswavebda saerTod kavkasiis problemis<br />
axleburad dayenebas.<br />
• wyaro: georgievskis traqtati, gamokvleva, dokumentebi, fotopirebi v. maWaraZisa,<br />
gamc. `xelovneba~, 1983.<br />
1<br />
gamokvlevis ZiriTadi debulebebi moxsenda Tsu istoriis fakultetis samecniero<br />
sesias 1959 wlis maisSi (Tezisebi gamoqveynebulia). Semdeg Sroma Seivso,<br />
dazustda da 1982 wlis 21 marts wakiTxul iqna Tsu samecniero sabWos sxdomaze,<br />
xolo imave wlis 25 aprils _ saqarTvelos saistorio sazogadoebis saqarTvelos<br />
istoriis seqciis sxdomaze.
georgievskis traqtati<br />
wyaroebisa da literaturis mokle mimoxilva 2<br />
101<br />
georgievskis traqtati Tavisi mniSvnelobiT, bunebrivia, mkvlevarTa<br />
did yuradRebas imsaxurebs. traqtats mieZRvna ara erTi gamokvleva,<br />
magram, samwuxarod, igi dRemde ar aris saTanadod gaSuqebuli.<br />
es ganpirobebulia imiT, rom mkvlevarTaTvis ZiriTad wyarod dRemde<br />
rCeba a. cagarlis publikaciebi 3 da p. butkovis `masalebi~. 4<br />
p. butkovs didi damsaxureba miuZRvis kavkasiis xalxebis istoriis<br />
Seswavlis saqmeSi. misi Sromebi Seicaven sayuradRebo cnobebs,<br />
amokrebils saarqivo dokumentebidan, zepiri gadmocemebidan<br />
da sxva masalebidan, agreTve sayuradRebo mosazrebebsac, magram<br />
avtors naSromi daumTavrebeli, `Savi~ xelnaweris saxiT darCa,<br />
romelsac, gamomcemlebis aRiarebiT `seriozuli xarvezebi gaaCnda~<br />
da metwilad `wyaroze miTiTebac ar axlda~, 5 amitom maTi Semowmeba<br />
Zneli iyo, ramac daRi daasva momdevno xanis gamokvlevebs.<br />
didia a. cagarlis damsaxureba mecnierebis winaSe. misi publikaciebi<br />
didi xania qarTveli istorikosebisaTvis samagido wignebad<br />
iT v leba, magram, amasTan, xsenebul publikaciebs seriozuli naklic<br />
ga aCniaT: jer erTi, mkvlevars saarqivo `saqmeebis~ umravlesoba ar gausinjavs,<br />
xolo gasinjulidan gamorCenia (krebulSi araa Setanili)<br />
sa yuradRebo dokumentebi; meorec, gamoqveynebuli dokumentebi cudad<br />
daubeWdavs; 6 georgievskis traqtatTan dakavSirebul dokumentebSic,<br />
um niSvnelo xarvezebsa da koreqturaze rom araferi vTqvaT, gamotovebulia<br />
sayuradRebo adgilebi. magaliTad, jerjerobiT mxolod a.<br />
cagarlis publikaciiTaa cnobili erekle II 1771 w. 30 dekembris werili,<br />
sadac wamoyenebulia qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruseTis mfarvelobaSi<br />
Sesvlis pirobebi, romelic Semdeg traqtatis SemuSavebis safuZveli<br />
gaxda. dokumentis publikaciaSi damaxinjebulia 3 ZiriTadi<br />
mu xli: 1) muxls axalcixis Sesaxeb bolo aqvs mokveTili; 2) muxls<br />
Wa ris (aRmosavleTi kaxeTi) Sesaxeb mokveTili aqvs Tavi da es ori mux-<br />
2<br />
wignis xasiaTi da moculoba SeuZlebels xdis wyaroebisa da literaturis<br />
srul mimoxilvas.<br />
3<br />
Грамоты и другие исторические документы XVIII столетия, относящиеся к<br />
Грузии, под ред. А. А. Цагарели, т. 1, СПБ., 1891 (qvemoT: Грамоты, 1); Грамоты и<br />
другие исторические документы XVIII столетия, относящиеся к Грузии, под. ред.<br />
А. А. Цагарели, т. II, вып. 1, СПБ., 1898 (qvemoT: Грамоты, II, вып.1); Грамоты и<br />
другие исторические документы XVIII столетия, относящиеся к Грузии, под ред. А.<br />
А. Цагарели, т. II, вып. II, СПБ., 1901 г. (qvemoT: Грамоты, II, вып. II).<br />
4<br />
П. Г. Б у т к о в, Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, ч. I-III, СПБ., 1869.<br />
5<br />
П. Б у т к о в, Материалы, ч. I, gv. VIII (Sesavali).<br />
6<br />
n. b e r Z e n i S v i l i, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, wigni IV, Tbilisi,<br />
1967, gv. 164.
102 valerian maWaraZe<br />
li meqanikuradaa erTmaneTTan gaerTianebuli, rac teqsts gaugebars<br />
x dis; 3) damaxinjebulia muxli saqarTveloSi gamogzavnili ruseTis<br />
ja ris meTauris uflebebis Sesaxeb. aqve moviyvanT oriode magaliTs.<br />
pu blikaciaSi vkiTxulobT: `rodesac ZaliTa da SewevniTa T. d. korpus<br />
isaTa rac osmalTagan warTmeuls adgilebs daviWerT bednierebiTa T.<br />
d. amasac, rogorc zemore dagviweria, im saxiT vamsaxurebT: komlze<br />
To Txmets Saurs weliwadSi, da imav adgilebidam weliwadSi abraSums<br />
or as fuTsa im qveynebidam, da, Tu meti SeviZeliT, mets movarTmevT d. T.~ 7<br />
dedanSi ki mocemulia: `rodesac ZaliTa da SewevniTa Tqvenisa<br />
didebulebis korpusisaTa, rac osmalTagan warTmeuli mamulebi<br />
gvaqUs da im adgilebs daviWerT, imaT mogarTvan xarji Tqven yovlad<br />
didebulsa Ãelmwifesa, rac rom ruseTis imperiaSi Tavadis yma<br />
aZlevs, imisi naxevari xarji.<br />
Tu rom kaxeTis warTmeuli adgilebi daviWireT bednierobiTa<br />
Tqvenis didebulebisaTa, amasac, rogorc zemore dagviweria, im saxiT<br />
vamsaxurebT: komlze ToTxmets Saurs weliwadSi da imav adgilebidam<br />
weliwadSi abreSums oras fuTsa da im qveynebidam, da, Tu meti Sevi-<br />
ZeliT, mets movarTmevT didebulobasa Tqvensas~. 8<br />
rogorc vxedavT, aq meqanikurad gaerTianebulia ori punqti da saer-<br />
Tod amovardnilia kaxeTis xseneba. amasTan, Cans, rom erekle abreSumiT<br />
gadasaxads axalcixis SemoerTebis SemTxvevaSi ki ar kisrulobda, aramed<br />
_ `kaxeTis warTmeuli adgilebis~ (Waris), xolo gadasaxads 14 Saurs<br />
komlze axalcixis mxridan ki ar kisrulobda, aramed imis naxevars, rac<br />
`ruseTis imperiaSi Tavadis ymas~ edo (e. i. 35 kapiks).<br />
publikaciaSi vkiTxulobT: `da gveboZos jari ricxviT oTxi aTasi...<br />
vinc jaris Tavi iqneba, Cvens rCevas miiRebdes da daijerebdes,<br />
vinadgan varT aqaurTa saqmeTa Sina myofni da mecnierni amisTvis~. 9<br />
dedanSi sxvagvaradaa mocemuli: `...gveboZos jari ricxviT oTxi<br />
aTasi... vinc jaris Tavi iqneba, Cvenis SeZlebiT, rogorc rCevas imas<br />
daujerebdeT, egreTve isic Cvens rCevas miiRebdes da daijerebdes,<br />
vinadgan varT aqaurTa saqmeTa Sina myofni da mecnierni amisTvis~. 10<br />
ase rom, erekle II imas ki ar iTxovda, ruseTis jaris sardlebi<br />
me unda damemorCiloso, aramed me ruseTis jaris meTaurs SeZlebisdagvarad<br />
(`Cvenis SeZlebiT~) movusmen da imanac unda momisminoso.<br />
amas imitom aRvniSnavT, rom erekle II 1771 wlis 30 dekembris<br />
7<br />
Грамоты, II, вып. I, с. 84.<br />
8<br />
АВПР, ф. Cн. Росии с Грузией, 1769-76гг., оп. 110/2, д. 12, л. 463 (daxrilad awyobili<br />
adgilebi gamotovebulia a. cagarlis publikaciaSi).<br />
9<br />
Грамоты, II, вып. I, с. 83.<br />
10<br />
АВПР, ф. Cн. Росии с Грузией, 1769-76гг., оп. 110/2, д. 12, л. 462 (daxrilad awyobili<br />
sityvebi a. cagarlis publikaciaSi gamotovebuli iyo).
georgievskis traqtati<br />
103<br />
werilis a. cagarliseulma gamocemam mkvlevarebi SecdomaSi Seiyvana:<br />
i. cincaZem SeamCnia dokumentis xarvezebi, rac werilis stils<br />
daabrala da mis nacvlad qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karis mier wamoyenebuli<br />
pirobebis gadmosacemad mimarTa anton kaTalikosisa da<br />
levan batoniSvilis gviandel (1773 wlis) werils, rogorc `ufro<br />
vrcelsa~ da `ukeT gamarTuls~; 11 xolo g. paiWaZem 12 ver moaxerxa<br />
erekles mier wamoyenebuli pirobebis srulad da sworad gadmocema.<br />
aseTi magaliTebi SeiZleboda sxvac mravali mogvetana.<br />
a. cagarels gamorCenia da mecnierebisaTvis dRemde ucnobi rCeboda<br />
meore umniSvnelovanesi dokumenti qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karis<br />
piroba, 13 romelic erekles mier gagzavnili xelSekrulebis proeqts<br />
axlda da, rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT, mniSvnelovnad avsebda mas. 14<br />
rac Seexeba xelSekrulebis teqsts, igi ramdenjerme daibeWda,<br />
magram sruli da im saxiT, ra saxiTac realurad arsebobs, jer<br />
mkiTxvelebsa da mkvlevarebs ar uxilavT.<br />
traqtatis nawili, saxeldobr: preambula, 13 ZiriTadi muxli da<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis mefis ruseTisadmi erTgulebis ficis nimuSi (`saxe~)<br />
pirvelad rusul enaze stamburi wesiT dabeWdes xelSekrulebaze<br />
xelmoweris umalve, 15 imperiaSi gasacxadeblad da sazRvargareT ruseTis<br />
elCebisaTvis gasagzavnad. 16<br />
xelSekruleba meored stamburad daibeWda 1783 wlis bolos da 1784<br />
11<br />
i. cincaZe, 1783 wlis mfarvelobiTi traqtati, Tbilisi, 1960, gv. 59.<br />
12<br />
g. paiWaZe, georgievskis traqtati da misi istoriuli mniSvneloba, Tbilisi,<br />
1980, gv. 29.<br />
13<br />
АВПР, ф. Cн. Росии с Грузией, 1769-76гг., оп. 110/2, д. 12, л. 459.<br />
14<br />
erekles mier ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis Taobaze 1771-73 wlebis dokumentebi<br />
da qarTl-kaxeTis elCobis ruseTis mTavrobasTan 1772-1774 wlebSi molaparakebis<br />
masalebi srulad ibeWdeba Cveni `masalebis~ III wignSi.<br />
15<br />
АВПР, ф. Трактаты, оп. 2, д. 178, лл. 80-82.<br />
16<br />
1783 wlis 21 agvistos a. bezborodko carskoe selodan sagareo saqmeTa kolegias<br />
(savaraudebelia graf ostermans) werda: «Препровождая сим Трактат, заключенный с<br />
карталинским и кахетским царем Ираклием Теймуразовичем о признании им вер хо вной<br />
власти Всероссийских императоров над царями и царствами Карталинским и Ка хетским,<br />
имею честь сообщить вашему сиятельству о высочайшем ея импера то р скаго величества<br />
соизволении, чтоб, во-первых, на сей Трактат заготовлена бы ла императорская<br />
ратификация, в которой царю Ираклию Теймуразовичу дать вс е те титулы, коим он себя<br />
именует в своей Полной мочи. Второе, сей Трактат для све де ния в Империи всероссийской<br />
напечатать, а хотя и должно оный во известие со общить министрам российским в чужих<br />
краях пребывающим, но притом наставить их, что в случае каковых либо безпокойств от<br />
каких бы то ни было держав имеют они отвествовать, что у нас все вобще дела азиатския<br />
почитаются посторонными и от нюдь не принадлежащими к европейским державам, так<br />
что и сами союзники наши им еют о том с нами точное условие, что и здесь наблюдать.<br />
Третье, что же касается до сепаратных артикулов, оные в печать не отдавать и никуда не<br />
разсылать» (АВПР, ф. Трактаты, оп. 2, д. 178, л. 18).
104 valerian maWaraZe<br />
wlis dasawyisSi qarTul da rusul enebze (paraleluri teqsti). gverdis<br />
marcxena naxevarze rusuli teqsti iyo moTavsebuli, marjvenaze _<br />
qarTuli (nusxaxucuri SriftiT). 17 amas adasturebs a. bezborodkos<br />
1783 wlis 15 dekembris werili. 18 Sinaarsidan Cans, rom traqtatis orenovani<br />
teqsti mecnierebaTa akademiaSi gaigzavna dasabeWdad da meTvalyureoba<br />
(redaqtoroba) Tavad mouravovisaTvis (Tarxan-mouravi) dauvalebiaT.<br />
19 mecnierebaTa akademiis mier dabeWdili teqsti Seicavda ara<br />
marto xelSekrulebis ZiriTad teqstsa (preambulasa da 13 muxls) da<br />
ficis nimuSs (`saxes~), aramed adre dabeWdili teqstisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
mas darTuli hqonda agreTve qarTlisa da kaxeTis Tavad-aznaurTa<br />
siac, romelsac xeli moawera erekle II jer kidev xelSekrulebis dadebamde<br />
(1783 wlis 28 ivniss). siac orenovani iyo. mTargmnelis SecdomiT,<br />
rusul teqstSi siis xelmoweris TariRad 18 ivnisia aRniSnuli. 20<br />
1830 wels georgievskis traqtati daibeWda ruseTis imperiis<br />
kanonTa srul krebulSi, separatuli (calke) muxlebis gareSe. 21<br />
1898 wels a. cagarelma gamoaqveyna georgievskis traqtatis<br />
saratifikacio sigeli saqarTvelos mxriv (qarTul enaze), sadac,<br />
ZiriTad teqstTan erTad, pirvelad gamoqveynda separatuli muxlebi.<br />
22 magram a. cagarelma daarRvia dokumentis struqtura. saratifikacio<br />
sigelSi Seitana elCebis rwmunebis sigeli, xolo saratifikacio<br />
sigelis pirveli dokumentis (sigeli ori damoukidebeli<br />
dokumentis saxiT arsebobs) daskvniTi nawili gadaitana meore dokumentis<br />
boloSi. es imiT unda iyos gamowveuli, rom mkvlevarma, rogorc<br />
qvemoT davinaxavT, xelSekrulebis dedani da saratifikacio<br />
sigeli erTmaneTisagan ver ganasxvava; zedmetad miuCnevia saratifikacio<br />
sigelis pirveli dokumentis daskvniTi nawili, raki igi<br />
17<br />
АВПР, ф. Трактаты, оп. 2, д. 178, лл. 35-47.<br />
18<br />
a. bezborodkos werili 1783 wlis 15 dekembrisaa da ara 18 dekembris, rogorc es<br />
r. miminoSvilsa da g. paiWaZes miaCniaT (ix. qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis sagareo<br />
politikis istoriidan, naw. I, Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 184, 188).<br />
19<br />
«Милостивый государь мой! Ея императорскому величеству угодно, чтобы ваше<br />
сиятельство (albaT igulisxmeba grafi ostermani _ v. m.) благоволили приказать<br />
препроводить к ее сиятельству княгине Катерине Дашковой с г-м канцелярии<br />
советником князем Моуравовым верную копию трактата, постановленнаго с<br />
карталинским и кахетинским царем Ираклием для напечатания в Академии на<br />
грузинском и российском языках. Имея честь сообщить о сем вашему сиятельству<br />
пребываю в совершенным почитанием» (АВПР, ф. Трактаты, оп. 2, д. 178, л. 19).<br />
20<br />
АВПР, ф. Трактаты, оп. 2, д. 178, лл. 35-47 (qarTvel Tavad-aznaurTa siis darTvas<br />
praqtikuli mniSv-neloba hqonda, radgan traqtatis me-9 muxliT isini uTanabrdebodnen<br />
rus Tavad-aznaurobas da rus moxeleebs es unda scdonodaT, rom Sesabamisi<br />
pativi miegoT).<br />
21<br />
ПСЗ, т. XXI, СПб., 1830, док. №15835, с. 1013-1017.<br />
22<br />
Грамоты, II, вып. I, gv. 99-110.
georgievskis traqtati<br />
105<br />
xelSekrulebis dedanSi ar iyo. marTalia, ar gamoutovebia, magram<br />
pirveli dokumentis daskvniTi (bolo) nawili meore dokumentis boloSi<br />
gadautania, rac dauSvebelia.<br />
1902 wels a. cagarelma dabeWda agreTve xelSekrulebis proeqtis<br />
rusuli teqsti, romelic a. bezborodkos avtografiTaa Semonaxuli. 23<br />
1949 wels d. enuqiZem gamoaqveyna traqtatis saratifikacio sigeli<br />
saqarTvelos mxriv (erekles mier ratificirebuli teqsti) qar-<br />
Tul enaze. saqarTvelos muzeumSi daculi (amJamad xelnawerTa institutSia)<br />
dednis mixedviT, oRond masSi Setanilia qarTveli elCebis<br />
rwmunebis sigeli, romelic a. cagarlis publikaciidan gadabeWda. 24<br />
1960 wels i. cincaZem dabeWda traqtatis saratifikacio sigeli<br />
saqarTvelos mxriv (erekles mier ratificirebuli teqsti) qarTul<br />
enaze (saqarTvelos muzeumSi daculi dednis mixedviT). gamomcemels<br />
saratifikacio sigelisaTvis dasawyisi (pirveli gverdi) moukveTia.<br />
aqvea dabeWdili xelSekrulebis proeqtis, xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi<br />
nawilisa da damatebiTi muxlis rusuli teqstebic, romlebic<br />
gadmobeWdilia adrindeli gamocemebidan. 25<br />
1965 wels i. doliZem gamosca traqtatis teqsti qarTul da rusul<br />
enebze, romelsac daurTo qarTvel Tavad-aznaurTa sia. 26 publikacia<br />
ramdenime SeniSvnas imsaxurebs. jer erTi, dabeWdilia ara xelSekrulebis<br />
dedani, aramed saratifikacio sigelis qarTuli teqsti, romelic<br />
gamomcemels Seuvsia, an rogorc TviTon wers, adgili `aRudgenia~<br />
saarqivo saqmiT. e. i. saratifikacio sigelSi adgili Seutania<br />
xelSekrulebis dednidan da igi kvadratul frCxilebSi mouTavsebia, 27<br />
rac gaumarTleblad migvaCnia. radgan traqtatis dedani da saratifikacio<br />
sigelis dedani damoukidebeli dokumentebia, amitom isini<br />
cal-calke unda dabeWdiliyo. amgvarad, verc erTi ver miviReT misi<br />
namdvili saxiT; meore, saratifikacio sigelis paralelur rusul<br />
nawilad daubeWdavs ara misi `Targmani~, 28 romelic moskovis arqivSia<br />
daculi, aramed traqtatis dednis `Targmani~. amitom qarTul teqsts<br />
rusuli Targmani Tavidanve ki ar misdevs, aramed meore gverdidan iwyeba<br />
da bolomde ar mihyveba _ qarTuli teqstis bolo nawilic `Targma-<br />
23<br />
Грамоты, II, вып. I, gv. 32-41.<br />
24<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobis dokumentebi, Seadgina<br />
da komentarebi daurTo d. enuqiZem, Tbilisi, 1949, gv. 31-44.<br />
25<br />
i.cincaZe, 1783 wlis mfarvelobiTi traqtati. Tbilisi, 1960, gv. 198-233.<br />
26<br />
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, tomi II, saero sakanonmdeblo Zeglebi (X-XIX ss.).<br />
teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i. doliZem. Tbilisi,<br />
1965, gv. 457-492.<br />
27<br />
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, II, gv. 473.<br />
28<br />
aq sityva `Targmans~ pirobiTad vxmarobT, ris Taobaze qvemoT gveqneba saubari.
106 valerian maWaraZe<br />
nis~ gareSea dabeWdili; 29 mesame, qarTul teqstSi gamomcemels enobrivi<br />
(orTografiuli) formebi gausworebia, rac marTebulad ar migvaCnia.<br />
rusuli teqsti ki Zveli orTografiiT daubeWdavs, 30 rac rusuli saarqivo<br />
dokumentebis publikaciis Tanamedrove wesebs ewinaaRmdegeba; meo-<br />
Txe, Secdomebia daSvebuli komentarebSic, sadac saarqivo saqmis Zveli<br />
saTauri, romelsac mTeli furceli uWiravs, `minaweradaa~ gamocxadebuli.<br />
31 dasasrul, gamomcemels ratomRac gamoutovebia xelSekrulebis<br />
damatebiTi muxli (e. w. `Sesasrulebeli artikuli~).<br />
traqtatis teqsti 1970 wels r. miminoSvilma da g. paiWaZem<br />
gamosces, 32 magram arc es gamocema aRmoCnda sruli. marTalia, xelSekrulebis<br />
qarTuli teqsti sruladaa dabeWdili, 33 magram qarTuli<br />
saratifikacio sigelis mxolod dasawyisi da boloa dabeWdili, 34<br />
rac sakmarisi ar aris, radgan qarTuli saratifikacio sigeli damoukidebeli<br />
dokumentia, amitom igi srulad unda dabeWdiliyo;<br />
rac Seexeba rusul teqsts _ xelSekrulebis dednis mxolod `Targmania~<br />
dabeWdili, 35 saratifikacio sigelis `Targmani~ ki saerTod<br />
gamoutovebiaT; meore, gamomcemlebs qarTul teqstis dasadgenad<br />
saWirod CauTvliaT sxva gamocemebis paraleluri formebis sqolioSi<br />
gamotana, 36 rac zedmetad migvaCnia, raki traqtatis dedani<br />
gvaqvs (gviandeli aslebiT rom vsargeblobdeT, an dazianebuli iyos,<br />
maSin es aucilebeli iqneboda); mesame, gamomcemlebs qarTul dedanSi<br />
orTografiuli formebi gausworebiaT, rac mizanSewonilad ar migvaCnia;<br />
rusul teqstebSi gamomcemlebs yvela arsebiTi saxeli, samxedro<br />
da samoqalaqo wodeba-Tanamdebobis aRmniSvneli sityvebi, TiTqmis<br />
yvela nacvalsaxeli mTavruliT dauweriaT, 37 rasac arc rusuli saistorio<br />
dokumentebis gamocemis Tanamedrove `wesebi~ iTvaliswinebs<br />
da arc sabWoTa istoriografiis praqtika; meoTxe, gamomcemlebs 82<br />
furcliani saqmis saerTo, Zveli saTauri (ydaze warwera), 38 romelic<br />
29<br />
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, II, gv. 457-482.<br />
30<br />
iqve, 458-482.<br />
31<br />
iqve, 638-639.<br />
32<br />
qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis sagareo politikis istoriidan, I, Tbilisi, 1970,<br />
gv. 182-245.<br />
33<br />
iqve, gv. 193-207.<br />
34<br />
iqve, gv. 208-211.<br />
35<br />
iqve, gv. 223-233.<br />
36<br />
iqve, gv. 193-211.<br />
37<br />
iqve, gv. 221-237.<br />
38<br />
sagareo saqmeTa kolegiis saqmeebis Zveli aqtebis arqividan sagareo politikis arqivSi<br />
gadatani-sas mas axali yda gaukeTes da Sesabamisad daasaTaures, xolo Zveli yda<br />
da saTauri saqmeSi darCa da 1 furclad dainomra(АВПР, ф. Трактаты, оп. 2, д. 178, л.<br />
1), rasac mohyva mTeli saqmis gadanomrva, rac aqve dabeWdil fotopirebze kargad Cans.
georgievskis traqtati<br />
107<br />
axali paginaciiT 1 furcladaa danomrili, gadautaniaT mecxre furcelze<br />
dawyebuli rusuli teqstis saTaurad, 39 rac `wesebs~ ewinaaRmdegeba;<br />
mexuTe, Secdomaa daSvebuli wyaroze miTiTebisas _ winasityvaobaSi<br />
saqme isea warmodgenili, TiTqos georgievskis traqtati<br />
erT saarqivo saqmeSi (saqme # 178) iyos warmodgenili. 40 sinamdvileSi<br />
igi sam saqmeSia daculi (elCebis rwmunebani _ saqme #177, 41 traqtatis<br />
dedani da masTan dakavSirebuli masalebi _ saqme #178 42 da saratifikacio<br />
sigeli da masTan dakavSirebuli masalebi _ saqme #179) 43 ,<br />
yovel maTgans Sesabamisi saTauri aqvs, xolo gamomcemlebis mier<br />
motanili masala or saqmeSia (saqme #177 da saqme #178) daculi<br />
da ara erT saqmeSi (saqme #178-Si), rogorc aRniSnulia. 44 meeqvse,<br />
publikaciis winasityvaobasa da komentarebSi gvxvdeba uzustobani.<br />
magaliTad, saqme isea warmodgenili, TiTqos qarTvel Tavad-aznaurTa<br />
sia ereklem polkovnik tamaras 1784 wlis ianvarSi gadasca, 45 maSin<br />
roca am sias ereklem 1783 wlis 28 ivniss moawera xeli da gaatana i.<br />
bagrationsa da g. WavWavaZes, romlebmac igi georgievskSi gadasces p.<br />
potiomkins, xolo am ukanasknelma es sia 1783 wlis 24 ivliss gagzavna<br />
peterburgSi, 1783 15 dekembers ki akademiis stambaSi gaatanes dasabe-<br />
Wdad Tavad mouravovs (Tarxan-mouravs).<br />
dasasrul, dabeWdil teqstebSi SeiniSneba sxva xarvezebic (arasworad<br />
amokiTxuli adgilebi, koreqturuli Secdomebi da sxva),<br />
romlebsac aq ar SevexebiT. SevexeT mxolod saerTo nakls, romelic<br />
cxadyofs, rom georgievskis traqtati misi sruli saxiT arc qarTul<br />
da arc rusul enaze (Cvens arqivebSi daculi masalebis mixedviT)<br />
dRemde ar dabeWdila da arc misi mecnieruli gamocema arsebobs.<br />
<br />
rac Seexeba sakiTxis istoriografias, suraTi arc aqaa saxarbielo.<br />
revoluciamdelma mkvlevarebma sakiTxis mecnieruli gaSuqeba<br />
ver SeZles. rom araferi vTqvaT revoluciamdeli mkvlevarebis<br />
meTodologiasa da tendenciurobaze (es exeba rogorc qarTvel,<br />
ise rus mkvlevarebs), maT ver SeZles traqtatis dadebis umTavresi<br />
mizezebis gansazRvrac ki, radgan maTi wyaroTmcodneobiTi baza, rogorc<br />
zemoT aRiniSna, SezRuduli iyo. traqtatis dadebis umTavres<br />
39<br />
qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis sagareo politikis istoriidan, I, gv. 223.<br />
40<br />
iqve, gv. 182-190.<br />
41<br />
АВПР, ф. Трактаты, оп. 2, д. 177, лл. 1-4.<br />
42<br />
iqve, д. 178, лл. 1-82.<br />
43<br />
iqve, д. 179, лл. 1-34.<br />
44<br />
qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis sagareo politikis istoriidan, I, gv. 182-190.<br />
45<br />
iqve, gv. 183-187.
108 valerian maWaraZe<br />
mizezebs isini eZebdnen XVIII s. 70-80-iani wlebis mijnaze, gansakuTrebiT<br />
80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi qarTl-kaxeTis mdgomareobis<br />
gansakuTrebul gauaresebaSi (TiTqos jamagiri rom daugviandebodaT,<br />
lekebi TbilisSi Camodiodnen da qalaqs awiokebdnen, TiTqosda<br />
aleqsandre baqaris Zis daRestanSi gamoCeniT ereklem ar icoda sad<br />
wasuliyo). am muq suraTs zogierTi istorikosi umatebda ekaterines<br />
`gulCvilobasac~, romelsac `Secodebia~ gaWirvebaSi Cavardnili<br />
erekle. erTi sityviT, qarTl-kaxeTis mier traqtatis dadebis<br />
mizezebs XVIII s. 80-iani wlebis dasawyisis koniunqturiT xsnidnen,<br />
xolo ruseTis mxriv _ iranuli politikis `gamococxlebiT~. 46<br />
revoluciis Semdeg, 30-40-ian wlebSi, iyo sakiTxis axleburad<br />
gaSuqebis cda, magram mas raki wyaroebis specialuri Zieba ar axlda,<br />
arsebiTi Sedegebi ar mohyolia.<br />
sakiTxis specialurad Seswavla am ocdaaTiode wlis win daviwyeT<br />
da 1959 wels, ZiriTadad, davamTavreT monografia `georgievskis<br />
traqtati~. vaCveneT, rom georgievskis traqtats safuZvlad daedo<br />
erekles mier 1771 wels wamoyenebuli pirobebi, xolo misi SepirispirebiT<br />
ekaterines instruqciasTan da traqtatis teqstTan cxadi<br />
gavxadeT, rom georgievskis traqtati saqarTvelosaTvis ufro Se-<br />
RavaTian pirobebSi daido, vidre erekles proeqti iTvaliswinebda,<br />
rasac adre yuradReba ar eqceoda. amasTan, uarvyaviT mosazreba saqarTvelos<br />
viTarebis gansakuTrebiT gauaresebis Taobaze XVIII saukunis<br />
70-80-iani wlebis mijnaze da aqcenti gadavitaneT ruseTis vi-<br />
Tarebis gaumjobesebaze 80-ian wlebSi, ramac gadawyvita traqtatis<br />
dadeba. garda amisa, sparseTis nacvlad wina planze wamovwieT Turqe-<br />
Tis roli da adgili, romelsac agreTve adre saTanado yuradReba<br />
ar eqceoda. 47 amrigad, uarvyaviT revoluciamdeli istoriografiis<br />
ZiriTadi debulebebi, vaCveneT maTi usafuZvloba.<br />
marTalia, 1960 wlidan georgievskis traqtats ramdenime naSromi<br />
mieZRvna, magram, samwuxarod, zemoT wamoyenebulma mosazrebebma Semdgomi<br />
ganviTareba ver poves. georgievskis traqtatze dawerili naSromebidan<br />
i. cincaZis gamokvleva gamoirCeva, sadac mocemulia rogorc<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karis mier wardgenili proeqtis, ise xelSekrulebis<br />
muxlebis vrceli analizi. rogorc Cans, avtors yuradReba<br />
miuqcevia Cveni moxsenebis TezisebisaTvis da naSromis SesavalSi aRniSnavs,<br />
rom `ruseT-TurqeTis urTierToba... yovelmxriv gaSuqebuli ar<br />
46<br />
TiTqos, raki voinoviCis sazRvao eqspediciam marcxi ganicada, ereklesTan dades<br />
xelSekruleba, rom xmeleTiT SeWriliyvnen iranSi.<br />
47<br />
ZiriTadi debulebebi dabeWdilia (ix. Tsu istoriis fakulteti, III samecniero sesia,<br />
1959 wlis 4 -8 maisi, muSaobis gegma da moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, Tbilisi, 1959, gv. 14-15).
georgievskis traqtati<br />
109<br />
gamoiyureboda~ da `1783 wlis Semdeg momxdari zogi movlenis marTebuli<br />
axsna ar mogvepovebao~. magram mkvlevars Zieba araswori gziT<br />
warumarTavs _ wina planze e. w. `saberZneTis proeqti~ _ TurqeTis<br />
`waqcevis~ gegma wamouwevia, romlis nawiladac georgievskis traqtati<br />
gamoucxadebia. rasac, rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT, Cven ver gaviziarebT.<br />
amasTan, avtors ruseTis mTavrobis amierkavkasiis gegma diplomatTa<br />
calkeul gancxadebebze augia, rasac, agreTve, ver gaviziarebT. 48<br />
araspecialur naSromebSi, narkvevebsa da statiebSi, romlebic<br />
am bolo dros gamoqveynda, sakmao raodenobiT gvxvdeba faqtobrivi<br />
da sxva xasiaTis Secdomebi, magram Cven maTze ver SevCerdebiT. aq<br />
mxolod specialur naSroms SevexebiT.<br />
g. paiWaZis wignSi `georgievskis traqtati da misi istoriuli<br />
mniSvneloba~ ar aris saTanadod gaSuqebuli saqarTvelos viTareba<br />
XVIII saukunis 70-80-iani wlebis mijnaze, arc erekles mier wamoyenebuli<br />
pirobebia sworad da srulad gadmocemuli; gverdi aqvs<br />
avlili ekaterines instruqcias potiomkinisadmi. arc erekles proeqtia<br />
xelSekrulebis teqstTan Sepirispirebuli da sxva. 49<br />
<br />
cxadia, winamdebare publikaciaSi ver iqneba warmodgenili mTeli<br />
masala, aq vbeWdavT mxolod ramdenime dokuments (fotopirebiTurT).<br />
kerZod, traqtatis teqstTan da saratifikacio sigelebTan<br />
erTad erekles mier 1771 wels 30 dekembers ruseTis mfarvelobaSi<br />
Sesvlis Taobaze wamoyenebul pirobebs, qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karis<br />
pirobas 1772 wlis 6 ianvrisa da ekaterine II instruqcias g. potiomkinisadmi,<br />
romlebsac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvT. 50 xsenebuli<br />
dokumentebis farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis miwodeba xels Seuwyobs<br />
traqtatis Sinaarsisa da mniSvnelobis ukeT gagebis saqmes. traqtatis<br />
teqstis sruli da dedniseuli saxiT gamocema, romelsac fotopirebic<br />
axlavs, xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba agreTve istorikosebisa<br />
da literaturismcodneebisaTvis, romlebic ruseT-saqarTvelos<br />
urTierTobis sakiTxebiT arian dainteresebulni, agreTve enaTmecnierebisaTvis,<br />
romlebic qarTuli enis istorias ikvleven.<br />
48<br />
i. cincaZe, 1783 wlis mfarvelobiTi traqtati Tbilisi, 1960.<br />
49<br />
g. paiWaZe, georgievskis traqtati da misi istoriuli mniSvneloba, Tbilisi, 1980.<br />
50<br />
georgievskis traqtatTan dakavSirebuli dokumentebi srulad daibeWdeba Cveni<br />
`masalebis~ IV wignSi.
110 valerian maWaraZe<br />
xelSekrulebis momzadeba da dadeba<br />
georgievskis traqtatis proeqtis SemuSavebas safuZvlad daedo<br />
sami dokumenti: erekle mefis Txovnis wigni (1771 wlis 30 dekembrisa),<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karis piroba (1772 wlis 6 ianvrisa)<br />
da ekaterine II miTiTeba gr. potiomkinisadmi (1782 wlis bolo _<br />
1783 wlis dasawyisi).<br />
erekles Txovnis wignSi wamoyenebuli iyo Semdegi pirobebi: 1)<br />
ruseTs qarTl-kaxeTSi unda gamoegzavna oTxiaTasiani jari, xolo<br />
`vinc jaris Tavi iqneba, Cvenis (erekles _ v. m.) SeZlebiT, rogorc<br />
rCevas imas daujerebdeT, egreTve isic Cvens rCevas miiRebdes da daijerebdes,<br />
vinadgan varT aqaurTa saqmeTa Sina myofni da mecnierni<br />
amisTvis~; 51 2) mieRoT qarTl-kaxeTi ruseTis mfarvelobaSi samudamod,<br />
oRond im pirobiT, rom erekles `Camomavlobis mefoba... saukunod<br />
ucvalebelad~ darCeniliyo; 3) ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis<br />
Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTis samefo eklesiuradac damoukidebeli<br />
unda darCeniliyo: `msgavsadve kaTolikozica wessave Tvissa egos<br />
mouSlelad~; 4) yirimSi gaTavisuflebul tyveebs samSobloSi dabrunebis<br />
neba darTodaT; 5) qarTl-kaxeTs miscemoda sesxi. 52<br />
Tu erekles Txovna dakmayofildeboda, mefe ruseTis mTavrobis<br />
winaSe valdebulebas iRebda: 1) `dRes Cvens qveyanaSi, romlisac nivTis<br />
madani aris da an gamoCndeba, iqidam sargebeli moipoeba, naxevari<br />
Tqvenis didebulebis xazinas mierTmeodes~; 2) `...rac Cvens morCilebas<br />
qveS kacni arian, yovel wliv amaTgan kvamlzed ToTxmeti Sauri<br />
saÃelmwifoT aiRebodes da mogerTmeodesT~; 3) `...Rvinos, ricxviT<br />
ori aTas vedras, romelic Cven qveyanaSi rCeuli Rvino iSoeba,<br />
yizlars Cvenis xarjiT mivitanT saÃelmwifoTa~; 4) `rac am qveyanaSi<br />
rCeuli cxeni iSoeba, ToTxmeti cxeni niadag weliwads yovlad<br />
didebulebasa Tqvensa mierTmeodes~; 5) `rodesac ZaliTa da SewevniTa<br />
Tqvenisa didebulebis korpusisaTa, rac osmalTagan warTmeuli mamulebi<br />
gvaqUs da im adgilebs daviWerT, imaT mogarTvan xarji Tqven<br />
yovlad didebulsa Ãelmwifesa, rac rom ruseTis imperiaSi Tavadis<br />
yma aZlevs, imisi naxevari xarji~; 6) `Tu rom kaxeTis warTmeuli adgilebi<br />
(Wari _ v. m.) daviWireT... amasac, rogorc zemore dagviweria,<br />
im saxiT vamsaxurebT: komlze ToTxmets Saurs weliwadSi da imav adgilebidam<br />
weliwadSi abreSums oras fuTsa im qveynidam, da, Tu meti<br />
SeviZeliT mets movarTmevT didebulobasa Tqvensa~; 7) rodesac qveynis<br />
51<br />
АВПР, ф. Cн. Росии с Грузией, 1769-76гг., оп. 110/2, д. 12, лл. 462-463 (a. cagarlis<br />
gamoqveynebuli teqsti naklovania; Грамоты, II, вып. I, с. 83-84).<br />
52<br />
АВПР, ф. Cн. Росии с Грузией, 1769-76гг., оп. 110/2, д. 12, лл. 462-463.
georgievskis traqtati<br />
111<br />
mdgomareoba gaumjobesdeba, jarze daxarjuli fuli daubrundeba<br />
ruseTis xazinas; 8) rodesac qveyana damSviddeba, `rac ruseTis imperiaSi<br />
sulzed saldaTi aZes, Cven imdens kvamlzed mivarTmevT saldaTs<br />
Tqvens didebulebasa~; 9) Tu zemoaRniSnuli Txovna Sesruldeba `...<br />
mivarTmevT Zesa Cvensa romelsame da egreTve raodensame kniazsa Tqvens<br />
yovlad didebulsa Ãelmwifesa da aznuarTaca SeZlebisaebr Cvenis~. 53<br />
dasasrul, erekle isev Tavis ZiriTad Txovnas usvamda xazs: `kUalad<br />
vedrebiT movaxsenebT Tqvens yovlad mowyalebasa, raTa amave zafxulsa<br />
ar uteon daupyrobelad qveyana axalcixisa, da ukeTu Serigeba moxdes...<br />
maSinac gareT ar darCes qveyana axalcixisa, vinaÁdgan saqarTvelos<br />
miwa aris da qarTuli ena aqUsT da mravalni qristianeni arian<br />
imaTSi, da sxUanica axali gardaqceulni arian mahmadianobazed~. 54<br />
amasTan, erekle pretenzias ar acxadebda ucxo qveynebis teritoriebis<br />
miTvisebaze: `ukeTu R ~ TiTa da bednierobiTa TqveniTa, romelic<br />
sxva mteris qveyana Tqvenis didebulis korpusis ZaliT davi-<br />
WiroT, imisi sruliadi neba TqUenis didebulebisa aris~. 55 erekle<br />
mefe arc 1782 wlis 21 dekembers wardgenil proeqtSi acxadebda<br />
pretenziebs araqarTul miwebze, 56 rac sagangebod unda aRiniSnos. 57<br />
aseTia erekles mier wayenebuli pirobebi.<br />
zemoxsenebuli Txovnis wignis gasamagreblad qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefo kars saWirod CauTvlia 1772 wlis 6 ianvars mcxeTaSi gadasuliyo<br />
da iq, Zvel sataxtoSi Seedgina meore dokumenti, romelsac<br />
xeli moaweres da beWedi dausves erekle II, darejan dedofalma, anton<br />
kaTalikosma, giorgi, levan, vaxtang da iulon batoniSvilebma.<br />
dokumentze xelmomwerni acxadeben, rom ruseTis jaris daxmarebiT<br />
53<br />
АВПР, ф. Cн. Росии с Грузией, 1769-76гг., оп. 110/2, д. 12, лл. 462-463.<br />
54<br />
АВПР, ф. Cн. Росии с Грузией, 1769-76гг., оп. 110/2, д. 12, лл. 462-463.<br />
55<br />
iqve.<br />
56<br />
i. cincaZe, 1783 wlis mfarvelobiTi traqtati, gv. 195-197.<br />
57<br />
erekle II arc ruseTis mTavrobisaTvis wardgenil xsenebul dokumentebSi da arc<br />
sxvagan wamouyenebia araqarTuli miwebis uSualod saqarTvelosTvis SemoerTebis<br />
gegma. erekles somexTa gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis xelmZRvanelebma XVIII saukunis<br />
meore naxevarSi araerTgzis SesTavazes somxeTis mefis gvirgvinic, magram<br />
mefe amaze ar daTanxmda (Sdr. a. ioanesianis Sromebi). marTalia, erekles vasalur<br />
damokidebulebaSi hyavda erevnisa da ganjis saxanoebi, magram es ufleba TviTon<br />
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis TxovniT, iranis taxtis maZieblebisagan dacviT moipova<br />
da mtkiced icavda am xazs, radgan amiT saqarTveloze mosasvlel strategiul<br />
punqtebs inarCunebda. amitomac iranisa da TurqeTis waqezebiT, xsenebul saxanoTa<br />
mmarTvelebis gandgomas zogjer ar uSvebda. rac Seexeba elCebis rwmunebis sigel-<br />
Si erekles titulSi araqarTuli miwebis mflobelad moxseniebas (Sdr. АВПР, ф.<br />
Трактаты, оп. 2, д. 177, лл. 3-4) da a. bezborodkos miTiTebas saratifikacio sigelSi,<br />
erekle imave tituliT moixsenieTo (Sdr. АВПР, ф. Трактаты, оп. 2, д. 178, л. 18), igi<br />
erekles iniciativiT ki ara, mxareTa winaswari SeTanxmebiT gamiznul nabijad gvesaxeba,<br />
romelsac gza unda gadaeRoba iranis Semdgomi agresiisaTvis amierkavkasiaSi.
112 valerian maWaraZe<br />
TurqeTTan da iranTan brZolaSi rogor warmatebasac ar unda miaRwion,<br />
ruseTis qveSevrdomobaze xels ar aiReben.<br />
`yovlad didebulis Ãelmwifis mowyalebiT da ZaliT am mÃaris<br />
qveynebSi Turqisa Tu sp[a]rseTisa adgilebi rom dav[i]Wiro, rasac<br />
pativsa da simaRleSi SevideT, maSinc monebr damorCilebulni v[i]<br />
yvn[e]T yovlad didebulobisa Ãelmwifobisa Tqvenisasa da rogoradac<br />
sxvas meores CvengniT Tqvenis imperatorebis didebulebis samsaxurisa<br />
da aRTqmisda kvalad Cvenganve Tqvenis yovlad mowyalebis<br />
saTxovelis arzaSi mogvixsenebia, romelzedac TviT Cemi Ãeli<br />
aweria, 58 im saxiT yovliTurT Cemis CamomavlobiT damorCilebulni<br />
da ymani viyvneT saukunod~. 59<br />
amrigad, erekle II uars acxadebda Tavisi suverenuli uflebebis<br />
nawilze, kisrulobda xarksac, magram mefe am nabijs dgamda didi<br />
mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis mosagvareblad _ qarTl-kaxeTis uSiSroebis<br />
uzrunvelsayofad da mtris mier mitacebuli qarTuli miwebis<br />
dasabruneblad. qarTuli miwebis dabrunebis mniSvnelobaze, rom<br />
araferi vTqvaT, am olqebs didi strategiuli mniSvneloba hqondaT<br />
TviT qarTlisa da kaxeTis TavdacvisaTvis. jer erTi, Turqebma, miitaces<br />
ra samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelo, ZaliT gaavrceles islami,<br />
mosaxleobis nawili gaaTurqes, moSales ekonomika, gaanadgures<br />
materialuri kulturis Zeglebi, xolo axalcixis safaSo aqcies<br />
TavianT placdarmad, saidanac Tavs esxmodnen qarTl-kaxeTsa da kavSirs<br />
amyarebdnen lekebTan; 60 meore, lekebma daikaves aRmosavleT<br />
kaxeTi da gadaaqcies TavianT bazad, saidanac Tavs esxmodnen kaxeTsa<br />
da qarTls, itacebdnen adamianebs, mierekebodnen saqonels da a. S.<br />
axalcixisa da Waris teritoriuli siaxlove aiolebda lekebis<br />
kavSirs TurqebTan. pirveli (axalcixis) sakiTxis gadawyveta saqarTvelos<br />
gareSe Zalis dauxmareblad ar SeeZlo da es sakiTxi arc<br />
dasmula dRis wesrigSi, sanam ar dainaxes ruseTis daintereseba amierkavkasiiT;<br />
meore sakiTxi (Waris) ereklem da Teimurazma dasves 50-<br />
ian wlebSi, magram ver gadawyvites, radgan Warelebs amierkavkasiis<br />
mahmadiani mflobelebi wamoeSvelnen da saidumlod arc Turqebs<br />
daukliaT xeli. mtris am ori placdarmis moSlis gareSe qarTlkaxeTis<br />
dacva SeuZlebeli iyo.<br />
ai, ratom gadadga erekle II aseTi nabiji.<br />
58<br />
laparakia erekle mefis 1771 30 dekembris werilze, romelsac zemoT gavecaniT.<br />
59<br />
АВПР, ф. Cн. Росии с Грузией, 1769-76гг., оп. 110/2, д. 12, л. 459.<br />
60<br />
lekTa sakiTxis gadaxlarTva saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierTobis sakiTxTan<br />
sakmaod naTlad aqvs naCvenebi n. berZeniSvils (aRmosavleT kaxeTis warsulidan.<br />
ix. `mimomxilveli~, III, 1953, gv. 85-86).
georgievskis traqtati<br />
113<br />
aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom aseTi gadawyvetileba miRebul iqna ru -<br />
seTis mxriv yovelgvari Cagonebis gareSe. ruseTis warmomadgenl ebi<br />
generali a. suxotini da kapitani i. lvovi, romlebic maSin quTaisSi<br />
iyvnen, aRSfoTebulic ki iyvnen, maTTvis Seutyobineblad elCebis<br />
ruseTSi gamgzavrebis gamo (rogorc Cans, eWvobdnen ereklem Cvenze<br />
saCivari xom ar miswerao) da mTavrobas acnobebdnen, Cven elCobis<br />
mizani ar viciTo. 61<br />
1772 wlis ianvarSi ruseTSi gaemgzavra elCoba anton kaTalikosisa<br />
da levan batoniSvilis meTaurobiT, romelTac mihqondaT erekle<br />
II Txovnis wigni da samefo karis piroba.<br />
ra Tqma unda, ruseTs, TurqeTTan omis dros 62 _ roca jer kidev<br />
ar iyo gadawyvetili ruseTis Savi zRvis sanapiroze damkvidrebisa<br />
da Tavisufali naosnobis uflebis sakiTxebi, evropis qveynebis<br />
mtruli poziciis viTarebaSi, _ ar SeeZlo mieRo qarTl-kaxeTi<br />
mfarvelobaSi, radgan igi gamoiwvevda TurqeTTan omis gaWianurebas<br />
da iranel xanebsac (n. berZeniSvilis samarTliani SeniSviT)<br />
moTminebidan gamoiyvanda, romlebTanac damaimedebeli werilebi<br />
hqondaT gagzavnili (rom ruseTs iranis winaaRmdeg mtruli ganzraxva<br />
ar hqonda da jari saqarTveloSi mxolod TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
saomrad Semoiyvana). amitom 1773 wlis 31 dekembris weriliT<br />
ekaterine II Tumca uwonebda erekles gadawyvetilebas, magram mefes<br />
atyobinebda, rom Tqveni winadadebis miReba amjerad ar SegviZlia<br />
da es ambavi ufro xelsayreli droisaTvis gadavdoTo. amasTan, imperatori<br />
mefes hpirdeboda _ TurqeTTan zavis dadebisas sulTans<br />
qarTveli xalxis uSiSroebis uzrunvelyofis pirobas CamovarTmevT,<br />
romlis Sesrulebaze me TviTon davaweseb kontrolso. 63 1774 wels<br />
elCebi xelcarieli dabrundnen saqarTveloSi. 64<br />
quCuk-kainarjis zavis Semdeg ruseTis viTareba sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda:<br />
jer erTi, dneprsa da bugs Soris teritoriisa da kinburnis<br />
simagris miRebiT, ruseTi Sav zRvaze gavida; meore, qerCisa da enikales<br />
miRebiT, ruseTs gza gaexsna azovidan Savi zRvisaken; mesame, TurqeTma<br />
scno ruseTis ufleba _ Sav zRvaze Tavisufali naosnobisa. amrigad, ruseTi<br />
sabolood damkvidrda Sav zRvaze. quCuk-kainarjis zaviT TurqeTis<br />
vasali yirimis saxano damoukideblad gamocxadda. am aqtiT TurqeTma<br />
dakarga placdarmi da saimedo rezervi Savi zRvis CrdiloeT nawilSi,<br />
61<br />
АВПР, ф. Cн. Росии с Грузией, 1769-75гг., оп. 110/2, д. 11, лл. 45-50; 1769-70 гг., оп.<br />
110/2, д. 13, л. 172; 1771-75 гг., оп. 110/2, д. 16, л. 7; Грамоты, I, 334.<br />
62<br />
1768-74 wlebSi mimdinareobda ruseT-TurqeTis omi.<br />
63<br />
АВПР, ф. Cн. Росии с Грузией, 1770-74 гг., оп. 110/2, д. 14, лл. 45-47; Грамоты, I, с. 394-397.<br />
64<br />
xsenebuli elCobis istoria da masTan dakavSirebuli dokumentebi, rogorc zemoT<br />
iTqva, calke ibeWdeba.
114 valerian maWaraZe<br />
ramac mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesa ruseTis strategiuli mdgomareoba.<br />
garda amisa, quCuk-kainarjis zaviT gauqmda 1739 wlis belgradis<br />
traqtati, romliTac yabardo neitralur zonad iyo gamocxadebuli<br />
da ruseTs (TurqeTsac) ekrZaleboda Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis saqme-<br />
Si Careva; Tumca quCuk-kainarjis zavs sabolood ar gadauwyvetia yabardos<br />
sakiTxi, magram ramdenadac TurqeTma ruseTsa da yirims dauTmo<br />
misi gadawyveta, ruseTs Tavisufali moqmedebisaTvis xelebi exsneboda.<br />
yirimel didebulTa windauxedavi politikis (TurqeTidan Camocileba<br />
ar SegviZliao) wyalobiT omis Semdeg TurqeTi (70-80-iani wlebis mijnaze)<br />
aqtiurad Caeria yirimis saqmeebSi 65 (tamanidan yirimSi SeWriTa<br />
da iq Tavisi batonobis aRdgeniT TurqeTi qerCisa da enikales cixeebs<br />
emuqreboda da qerCis srutis xelaxla Caketvis safrTxes qmnida; garda<br />
amisa, TurqeTi tamanidanve safrTxes uqmnida agreTve ruseTis poziciebs<br />
Crd. kavkasiaSi, xolo oCakovidan _ kinburnis cixesa da dnepridan Sav<br />
zRvaze gasasvlels). am mdgomareobam aiZula ruseTi avstriasTan daaxloebis<br />
gzas dadgomoda da daeCqarebina yirimis sakiTxis saboloo<br />
gadawyveta. ruseTis mTavrobam realurad dasva yirimis sakiTxi, xolo<br />
misi gadawyvetis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlod miiCnies saqarTvelos sakiTxis<br />
wamoWrac. 66 aseT pirobebSi ruseTis mTavrobam qarTvel mefeebs i.<br />
rainegsis piriT acnoba diplomatiuri molaparakebis ganaxlebis SesaZleblobaze<br />
da xelSekrulebis proeqtis SemuSavebas Seudga.<br />
ekaterine II instruqciaSi, romelic grafma a. bezborodkom 1782<br />
65<br />
yirimSi SesaWrelad TurqeTis didi mzadebis Taobaze qarTvelma diplomatebma<br />
ruseTis mTavrobas jer kidev 1778 wels acnobes (ix. v. maWaraZe, besiki diplomatiur<br />
sarbielze, Tbilisi, 1968, gv. 218).<br />
66<br />
marTalia, iranis sisuste xelsayrel pirobebs qmnida, rom saqarTvelos sakiTxi<br />
daesvaT, magram XVIII s. 70-80-iani wlebis mijnaze ruseTs iranSi SeWris sakiTxi ar<br />
wamouyenebia da arc `iranis sakiTxis gamococxlebas~ hqonda adgili, rogorc es<br />
zogierT mkvlevars eCveneboda. maSin saqme exeboda mxolod rusi vaWrebis interesebisa<br />
da ruseTis prestiJis dacvas. istoriografiaSi gazviadebulia agreTve TurqeTis<br />
mimarT ruseTis gegmebic (e. w. saberZneTis proeqti). 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saqme<br />
exeboda ara sakuTriv TurqeTis teritorias, ara konstantinopols, aramed yirimis<br />
sakiTxs da yabardoSi damkvidrebas, radgan tamanSi gamagrebuli TurqeTi, ruseTTan<br />
omSi marcxis miuxedavad, Tavis pretenziebze xels ar iRebda.<br />
XVIII saukunis 80-ian wlebSi ruseTis diplomatia marTlmadideblebis xsnis didi<br />
lozungiT ar gamosula, radgan 1768-74 wlebis omis gamocdilebam cxadhyo, rom balkaneTis<br />
mosaxleoba am brZolisaTvis jer kidev ar iyo politikurad da organizaciulad<br />
momzadebuli, xolo dunais samTavroebisa (valaxia, moldavia) da qarTuli samefoebis<br />
brZolisa da ruseTis iaraRis warmatebis Sedegebic, evropis qveynebma (pirvel<br />
rigSi avstriam) minimumamde Sekveces. ruseTis mTavrobam gamocdilebiT icoda, rom am<br />
did saqmeSi avstria partniorad ar gamodgeboda (amitomac ar darTo ruseTma imereTs<br />
neba 1787-91 wlebis omSi Cabmuliyo, radgan icodnen Sedegs ver miiRebdnen). magram<br />
Tu axla avstria mainc `megobrad~ airCies, ruseTs mxolod imis imediRa SeiZleboda<br />
hqonoda, rom avstria, bukovinis mitacebis (1774) Semdeg, TurqeTis `megobari~ aRar<br />
iyo da Savi zRvis Crdilo nawilSi sadao sakiTxebze ruseTs ganze ver ganudgeboda.
georgievskis traqtati<br />
115<br />
wlis bolosa, Tu 1783 wlis dasawyisSi acnoba gr. potiomkins, 67 naTqvamia:<br />
«Мнение ея величества было, чтоб: 1-е, чрез вашу светлость заключить<br />
с грузинскими царями союзный трактат, не именуя их подданными, но<br />
союзниками, от Империи всероссийской покровительствуемыми.<br />
2. Поборов денежных не принять никаких, ниже половины с металлов<br />
и минералов, а оставить все то в пользу царей грузинских, а принять<br />
только ежегодную присылку шелку, вин и лошадей». 68<br />
garda am ori umTavresi punqtisa, ekaterine II instruqcia Seicavda<br />
kidev oTx punqts, romlebzedac imperators ainteresebda Tavad<br />
potiomkinis mosazrebebi:<br />
3. omis SemTxvevaSi saqarTveloSi gamosagzavni jarisa da subsidiis<br />
raodenoba ganesazRvra Tavad gr. potiomkins;<br />
4. erekles kavSiri avstriis imperatorTan sasurvelad ar iyo<br />
miCneuli da ereklesac mimoweraze xeli unda aeRo (ruseT-avstriis<br />
daaxloeba ereklem ruseTidan cnobis miRebamde Seityo, amitom<br />
mimarTa mefem avstriis imperators, magram ruseTis samefo karma<br />
1768-74 wlebis gamocdilebiT icoda, rom `megobrobis~ miuxedavad,<br />
avstriis mTavrobas SeeZlo xeli SeeSala);<br />
5. jarisa da sxva sakiTxebze imperatori Tavad potiomkinis mosazrebebs<br />
elodeboda;<br />
6. xom ar Tvlida Tavadi potiomkini saWirod ereklesa da solomons<br />
Soris naTeli da zusti zavis dadebas misive (Tavad potiomkinis)<br />
TavdebobiT. 69<br />
ekaterines miTiTebebs garda, a. bezborodkoc Tavis mosazrebebsac<br />
sTavazobda Tavad gr. potiomkins, sadac sxva sakiTxebTan erTad 70<br />
isic iyo aRniSnuli, rom saqarTvelodan Rvino fasiT unda waeRoT,<br />
radgan igi «касается простого народа». 71<br />
amrigad, ekaterine II instruqcia iTxovda, traqtati dadebuliyo<br />
ufro SeRavaTian pirobebSi qarTl-kaxeTisaTvis, vidre erekles<br />
proeqtiT iyo navaraudevi. 72 aqedan Zneli rodia gavakeToT daskvna,<br />
67<br />
werils TariRi ar uzis. a. cagareli mas 1782 wlis dekembriT aTariRebda (Грамоты,<br />
II, вып. I, с. 30-31), i. cincaZem 1783 wlis Teberval-martSi Sedgenilad miiCnia (i. cincaZe,<br />
1783 wlis mfarvelobiTi traqtati, gv. 99).<br />
68<br />
АВПР, ф. Cн. Росии с Грузией, 1774-1804 гг., оп. 110/2, д. 18, лл. 66-67; Грамоты, II,<br />
вып. II, с. 30-31.<br />
69<br />
iqve.<br />
70<br />
es mosazrebebi exeboda saqarTveloSi gamogzavnili jaris raodenobas, investituras,<br />
qarTuli eklesiisa da ruseTis sinodis damokidebulebasa da sxv.<br />
71<br />
АВПР, ф. Cн. Росии с Грузией, 1774-1804 гг., оп. 110/2, д. 18, л. 67; Грамоты, II, вып. II, с. 31.<br />
72<br />
cxadia, cdebodnen mkvlevarebi, romlebic laparakobdnen ruseTis diplomatiis<br />
mier `ereklesTan momgebiani xelSekrulebis~ dasadebad aleqsandre batoniSvilis<br />
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, gv. 688).
116 valerian maWaraZe<br />
rom traqtati SeiZleboda dadebuliyo 1772 wels, xolo misi 11<br />
wliT dagvianebis mizezi unda veZioT ara saqarTvelos, aramed ruseTis<br />
sagareo viTarebaSi. kidev meti, raki qarTl-kaxeTi 1771 wels<br />
mzad iyo, daedo xelSekruleba ufro mZime pirobebiT, maSasadame,<br />
xelSekrulebebis dadeba 1783 wels ganupirobebia ara saqarTvelos<br />
mdgomareobas 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi (misi gauareseba an gaumjobeseba<br />
aq mTavari ar iyo), aramed ruseTis saerTaSoriso viTarebis<br />
gaumjobesebas.<br />
ra Tqma unda, ekaterine II daTmobis mizezi dedoflis keTil-<br />
SobilebaSi ki ar unda veZioT, rogorc amas zogierTi istorikosi<br />
varaudobda, aramed maSindeli ruseTis saerTaSoriso viTarebasa<br />
da imaSi, Tu ra roli unda eTamaSa saqarTvelos, rogorc ruseTis<br />
erTgul da saimedo mokavSires kavkasiis problemis gadawyvetaSi.<br />
saqme isaa, rom TurqeTma sami saukunis manZilze, rigi mizezebis gamo,<br />
moaxerxa mTis kavkasiaSi qristianobis amoZirkviTa da islamis, misi<br />
sunituri seqtis damkvidrebiT, saimedo sayrdeni gaeCina kavkasiis<br />
mTis tomebis didkacebSi, rac kavkasiis problemis gadaWras aWianurebda<br />
da arTulebda. fexze wamomdgar saqarTvelos, cxadia, ruseTis<br />
gegmebis gadaWraSi sapatio roli unda eTamaSa (es gakvriT a.<br />
bezborodkos werilSic Cans. 73 SemdgomSi, XIX saukuneSi, saqarTvelom<br />
marTlac iTamaSa es roli, rasac, samwuxarod, istoriografiaSi<br />
saTanado yuradReba ar eqceva).<br />
<br />
rac Seexeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos viTarebas, igi quCuk-kainarjis<br />
zavis Semdeg mniSvnelovad gaumjobesda. saqarTvelos mdgomareobis<br />
Seswavlam XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi Cven im daskvnamde<br />
migviyvana, rom erekle II mefobaSi, vidre 1783 wlamde (e. i. 1744-<br />
1783 wlebSi), yvelaze ukeTesi 1775-1783 wlebia. es araa SemTxveviTi:<br />
jer erTi, 1768-1774 wlebis omSi damarcxebis Semdeg mniSvnelovnad<br />
dasustebul TurqeTs (quCuk-kainarjis zaviT) akrZaluli hqonda<br />
saqarTveloSi axali miwebis xelSi Cagdeba (zaviT TurqeTma valdebuleba<br />
ikisra: «не почитать между ими (qarTvelTa Soris _ v. m.)<br />
никого за своих подданных, кроме тех, кой издревле ей принадлежали»); 74<br />
am sakiTxSi ruseTis pozicia TurqeTis mTavrobisaTvis kargad iyo<br />
cnobili 50-60-ian wlebSi; 75 meore, TurqeTi, Tavisi sisustis miuxe-<br />
73<br />
АВПР, ф. Cн. Росии с Грузией, 1772-1804 гг., оп. 110/2, д. 18, л. 67; Грамоты, II, вып. II, с. 31.<br />
74<br />
Е. И. Д р у ж и н и н а, Кючук-Кайнарджийский мир, М., 1955, с. 356.<br />
75<br />
ruseTis diplomatiam araerTxel aaRebina xeli TurqeTis sulTans `sparseTis<br />
saqmeSi~ Carevaze _ qarTlSi SeWraze.
georgievskis traqtati<br />
117<br />
davad, yirimeli didkacebis ugunuri politikis gamo, ar eSveboda<br />
yirimsa da yabardos, ris gamoc ruseTTan ukiduresad daZabul urTierTobaSi<br />
imyofeboda. cxadia, aseT pirobebSi TurqeTs aRmosavleT<br />
saqarTvelos saqmeebSi Carevis Tavi ki ara, dasavleT saqarTveloSic<br />
kargavda Tavis poziciebs (viTarebiT kargad isargebla solomon<br />
I); mesame, sparseTi winandeburadve daSlili da dasustebuli<br />
iyo, xolo 1779 wlidan, qerim xanis sikvdilis Semdeg, isev Sina<br />
brZolebma moicva.<br />
zemoaRniSnul pirobebSi ereklem aRadgina Tavisi poziciebi amierkavkasiaSi,<br />
xeli mokida samTo sawarmoebis gaxsnas, rasac adre<br />
gareSe mtrebis momravlebis SiSiT ver bedavda, xolo qvemo qarTlis<br />
spilenZisa da vercxlis sawarmoebi mefes mniSvnelovan Semosavals<br />
aZlevda; morige jaris SeqmniT mefem mniSvnelovnad alagma lekTa<br />
TareSi. safuZvels moklebulia p. butkovis Seumowmebeli cnoba,<br />
TiTqos lekebs jamagiri rom daugviandebodaT, TbilisSi Camodiodnen<br />
da qalaqs iklebdnen. 76<br />
rac Seexeba aleqsandre batoniSvilis gamoCenas, igi 60-ian wleb-<br />
Sic iyo daRestanSi, magram veraferi gaawyo da Tavi qerim xans Seafara,<br />
xolo qerim xanis sikvdilis Semdeg, raki iranSi areuloba<br />
daiwyo, Tavs uSvela da saqarTveloSi gamoiqca. qarTlSic movida,<br />
magram marcxi ganicada da meored gaiqca daRestanSi; am faqts ki ar<br />
ugulvebelvyofT, magram ar SeiZleba mas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba<br />
mieniWos, radgan aleqsandre avantiuristi iyo da misi momxreebic<br />
erekles sakmaod welSi gatexili hyavda. rac Seexeba ruseTis mTavrobis<br />
damokidebulebas aleqsandre batoniSvilisadmi, igi Serisxuli<br />
da ruseTidan gaZevebuli iyo da arc amjerad ucdiaT misi gamoyeneba.<br />
XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi ruseTi saqarTveloSi (da saerTod<br />
kavkasiaSi) Sinapolitikuri brZolebis CaqrobisaTvis ibrZoda, rom<br />
TurqeTsa da irans Carevis sababi ar miscemodaT. 77<br />
ra Tqma unda, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba<br />
XVIII saukunis 70-80-iani wlebis mijnaze ar niSnavda saqarTvelos<br />
saerTo mdgomareobis radikalurad Secvlas, radgan mtris<br />
Zalebi bevrad Warbobda qarTvelTa Zalebs. saqarTvelos mosaxleoba<br />
XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi TurqTa, sparselTa da lekebis Semosevis<br />
wyalobiT, katastrofulad Semcirda. magaliTad, 1254 wels saqa-<br />
76<br />
samwuxarod, am Seumowmebel cnobas, romelic p. butkovidan modis (И. Бутков,<br />
Материалы, ч. II, с. 119), iziarebdnen ara marto revoluciamdeli, aramed zogierTi<br />
sabWoTa mkvlevaric ki (g. q i q o Z e, erekle meore, Tbilisi, 1958, gv. 166).<br />
77<br />
am sakiTxze aq ver SevCerdebiT. aleqsandre batoniSvilisa da saqarTveloSi Sinapolitikuri<br />
brZolebisadmi ruseTis mTavrobis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb da wvrilebiT<br />
specialur monografiaSi gveqneba saubari.
118 valerian maWaraZe<br />
rTvelos mosaxleoba Seadgenda 810 aTas komls anu 4-5 milion<br />
kacs, xolo 1770 wels 87-90 aTas komls anu 400-500 aTas kacs (e. i.<br />
aTjer Semcirda); rac Seexeba sakuTriv aRmosavleT saqarTvelos,<br />
misi mosaxleoba 56 aTas komls anu 280-300 aTas kacs Seadgenda.<br />
amasTan, gareSe mtris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad mTeli saqarTvelos<br />
mosaxleobis gaerTianeba gareSe faqtoris gamo SeuZlebeli<br />
iyo. 78 TurqeTi dasavleT saqarTvelos Tavis vasalad Tvlida, amitom<br />
imereTisadmi daxmarebas mtrul aqciad miiCnevda da sapasuxo zomebs<br />
iRebda. magaliTad, 60-ian wlebSi sulTanma ubrZana axalcixis fa-<br />
Sas, Tu Seityob, rom qarTlidan imerlebs exmarebian, neba geZleva<br />
Cems ukiTxavad SeiWra jariT qarTlSio. magram TurqeTis mTavrobam,<br />
rusi diplomatebis protestis gamo, Tavi Seikava. 79 amitom iyo, rom<br />
qarTvel mefeTa 1758 wlis urTierTdaxmarebis SeTanxmeba realurad<br />
da aSkarad ver xorcieldeboda.<br />
rac Seexeba mowinaaRmdegis Zalebs, lekebsa da iranze rom araferi<br />
vTqvaT, marto TurqeTi axerxebda im dros naxevarmilioniani armiis<br />
gamoyvanas (e. i. imaze mets, vidre mTeli saqarTvelos mosaxleoba<br />
iyo). 80 isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom TurqeTi XVIII saukunis meore<br />
naxevarSi aqtiurad amkvidrebda islams da samxreT da dasavleT<br />
saqarTvelos (axalcixis mxaris, aWaris, imereTis) mosaxleobis<br />
gaTurqebis politikas atarebda. imereTi solomon I Tavganwirulma<br />
78<br />
es ase iyo ara marto 1783 wlamde, aramed Semdegac, amitom umarTebuloa n. ber-<br />
ZeniSvilis Tvalsazrisis kritika, romelic `saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebSia~<br />
mocemuli saqarTvelos gaerTianebis SesaZleblobis Taobaze (saqarTvelos istoriis<br />
narkvevebi, t. IV, Tb. 1973, gv. 728). am axalma sadao Tvalsazrisma Tavisi asaxva<br />
hpova Semdgomi drois literaturaSi (Sdr.: koxisa da spenseris cnobebi, Tbilisi,<br />
1981, gv. 272-279); es didi sakiTxia, romelsac mravali aspeqti aqvs da masze calke<br />
gveqneba saubari.<br />
79<br />
АВПР, ф. Cн. Росии с Турцией, 1765 г., оп. 89/8, д. 375, лл. 27-30.<br />
80<br />
TurqeTi arc ise `Ronemixdili~ iyo XVIII saukunis 70-ian wlebSi, rogorc<br />
es zogierT mkvlevars eCveneba da arc isaa simarTle, TiTqos 1787 wels TurqeTs<br />
`Zlivs Seegrovebios 2 aTasi mxedari~ (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, gv.<br />
679, 722, 723); marTalia, TurqeTi XVIII s-is meore naxevarSi, gansakuTrebiT quCukkainarjis<br />
zavis Semdeg, daqveiTebis gzas daadga, magram es `Ronemixdili~ evropis<br />
qveynebis xelSewyobiT, kidev 100 weliwads agrZelebda brZolas Tavisi poziciebis<br />
SenarCunebisaTvis balkaneTsa da kavkasiaSi da cnobilia, sulTanis TurqeTma ra<br />
ubedureba moutana ruminelebs, serbebs, xorvatebs, berZnebs, gansakuTrebiT bulgarelebs,<br />
qarTvelebs, somxebs. miTi TurqeTis `Ronemixdilobis~ Sesaxeb evropelma<br />
diplomatebma SeTxzes, rom `status quo~ SeenarCunebinaT, raTa osmanTa imperias<br />
teritoria ar CamoWroda, TurqeTis bazari ar Semcirebiliyo. amitom eRobebodnen<br />
win ruseTs, azviadebdnen mis gegmebsa (e. w. `saberZneTis proeqtic~ maTi naxelavia)<br />
da SesaZleblobebs, exmarebodnen sulTans qristiani xalxebis monobaSi SenarCunebis<br />
saqmeSi. amitom iyo, rom balkaneTisa da kavkasiis xalxebi ruseTSi Tavis `mxsnelsa<br />
da gamaTavisuflebels~ xedavdnen (fr. engelsi), evropeli diplomatebis<br />
mier XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi Seqmnili miTi, samwuxarod, dResac veraa daZleuli<br />
istoriografiaSi.
georgievskis traqtati<br />
119<br />
brZolam da 1768 wels ruseT-TurqeTis omis dawyebam gadaarCina.<br />
ra Tqma unda, erekle II kargad icoda, rasac akeTebda TurqeTi<br />
(SemTxveviT ar iyo mefe ruseTis mTavrobas rom swerda: axalcixeSi<br />
bevria axalgadasuli mahmadianur rjulze da Tu droze ar vuSveleT,<br />
bevrsac gadaaqceveno). 81 mas, rogorc qveynis meTaursa da mowinave<br />
saxelmwifo moRvawes, moraluri ufleba ar hqonda, ar gaeTvaliswinebina<br />
es mdgomareoba. amitom mefes, qveynis mdgomareobis<br />
nawilobriv gaumjobesebis miuxedavad, odnavadac ar uyoymania da<br />
dauyovnebliv gamoexmaura ruseTis dagvianebul pasuxs.<br />
erekles nabiji, upirveles yovlisa, samxreT saqarTvelos magaliTma<br />
ganapiroba. mefes rusi diplomatebis `Cagoneba~ da `zemoqmedeba~<br />
ar Wirdeboda, rogorc es zogierT mkvlevars hgonia.<br />
erekle meorisa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karis erTsulovan<br />
gadawyvetilebas sazogadoebrivi azric apirobebda: jer erTi,<br />
ruseTTan mravalsaukunovanma urTierTobam da moskovis qarTuli<br />
koloniis saqmianobam saqarTvelos feodaluri sazogadoebis<br />
zedafenebSi ruseTisadmi ndoba ganamtkica. saqme isaa, rom ucxo<br />
dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg samaswlovani uTanasworo brZolis dros<br />
ruseTi qarTvelebisaTvis imedi iyo, xolo marcxis SemTxvevaSi _<br />
TavSesafari. amasTan, Turqebi da sparselebi mosaxleobis gaJletisa<br />
da ZaliT gamahmadianebis garda, kulturis Zeglebsac (eklesia-monastrebs)<br />
angrevdnen. ruseTidan ki ostatebs gzavnidnen am Zeglebis<br />
aRsadgenad (sayovelTaod cnobilia rusi mxatvrebis moRvaweoba<br />
saqarTveloSi XVII saukuneSi). Turqebma da sparselebma XVIII saukunis<br />
pirvel naxevarSi saqarTvelo aikles, stamba daangries da<br />
kulturuli saqmianoba Cakles. ruseTSi ki gadasaxlebul qarTvelebs<br />
adamianuri cxovrebisa da kulturuli moRvaweobisaTvis pirobebi<br />
Seuqmnes. XVIII saukuneSi moskovis qarTuli kolonia, sxva<br />
mravalmxriv saqmianobasTan erTad, qarTul enaze wignebsac beWdavda,<br />
romliTac saqarTvelosac amaragebda.<br />
meore, saqarTvelos sazogadoebis qveda fenebSi _ glexobaSi<br />
didi iyo ruseTisadmi ndoba da pativiscema. ruseTSi TavSesafarsa<br />
da adamianur mopyrobas poulobdnen daRestnidan, yirimidan, da<br />
TurqeTidan gamoqceuli qarTveli tyveebi. XVIII saukunis meore<br />
naxevarSi qarTveli tyveebis dacva ruseTSi saxelmwifo politikis<br />
rangSi avida. 1758 wels imperatoris brZanebulebiT ruseTis guberniebis<br />
mesveurebs daevalaT, tyveobidan gaqceuli qarTvelebisadmi<br />
_ `tyveobaSi gadatanili gaWirvebisaTvis~ («за полонное терпение»<br />
81<br />
АВПР, ф. Cн. Росии с Грузией, 1769-76 гг., оп. 110/2, д. 12, лл. 462-463; iqve, 1771-75<br />
гг., оп. 110/2, д. 16, л. 112.
120 valerian maWaraZe<br />
rogorc es dokumentebSia naTqvami), miecaT samgzavro pasporti,<br />
uz runveleyoT gzaSi sursaTiT, Ramis gasaTeviTa (sastumro) da megzuriT,<br />
rom samSobloSi dabrunebuliyvnen. 82 ruseTis arqivebSi<br />
aTasobiT dokumentia Semonaxuli, gacemuli kievis, xarkovis, belgorodis,<br />
astraxanis sagubernio kancelariebisa da sagareo sa q-<br />
82<br />
qarTveli tyveebis Sesaxeb ramdenime tipuri dokumenti adre gamovaqveyneT (ix. v.<br />
maWaraZe, masalebi XVIII saukunis meore naxevris ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis<br />
istoriisaTvis, naw. II, Tbilisi, 1968, gv. 140-142, 523-525, 542-546); `masalebis~ III<br />
wignSi ibeWdeba 60-70-iani wlebis ramdenime tipuri dokumenti, magram raki wigni<br />
jer ar gamoqveynebula, aqve movitanT nawyvets ori dokumentidan: 1) 1763 wlis 8<br />
ianvars, kievis oberkomendantis general CiCerinis xelmoweriT, imperatoris 1758<br />
wlis brZanebis Sesabamisad, gaica samgzavro pasporti, romelSic vkiTxulobT:<br />
«Объявитель сего, вышедший из татарского полону грузинец Юрий Васильев,<br />
отпущен по желанию ево чрез Москву и Астрахань в ево отечество в Грузию. Того<br />
ради по тракту от Киева до Москвы и Астрахани чинить ему, грузинцу, свободной<br />
пропуск и в рассуждении ево иностранства за полонное терпение оказывать ему<br />
всякое благодеяние и давать денные и ночные квартиры, а следуя чрез Москву<br />
явиться ему, Васильеву, с сим пашпортом ГКИД, а в Астрахане _ в тамошней<br />
губернской канцелярии» (АВПР, ф. Московская контора КИД, 1763 г., оп. 7/3, д. 95,<br />
л. 8); 2) belgorodis sagubernio kancelariis mier imperatoris brZanebis Tanaxmad,<br />
1764 w. 4 agvistos gacemul pasportSi naTqvamia: «... по присланному прошлого,<br />
1758 году, декабря 9 числа Государственной иностранной колегии ис кантори указу<br />
велено: вышедшим ис плену грузинам давать пашпорты для проходу до Москвы,<br />
прописывая во оных, чтоб они явились КИД в кантору и чтоб за полонное их<br />
терпение в пути показано было им всякое благодеяние и даваны были денныя и<br />
ночныя квартеры бес препятствия, того ради оному грузину Егору Ермолову от<br />
Белагорода до Москвы по тракту в городех, селах и деревнях чинит. свободной<br />
пропуск без задержания и по его чужестранству и за полонное терпение, в силе<br />
выше писанного указу, показывать не токмо благодеяние, но и на пропитание ево<br />
от доброхотных дателеи подавано б было милостиня и денныя и ночныя квартеры<br />
давать, и для показания ему, грузинцу, прямейшаго пути, дабы он, яко незнающей<br />
российскаго языка, з дороги Московского тракта в другую сторону зайтить куда не<br />
мог, в городах давать им из обивателей по одному человеку...» (АВПР, ф. Московская<br />
контора КИД, 1764 г., оп. 7/3, д. 126, л. 1).<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom pasportebis gacemisas tyves vinaobas gamohkiTxavdnen. es<br />
Canawerebi Zvirfas masalas iZleva tyveebis sacxovrebeli adgilisa da socialuri<br />
kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb. masala cxadyofs, rom tyveebis umravlesoba glexebi iyvnen.<br />
zogjer pasports erTad aZlevdnen ramdenime kacs. mag., 1763 wlis 27 seqtembers<br />
kievis gubernatorma glebovma erTad misca pasporti erekle mefis ymebs, Telavel<br />
glexebs ivane `xucis~ (xuciSvilis?), iuri `CelaSulas~ (WilaSvils?) da `atosis~<br />
wm. giorgis monastris mWedels iuri `iaraks~(?) (АВПР, ф. Московская контора<br />
КИД, 1764 г., оп. 7/3, д. 121, лл. 2-3), magram Tu romelime maTgani jgufs raime mizeziT<br />
CamorCeboda, mis Sesaxeb calke icemoda brZaneba. mag., 1764 wlis 14 maiss sagareo<br />
saqmeTa kolegiam brZaneba gaugzavna astraxanis sagubernio kancelarias _ samSobloSi<br />
gaegzavna yirimel TaTarTa tyveobidan gamoqceuli oTar `daTunovi~ (daTunaSvili?),<br />
romelic Tavis biZasTan elise `lalaZesTan~ (lolaZe?) erTad poltavidan<br />
Casula moskovSi, elise maSinve saqarTveloSi wamosula, xolo oTari, avadmyofobis<br />
gamo, darCenila moskovSi da gamojanmrTelebuls neba mieca gamgzavrebuliyo samSobloSi<br />
(АВПР, ф. Cн. Росии с Грузией, 1762-76 гг., оп. 110/2, д. 4, л. 14).
georgievskis traqtati<br />
121<br />
meTa kolegiis moskovis kontoris mier, romlebic cxadyofen, rom<br />
qarTl-kaxeTSi yovelwliurad aTobiT, zogjer asobiT glexi, sasuliero<br />
piri, aznauri da Tavadi brundeboda ruseTis mTavrobis xelSewyobiT.<br />
mravali amgvari sabuTis motana SeiZleba, magram aq mxolod or<br />
faqts gavixseneb: 1768-74 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omis dros xmelTa-<br />
Sua zRvaSi imyofeboda ruseTis eskadra. maT mimarTes TurqeTidan<br />
gaqceulma samma qarTvelma tyvem. isini a. orlovis brZanebiT 1772<br />
wlis ivnisSi rusma mezRvaurebma peterburgSi wamoiyvanes, xolo<br />
oqtomberSi sagareo saqmeTa kolegiis TanxmobiT, misces samgzavro<br />
pasportebi, gamcilebeli jariskaci astraxanamde, dauqiraves oTxi<br />
`furgoni~, romelSic 154 maneTi gadaixades da misces saxarjo fuli<br />
20-20 maneTi; astraxanidan, aseTive wesiT gamoaciles yizlarsa da<br />
mozdokamde. 83 1772 wlis zafxulSi saqarTveloSi dabrunda 200-ze<br />
meti tyvednamyofi qarTveli, romlebic ruseTis jarma yirimis dakavebis<br />
dros gaaTavisufla 84 (erekle II 1782 wlis 18 oqtombers avstriis<br />
imperatorisadmi gagzavnil werilSi aRniSnavda, rom yirimSi ruseTis<br />
jarma ramdenime aTasi qarTveli gaaTavisuflao). 85 garda amisa,<br />
iyo SemTxvevebi, roca ruseTis moxeleebi gamoisyididnen qarTvel<br />
tyveebs (yizlaris komendanti generali stupiSini, 86 poltavis komendanti<br />
Turqistanovi 87 da sxva), aTavisuflebdnen da samSobloSi<br />
wasvlis nebas rTavdnen. ruseTis mTavroba xels uwyobda qarTvelebs<br />
tyveobaSi myofi naTesavebis moZebnisa da gamosyidvis saqmeSi.<br />
magaliTad, ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa kolegiis SuamdgomlobiT 1773<br />
wlis 31 dekembers ekaterine meorem gankarguleba gasca, aspinZis<br />
brZolis monawile Tavad pavle andronikaSvilisaTvis miecaT 500<br />
maneTi lekebis mier 1770 wels gatacebuli dedis, colisa da ori<br />
dis gamosasyidad. 88 1763 wlis 10 marts ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa kolegiam<br />
neba darTo aznaur revaz jomarjiZes gamgzavrebuliyo poloneTSi<br />
Tavisi Zmis petres mosaZebnad, romelic 40 wlis win lekebma<br />
gaitaces da gayides TurqeTSi, saidanac poloneTSi gaqceuliyo. 89<br />
SemTxveviTi araa, rom erekle II 1770 wels qerimxanTan werilSi<br />
sagangebod usvamda xazs ruseTis damsaxurebas qarTveli tyveebis<br />
83<br />
АВПР, ф. Cн. Росии с Грузией, 1769-73 гг., д. 9, лл. 242-259; iqve, 1770-74 гг., д. 14,<br />
лл. 329, 330.<br />
84<br />
iqve, 1769-70 гг., оп. 110/2, д. 13, л. 18.<br />
85<br />
iqve, 1782 г., оп. 110/3, д. 458, лл. 21-22; Грамоты, II, вып. II, с. 15-16.<br />
86<br />
АВПР, ф. Московская контора КИД, 1765 г., оп. 7/3, д. 105, л. 5.<br />
87<br />
iqve, оп. 7/3, д. 103, л. 1-10.<br />
88<br />
АВПР, ф. Cн. Росии с Грузией, 1771-76 гг., оп. 110/2, д. 16, лл. 147-150.<br />
89<br />
iqve, 1762-74 гг., оп. 110/2, д. 4, лл. 4-8.
122 valerian maWaraZe<br />
daxsnis saqmeSi, riTac Tavis kavSirs ruseTTan asabuTebda. 90 albaT,<br />
zedmeti ar iqneba Tu aqve imasac SevniSnavT, rom quCuk-kainarjis<br />
zavis (1774 w.) Semdeg, qarTveli tyveebis dacva ruseTis mxriv saer-<br />
TaSoriso politikis rangSi iqna ayvanili, rasac mowmobs ruseTis<br />
elCebis moxsenebebi konstantinopolidan.<br />
XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi qarTl-kaxeTSi (sadgeridan-gavazamde),<br />
albaT, arc iyo sofeli, sadac ruseTis mTavrobis daxmarebis wyalobiT<br />
tyveobidan Tavdaxsnili glexi ar cxovrobda. 91 swored amitom<br />
ruseTisadmi ndobam da rusulma orientaciam saqarTveloSi sayovel-<br />
Tao saerTo saxalxo xasiaTi miiRo, mas propaganda ar sWirdeboda.<br />
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom ruse-<br />
90<br />
1770 wlis zafxulSi qerim xani `urCevda~ erekles gaewyvita ruseTTan kavSiri, ruseTis<br />
jari gaeZevebia saqarTvelodan da morigeboda osmaleTs (АВПР, ф. Cн. Росии с<br />
Грузией, 1768-75 гг., оп. 110/2, д. 20, лл. 75-78). sapasuxo werilSi erekle mefes CamoTvlili<br />
aqvs yvela is ubedureba, rasac axalcixis faSa da masTan kavSirSi myofi lekebi<br />
ayenebdnen saqarTvelos da aRniSnavs, rom sulTani mis Txovnas yurad ar iRebs da<br />
qveyana iRupebao. erekle sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom: «ни с турецкой стороны обороны<br />
мне не было, ни Персия к ранам моим пластыря не приложила, равномерно ж и от<br />
протчих соседей, ближних и дальных, никакого вспоможения против эхшекинцев<br />
(axalcixelebis _ v. m.), лезгинцев, нападающих на Грузию, ожидать мне осталось»<br />
(iqve, 82-86). qvemoT mefe `megobrulad~ uxsnis qerim xans ruseTTan kavSiris mizezebs,<br />
romelTagan gamoyofs ors: «первое, все попадающияся по случаям здешние жители в<br />
плен к лезгинцам и туркам высвобождаются помощию российской монархини, коим<br />
не токмо дается воля в возвращении им в свое отечество, но бедные, изнуренные из<br />
них и лишенные дневнаго пропитания приемлются милостиво и снабдеваются во<br />
всем щедно. И второе, живущие в соседстве с Грузиею... горские народы, ежали бы<br />
не опасались российской монархини, не преминули б Грузии причинять крайние<br />
разорения» (iqve).<br />
91<br />
akad. n. berZeniSvilis msjeloba, TiTqos Crd. kavkasiaSi axali daba-soflebis<br />
gaCenasTan dakavSirebiT `...qarTveli... tyveebi yirimidan, saCaCno-daRestnidan~, iq<br />
`sxdebian da samSobloSi ki aRar~ modiano, radgan iq ukeTesi pirobebi hqoniaT da<br />
`rusuli xelisuflebac ar Seeleva maT advilad~ (n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos<br />
istoriis sakiTxebi, wigni IV, Tbilisi, 1967, gv. 167), sizustes moklebulia. rogorc<br />
Cans, n. berZeniSvili aseT daskvnamde `yizlarisa da mozdokis saqmes~ (sul erTi<br />
saqmea aseTi) da mozdokis mosaxle qarTvelTa grZel sias miuyvania, magram unda<br />
SevniSnoT, rom mozdokSi qarTvelTa momravleba, ZiriTadad, Tergispira qarTuli<br />
koloniebis xarjze moxda. marTalia, mozdokSi moaxalSeneTa miwvevaze iv. ficxelaurma<br />
didad iRvawa, magram yuradRebis centrSi mTielTa miwveva da gaqristianeba<br />
idga, raTa CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi rusul orientacias farTo asparezi moepovebina.<br />
rac Seexeba tyveobidan gaqceul qarTvelebs, ruseTis mTavroba 60-70-ian wlebSi sam-<br />
SobloSi dabrunebis saqmeSi, rogorc zemoT motanili sabuTebi mowmobda, araviTar<br />
dabrkolebas ar uqmnida. kidev meti, Tu tyveobidan gaTavisuflebul qarTvelTagan<br />
erTeulebi mainc rCebodnen ruseTSi (qarTul koloniebSi qarTvel qalze daqorwinebis<br />
da sxva motivebiT), maT sagangebod, dasabuTebas Txovdnen da sagubernio<br />
kancelariis mier gacemul pasports CamoarTmevdnen (aseTi CamorTmeuli pasportebi<br />
erTeulebiRaa), axal pasports aZlevdnen da sagangebo aRricxvazec ahyavdaT.<br />
ase rom, ruseTSi darCena akrZaluli ar iyo, magram igi damatebiT sirTuleebTan<br />
iyo dakavSirebuli, vidre samSobloSi dabruneba. arc qarTvel Tavadaznaurobas<br />
epatiJebodnen sagangebod, mxolod TavSesafars aZlevdnen, Tu isini iTxovdnen _<br />
amis dasturad ivane bagrationis (petres mamis) magaliTic ikmarebda (ix. АВПР, ф.<br />
Кизлярские и Моздокские дела, 1762-72 гг., д. 1, лл. 312-314, 319-320 da a. S.).
georgievskis traqtati<br />
123<br />
Tis mfarvelobaSi Sesvla _ georgievskis traqtatis dadeba XVIII<br />
saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Seqmnili koniunqturiT ki ar yofila<br />
nakarnaxevi, aramed saqarTvelos saerTo viTarebis seriozuli<br />
gansjisa da safuZvliani gaanalizebis, ruseTTan mravalsaukunovani<br />
urTierTobis gaTvaliswinebiT moxda.<br />
<br />
georgievskis traqtatis proeqtis SemuSavebas, rogorc zemoT<br />
iTqva, safuZvlad daedo sami dokumenti: erekles II proeqti, qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefo karis piroba da ekaterine II miTiTebani gr. potiomkinisadmi.<br />
xelSekrulebis proeqtis erT-erTi varianti, 92 romelic a. bezborodkos<br />
avtografiTaa Semonaxuli, gulisxmobda orive qarTul<br />
samefosTan (qarTl-kaxeTTan da imereTTan) samokavSireo-mfarvelobiT<br />
xelSekrulebis dadebas, 93 magram TurqeTis aSkara gamowvevas<br />
(imereTi TurqeTis savasalo qveyana iyo) Tavi aarides. damoukidebeli<br />
yirimis SeerTeba (Tumca igi arRvevda quCuk-kainarjis zavis pirobebs)<br />
da aseve damoukidebeli qarTl-kaxeTis mfarvelobaSi miReba<br />
(Tumca isic arRvevda ruseT-TurqeTis tradiciul damokidebulebas<br />
`iranis sakiTxisadmi~, _ orive didi saxelmwifo XVIII saukunis 50-<br />
60-ian wlebSi mtkiced sTxovdnen erTmaneTs qarTl-kaxeTis, rogorc<br />
iranis savasalo qveynis saqmeebSi aSkara Carevisagan Tavi SeekavebinaT<br />
_ da agreTve quCuk-kainarjis zavis pirobebsac), es ori aqti, mainc<br />
ar niSnavda TurqeTis kuTvnili teritoriis xelyofas, TurqeTis<br />
saSinao saqmeebSi aSkara Carevas. 94<br />
1783 wlis 7 maiss generalma p. potiomkinma podpolkovnik tamaras<br />
xeliT Tavad gr. potiomkinisagan miiRo qarTl-kaxeTis samefosTan<br />
dasadebi xelSekrulebis proeqti, romliTac 9 maiss podpolkovniki<br />
tamara Tbilisisaken gamoistumra. 95 generali p. potiomkini solomon<br />
mefes swerda, rom qarTl-kaxeTi ruseTis mfarvelobaSia miRebuli<br />
da gulwrfelad msurs, viTarebam SesaZlebeli gaxados Tqveni<br />
miRebaco, axla ki imperatoris survilia, Tqven da erekle mefe<br />
megobrul urTierTobaSi iyoTo. 96 ereklesadmi werilSi generali<br />
92<br />
ar gamovricxavT proeqtis sxva variantis arsebobas.<br />
93<br />
АВПР, ф. Cн. Росии с Грузией, 1774-1804 гг., оп. 110/2, д. 18, лл. 46-56; Грамоты, II,<br />
вып. II, с. 32-41.<br />
94<br />
TurqeTi iolad rodi Sexvda am or aqts, rasac Sedegad mohyva jer amierkavkasieli<br />
mahmadiani mflobelebis amxedreba, xolo Semdeg ruseT-TurqeTis 1787-91<br />
wlebis omi.<br />
95<br />
ЦГВИА, ф. 52, оп. 194, д. 286, ч. I, л. 66. об.<br />
96<br />
iqve, 67.
124 valerian maWaraZe<br />
mefes ruseTis imperatoris gadawyvetilebas ulocavda da acnobebda,<br />
rom traqtatis muxlebis Taobaze ganmartebas podpolkovniki tamara<br />
mogcemT, elCebi SearCieT georgievskSi gamosagzavnado, xolo<br />
traqtatze xelmowerisTanave damxmare jari saqarTveloSi Semova<br />
da mahmadian xanebsac gafrTxileba gaegzavnebaTo. 97 male (1783 wlis<br />
maisSi) saqarTveloSi gamoigzavna agreTve polkovniki s. burnaSovi,<br />
romelsac saqarTvelos Tavdacvis mdgomareoba unda Seeswavla. 98<br />
1783 wlis maisis meore naxevarSi podpolkovniki tamara Tbilis-<br />
Si Camovida da erekle II gadasca xelSekrulebis proeqti (rusul<br />
da qarTul enebze), qarTl-kaxeTis samefo kari Tveze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />
ixilavda proeqts. podpolkovnik tamaras cnobiT, erekles<br />
rusulidan `Targmanis~ mimarT SeniSvnebi gaukeTebia da Sesworebebic<br />
Seutania, razedac podpolkovniki tamara dahpirebia, Tu ruseTSi<br />
mTargmnelebi misaRebad miiCneven, gavasworebTo. 99<br />
1783 wlis ivnisis bolos sabolood gadawyda saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebis<br />
Semadgenloba: pirvel elCad dainiSna Tavadi ivane<br />
bagrationi, meore elCad _ Tavadi garsevan WavWavaZe, asistentad _<br />
Telavis seminariis reqtori gaioz arqimandriti. SearCies saelCos<br />
mdivani da elCebis amala 20 kacis (sul 24) SemadgenlobiT. amasTan,<br />
Tu elCebs Soris uTanxmoeba Camovardeboda, erT-erTi elCis xelmowera<br />
sakmarisi iyo. 100 1783 wlis ivnisSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefo<br />
karma proeqti ZiriTadad moiwona, 28 ivniss ereklem xeli moawera<br />
samefos Tavad-aznaurTa sias, romelic traqtatis danarTs warmoadgenda<br />
101 da male elCoba ruseTs gaemgzavra.<br />
ruseTis mTavrobam Tavis warmomadgenlad Tavadi gr. potiomkini<br />
daniSna, amasTan, Tu igi molaparakebaSi monawileobas ver miiRebda,<br />
neba eZleoda TviTonve daeniSna sxva warmomadgeneli. asec moxda _<br />
gr. potiomkinma Tavis warmomadgenlad daniSna Tavisi naTesavi `kavkasiis<br />
xazis~ sardali generali pavle potiomkini. 102<br />
1783 wlis 15 ivliss qarTl-kaxeTis warmomadgenlebi mozdokSi<br />
Cavidnen. p. potiomkini, cnobis miRebisTanave, yubanidan georgievskSi<br />
dabrunda, 16 ivliss elCebs poruCiki Tavadi Coloyaevi (ColoyaSvili)<br />
gaugzavna misasalmeblad da 50 cxeni miarTva, xolo 17 ivliss<br />
podpolkovniki tamara mozdokSi gagzavna ekipaJiT, rom qarTveli<br />
97<br />
iqve, 68-69.<br />
98<br />
s. burnaSovis moxsenebebi, rogorc Zvirfasi saistorio wyaro, Cveni `masalebis~<br />
IV wignSi daibeWdeba.<br />
99<br />
ЦГВИА, ф. 52, оп. 194, д. 286, ч. I, лл. 117-118.<br />
100<br />
iqve.<br />
101<br />
АВПР, ф. Трактаты, оп. 2, д. 178, лл. 35-47.<br />
102<br />
АВПР, ф. Трактаты, оп. 2, д. 178, лл. 3, 9.
georgievskis traqtati<br />
125<br />
elCebi miecilebina georgievskamde; 18 ivliss georgievskidan maiori<br />
komarski gaigzavna, raTa igi elCebs pavlovskis cixe-simagreSi<br />
Sexvedroda, mTavarsardlis saxeliT bednnierad Casvla mieloca<br />
da georgievskamde miecilebina. elCobis marSlad dainiSna sekundmaiori<br />
grafi apraqsini, romelic georgievskis maxloblad unda<br />
Sexvedroda elCebs da rezidenciamde gasZRoloda, xolo qarTvel<br />
elCebs cixe-simagris karibWesTan unda Sexvedroda maiori gili;<br />
polkovnik moloJennikovs, rogorc cixe-simagris ufross daevala,<br />
rezidenciaSi mieyvana elCebi da gamaspinZleboda. 18 ivliss saRamos<br />
8 saaTze, zemoaRniSnuli ceremonialis dacviT, elCebi georgievskis<br />
cixe-simagreSi Sevidnen. 103<br />
1783 wlis 19 ivliss dRis 9 saaTze qarTvel elCebTan gamocxadda<br />
elCobis marSali grafi apraqsini da acnoba, rom 11 saaTze sxdoma<br />
iyo daniSnuli. mTavarsardlis misaRebTan elCebs pativiT miegebnen.<br />
daiwyo pirveli sxdoma, romelic sazeimo xasiaTs atarebda. sxdomaze<br />
sityvebi warmoTqves garsevan WavWavaZem da pavle potiomkinma.<br />
dRis 5 saaTze daiwyo meore sxdoma, romelsac eswrebodnen: p. potiomkini,<br />
i. bagrationi, g. WavWavaZe, gaioz arqimandriti, qarTuli<br />
saelCos mdivani, podpolkovniki tamara da mTargmnelebi _ poruCiki<br />
Tavadi Coloyaevi (ColoyaSvili) da poruCiki sevarsamiZe. p. potiomkinma<br />
sxdoma gaxsna Sesavali sityviT, romelSic xazi gausva im daTmobebs,<br />
romelic ruseTis mTavrobam qarTl-kaxeTis sasargeblod<br />
gaakeTa (igulisxmeba erekles proeqtis Serbileba), xolo Semdeg i.<br />
bagrations gadasca imperatoris mier gr. potiomkinisaTvis micemuli<br />
rwmunebis sigeli da gr. potiomkinis mier misTvis micemuli<br />
rwmunebis damadasturebeli dokumenti. Semdeg qarTvelma elCebma p.<br />
potiomkins gadasces maTi rwmunebis sigeli. 104 rwmunebis sigelebis<br />
gacvlis Semdeg daiwyes xelSekrulebis teqstis kiTxva (jer waikiTxes<br />
rusuli teqsti, Semdeg _ qarTuli). molaparakebisas wamoiWra<br />
sakiTxebi, romlebzedac mxareebma werilobiTac ki mimarTes erTmaneTs.<br />
21 ivliss kamaTi exeboda mefis kurTxevas, tituls, gerbs,<br />
kaTalikosis adgils ruseTis sinodSi da sxva. 23 ivlisis sxdomaze<br />
daiwyes teqstis xelmeored kiTxva (rusuli waikiTxa tamaram, qar-<br />
Tuli _ gaiozma). yoveli muxli erTmaneTs Seadares mTargmnelebma<br />
(ColoyaSvilma da sevarsamiZem). 1783 wlis 24 ivliss diliT warmomadgenlebi<br />
Seikribnen da 1 saaTze sazeimod xeli moaweres sam dokuments:<br />
traqtatis ZiriTad nawils, separatul muxlebs da `ficis<br />
saxes~ (rusul da qarTul teqstebs), jer p. potiomkinma, xolo Sem-<br />
103<br />
ЦГВИА, ф. 52, оп. 194, д. 286, ч. I, лл. 164-165.<br />
104<br />
iqve, лл. 166-168.
126 valerian maWaraZe<br />
deg qarTvelma elCebma. 105 winaswar SeTanxmdnen meoTxe dokumentzec<br />
(damatebiT muxlze). xelmoweris Semdeg xelSekrulebis teqstebi<br />
gacvales. samadlobeli sityva warmoTqva garsevan WavWavaZem, sadac<br />
sagangebod aRniSna am saqmeSi gr. potiomkinis damsaxureba. 24 ivliss<br />
saRamos mTeli qalaqi georgievski gaCiraRdnebuli iyo. imave dRes p.<br />
potiomkinma xelSekrulebis dedani, qarTvel Tavad-aznaurTa sia da<br />
molaparakebis oqmi gaugzavna gr. potiomkins da acnoba: 25 ivliss<br />
qarTveli elCebi mTavarsardlis banaks moinaxuleben, xolo 27 ivliss<br />
samSobloSi gaemgzavrebian. 106<br />
georgievskis traqtati oTxi damoukidebeli dokumentisagan<br />
Sedgeba: cameti ZiriTadi, oTxi separatuli (calke), erTi damatebi-<br />
Ti muxlisagan da erekles ficis nimuSisagan (`saxe~). yovel maTgans,<br />
rogorc damoukidebel dokuments, warmomadgenlebma calke moaweres<br />
xeli da TavianTi beWdebi dausves. xelSekruleba rusul da qarTul<br />
enebze Sedga, orive teqsti sruli Zalisa iyo, arc erT maTgans meore<br />
enaze arsebul teqstze miTiTeba ar aqvs, amitomac yovel maTgans<br />
meore enaze `Targmani~ axlda, es faqti mxareTa erovnuli Rirsebis<br />
pativiscemas gamoxatavda. 107 es georgievskis traqtatis, rogorc<br />
xelSekrulebis, Tavisebureba iyo. dRes mecnierebisaTvis xelmisawvdomia<br />
mxolod qarTuli dedani (rusuli `TargmaniTurT~), 108 romelic<br />
ruseTis mxares gadaeca (igi ruseTis sagareo politikis arqivSia<br />
daculi), 109 xolo rusuli dedani (qarTuli `TargmaniTurT~),<br />
romelic saqarTvelos mxares gadaeca, jer mikvleuli ar aris. 110<br />
traqtatis pirvel dokuments, mis 13 muxls (artikuls), win<br />
uZRvis preambula, sadac mokled Camoyalibebulia xelSekrulebis<br />
an `megobrobiTi pirobis~ (rusuli teqstiT `megobrobis xelSekrulebis~<br />
_ «дружественный договор») dadebis motivebi. aRniSnulia,<br />
rom saqarTvelos odiTganve awuxebda mezobeli qveynebi da ruseTma<br />
araerTgzis aRmouCina mas daxmareba, xolo axla SevTanxmdiT, rom<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis mefe scnobs ruseTis xelmwifis uzenaes xelisuflebas,<br />
xolo ruseTi daicavs qarTl-kaxeTs gareSe mtrebisagano. Semdeg<br />
daxasiaTebulia mxareTa mier daniSnuli sruluflebiani warmomad-<br />
105<br />
ЦГВИА, ф. 52, оп. 194, д. 286, ч. I, лл. 169-175.<br />
106<br />
iqve, 162, 176.<br />
107<br />
В. Мачарадзе, С. Повальников, Подлинник русско-грузинского договора 1783<br />
года, см. журн. «Литературная Грузия», 1982 г., № 2, с. 201-210.<br />
108<br />
marTalia, `Targmans~ beWedi ar aqvs dasmuli, magram, cxadia, igi dedans zustad<br />
imeorebda.<br />
109<br />
АВПР, ф. Трактаты, оп. 2, д. 178, лл. 3-8, 9-12.<br />
110<br />
rusuli dedani, albaT, aRa-mahmad xanis mier 1795 wels Tbilisis aklebisas<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mTel arqivTan erTad daiRupa.
georgievskis traqtati<br />
127<br />
genlebi da qvemoT 13 muxlad (artikulad) Camoyalibebuli SeTanxmebis<br />
pirobebi, romelTa Sinaarsi aseTia:<br />
1) qarTl-kaxeTis mefe `saxeliTa TÂsiTa memkvidreTa da menacUle-<br />
Ta TÂsTa~ sazeimod (`dResaswaulobiT~) da saqveynod acxadebs, rom<br />
igi amieridan samudamod uars ambobs scnos iranis an romelime sxva<br />
qveynis xelmwifis uzenaesi xelisufleba da mfarveloba, garda ruse-<br />
Tis imperatorisa da misi memkvidreebisa, aRuTqvams maT erTgulebas;<br />
2) ruseTis imperatori Tavisi da memkvidreebis saxeliT aRuTqvams<br />
erekle mefes, rom igi samudamod gauwevs mfarvelobas qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefos da daicavs mas gareSe mtrebisagan, im samflobeloebis<br />
CaTvliT, romelTac erekle Teimurazis Ze, viTarebis wyalobiT,<br />
momavalSi SemoierTebs, romlebic masve daumkvidrdeba (muxli 2);<br />
3) rodesac erekles memkvidreebi gaxdebian mefeebi, umal auwyeben<br />
ruseTis mTavrobas da ruseTis mTavroba ugzavnis maT samefo<br />
niSnebs 111 da iReben erTgulebis fics; am wess aRasrulebs erekle<br />
mefec (muxli 3);<br />
4) ereklem (Semdeg misma memkvidreebmac) ucxo qveynebTan mimowera<br />
ruseTis ministrTan (warmomadgenelTan) da `kavkasiis xazis~ sardalTan<br />
unda SeaTanxmos (muxli 4);<br />
5) erekle II ruseTis samefo karze eyoleba Tavisi ministri, an<br />
rezidenti, romelic mefis saWiroebaze moaxsenebs ruseTis mTavrobas,<br />
igi uflebebiT gaTanabrebuli iqneba sxva mflobel mTavarTa<br />
ministrebTan, xolo ruseTis mTavrobas qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karze<br />
eyoleba Tavisi ministri (warmomadgeneli, muxli 5);<br />
6) ruseTis imperatori, romlis uzenaesoba aRiara qarTl-kaxeTma<br />
da miiRo es ufleba, Tavisi da memkvidreebis saxeliT aRuTqva mas,<br />
qarTl-kaxeTs: a) qarTuli samefoebis mosaxleobas Tvlis imperias-<br />
Tan mWidro kavSirSi myofad, amitom daicavs mas gareSe mtrebisagan<br />
da maT mtrebs Tavis mtrad CaTvlis, xolo TurqeTTan, sparseTTan<br />
da sxva qveynebTan dadebuli samSvidobo xelSekrulebebi maTzec vrceldeba;<br />
b) ereklesa da mis STamomavlebs `daicavs ucUalebelad<br />
samefoTa zeda qarTlisa da kaxeTisaTa~; g) qveynis saSinao saqmeebi _<br />
mmarTveloba, sasamarTlo da msjavri, gadasaxadebis akrefa, qarTlkaxeTis<br />
mefis sruli nebaa da sargebelic misia; ruseTis mTavroba<br />
aukrZalavs Tavis samxedro da samoqalaqo warmomadgenlebs qarTlkaxeTis<br />
saSinao saqmeebSi Carevas (muxli 6);<br />
111<br />
rodesac erekles memkvidreebi samefo taxtze avlen, acnobeben ruseTis mTavrobas,<br />
xolo impera-torisagan miiRebdnen werilobiT damtkicebas da samefo<br />
niSnebs: droSas ruseTis gerbiT (maT hqon-daT sakuTari samefo gerbic), xmals,<br />
kverTxs da yaryumis mantias (wamosasxams).
128 valerian maWaraZe<br />
7) erekle, ruseTis imperatoris aRTqmis pasuxad, Tavisi da memkvidreebis<br />
saxeliT valdebulebas kisrulobs: a) yovelTvis mzad iyos<br />
Tavisi jariT ruseTis imperatoris samsaxurze; b) ruseTis moxele<br />
didkacebTan mudmivi mimowera hqondes da asrulebdes maT moTxovnas<br />
da daicvas ruseTis qveSevrdomebi Seviwroebisa da Seuracxyofisagan;<br />
g) Tanamdebobaze pirTa daniSvnis, Tu maTi dawinaurebisas, gaiTvaliswinebs<br />
ruseTis imperiis winaSe maTs damsaxurebasac (muxli 7);<br />
8) qarTl-kaxeTis kaTalikosi uwmindesi sinodis wevri xdeba<br />
da igi ruseTis episkoposebs Soris sinodSi ikavebs merve adgils<br />
(tobolskis episkoposis Semdeg); Tumca qarTl-kaxeTis saeklesio<br />
marTvisa da sinodTan urTierTobis Taobaze calke SeTanxmeba unda<br />
moxdes (muxli 8);<br />
9) qarTveli Tavadaznauroba uflebebiT uTanabrdeba ruseTisas,<br />
saTanado pativi rom miagon ruseTSi Casvlisas _ ereklesagan<br />
iTxoven sias (muxli 9);<br />
10) qarTl-kaxeTis mcxovrebT ufleba aqvT gadasaxldnen ruseTSi<br />
da survilisamebr dabrundnen samSobloSi, xolo qarTvel tyveebs,<br />
romlebic gamoxsnili iqnebian sparseTis an TurqeTis tyveobidan, survilebisamebr<br />
ufleba eZlevaT dabrundnen samSobloSi, oRond gamosasyidi<br />
da gzis xarjebi unda dafaron, aseTive wesi vrceldeba saqarTvelos<br />
mezobelTagan tyveobidan gamoxsnil rusebzec (muxli 10);<br />
11) qarTl-kaxeTis vaWrebs ufleba eZlevaT ivaWron ruseTSi da iq<br />
isargebleben imave uflebebiT, romlebiTac rusi vaWrebi sargebloben,<br />
xolo rus vaWrebs eZleva iseTive ufleba saqarTveloSi, agreTve saqarTvelos<br />
gziT mezobel qveynebSi savaWrod gamgzavrebisa (muxli 11);<br />
12) xelSekruleba ideba saukunod (samudamod _ «на вечные времена»),<br />
magram Tu saWiro aRmoCndeba romelime muxlis Secvla, an damateba mxareTa<br />
sasargeblod, saWiroa orive mxaris Tanxmoba (muxli 12);<br />
13) traqtatis ratifikaciisa da gacvlis vadad wesdeba 6 Tve, Tu<br />
SesaZlebeli iqneba adrec (muxli 13); 112<br />
traqtatis pirvel dokuments (ZiriTad muxlebs), romelic<br />
daido georgievskSi 1783 wlis 24 ivliss xels aweren: generali p.<br />
potiomkini, Tavadi ioane bagrationi da Tavadi garsevan WavWavaZe,<br />
dasmulia maTi beWdebi. 113<br />
damoukidebeli dokumentis saxiT gaformda 4 separatuli (calke)<br />
muxli (artikuli), romelTa Sinaarsi aseTia:<br />
1) qveynis uSiSroebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, erekles evaleba<br />
megobrul urTierTobaSi darCes solomon imerTa mefesTan, xolo<br />
112<br />
АВПР, ф. Трактаты, оп. 2, д. 178, лл. 3-5. (ix. rusuli teqsti, iqve, furclebi 9-12).<br />
113<br />
iqve, 5.
georgievskis traqtati<br />
129<br />
uTanxmoebis Camovardnis SemTxvevaSi, unda daemorCilos ruseTis<br />
mTavrobis gadawyvetilebas (muxli 1);<br />
2) qarTl-kaxeTis dasacavad ruseTma saqarTveloSi unda gamogzavnos<br />
Tavisi xarjiT qveiTi jaris 2 batalioni 4 zarbazniT (muxli 2);<br />
3) ruseTis `mesazRvre ufrosi~ (kavkasiis xazis sardali) uflebamosilia<br />
imperatorisagan, omis SemTxvevaSi SeuTanxmdes erekles<br />
da iseTi zomebi miiRos qarTl-kaxeTis dasacavad da mtris winaaRmdeg<br />
samoqmedod, rogoric saWiroa saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg samoqmedod;<br />
xolo Tu qarTl-kaxeTis jari imperatoris samsaxurSi iqneba<br />
gamoyenebuli, xarji ruseTma unda gaiRos (muxli 3);<br />
4) ruseTis imperatori aRuTqvams erekle mefes, rom omis dros<br />
ecdeba iaraRiT, xolo dazavebisas molaparakebis gziT daubrunos<br />
qarTl-kaxeTs mtrisagan mitacebuli miwebi, romelic adgilobrivi<br />
(qarTl-kaxeTis) mefis gamgeblobaSi darCeba (muxli 4). 114<br />
separatuli muxlebi gaformda georgievskSi 1783 wlis 24 ivliss,<br />
mas xeli moaweres zemoT xsenebulma warmomadgenlebma da<br />
dausves TavianTi beWdebi. 115<br />
calke dokumentis saxiT gaformda ficis nimuSi (`saxe~), romelic<br />
erekles unda mieRo traqtatze xelmoweris Semdeg. igi SeTanxmebuli<br />
iqna georgievskSi 1783 wlis 24 ivliss, xeli moaweres da beWdebi<br />
dausves pavle potiomkinma, ioane bagrationma da garsevan WavWavaZem.<br />
dokumentSi naTqvamia, rom qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle, Tavisi da Tavisi<br />
memkvidreebis saxeliT aRuTqvamda ruseTis imperators, mis Zes<br />
pavles da yovel kanonier memkvidres ruseTis taxtisas, rom iqneba<br />
erTguli ruseTis imperatorisa da aRiarebs mis uzenaes xelisuflebasa<br />
da mfarvelobas, uaryofs sxva xelmwifeTa uzenaes xelisuflebas<br />
da mfarvelobas, ruseTis mters Tavis mtrad Seracxs. 116<br />
dasasrul, meoTxe dokumenti, e. w. `Sesasrulebeli artikuli~<br />
anu damatebiTi muxli exeba qarTl-kaxeTis mefis kurTxevis wess.<br />
aq aRniSnulia, rom raki qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebi ZvelTagan samefo<br />
taxtze gvirgviniT imkobodnen da mironcxebas iRebdnen, ruseTis<br />
imperatori nebas rTavs aseTive wesiT ekurTxon, magram, amas garda,<br />
ruseTis imperatori gamougzavnis mas invenstituras da Cveulebriv<br />
samefo gvirgvins, rogorc xelSekrulebiTaa gansazRvruli, mefe<br />
miiRebs mas da atarebs. erekle Tavisi da Tavisi memkvidreebis saxeliT<br />
aRuTqams, rom am wess aRasruleben erTgulebis ficis miRebis<br />
Semdeg. sainteresoa, rom es muxlic xelmowerilia xsenebul war-<br />
114<br />
АВПР, ф. Трактаты, оп. 2, д. 178, л. 6 (Sdr.: rusuli teqsti, iqve, furclebi 13-14).<br />
115<br />
iqve, 6.<br />
116<br />
iqve, 8 (ix. rusuli teqsti, iqve, furceli 16).
130 valerian maWaraZe<br />
momadgenelTa mier, dasmuli aqvs maTive beWdebi, oRond xelmoweris<br />
TariRia 1784 wlis 24 ianvari da xelmoweris adgili miniSnebulia<br />
q. Tbilisi. 117 Tumca, rogorc cnobilia, p. potiomkini 1784 wlis<br />
ianvarSi TbilisSi ar yofila, amasTan, saqmeSi iqve daculi damatebiTi<br />
muxlis rusul `Targmans~ Tve, ricxvi da xelmoweris adgili<br />
miniSnebuli ara aqvs. 118 rogorc irkveva, es muxli, georgievskSi<br />
iqna SeTanxmebuli, magram warmomadgenlebma xelmowerisagan Tavi<br />
Seikaves, sanam maTi suverenebi ar gadawyvetdnen sakiTxs. jer ekaterinem<br />
daamtkica igi da polkovnikma tamaram 1783 wlis dekemberSi<br />
Camoutana p. potiomkins, romelmac rusuli dedani Seadgina, xeli<br />
moawera da saqarTveloSi gamogzavna, Tan polkovnik tamaras daavala,<br />
rom eTxova erekle mefisaTvis «чтоб он приказал сей артикул бывшим<br />
полномочным подписать, а такой же написать (igulisxmeba qarTul<br />
enaze _ v. m.) за их печатми и подписью комне доставить». 119 ase rom,<br />
qarTuli teqsti, rusuli teqstis adekvaturi, daiwera TbilisSi<br />
1784 wlis 24 ianvars da saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebma, erekles<br />
mier traqtatis saratifikacio sigelis xelmoweris dRes, moaweres<br />
xeli (aseve rusul egzemplarsac), 25 ianvars qarTvelma elCebma<br />
da polkovnikma tamaram teqstebi gacvales 120 (qarTuli polkovnikma<br />
tamaram Caibara, xolo rusuli _ i. bagrationma da g. WavWavaZem),<br />
xolo p. potiomkins, tamaras Tbilisidan dabrunebis Semdeg, mouweria<br />
xeli (TariRi Zveli, TbilisSi xelmoweris dro dautovebia).<br />
amitomaa, rom damatebiTi muxlis qarTuli teqsti gaformebiTac da<br />
xeliTac gansxvavdeba traqtatis dednis danarCeni dokumentebisagan,<br />
igi imave xeliTaa naweri, romliTac saratifikacio sigeli. 121<br />
1783 wlis agvistos Sua ricxvebSi elCebi saqarTveloSi dabrundnen,<br />
rasac sixaruliT Sexvdnen. polkovniki burnaSovi Tavad gr. potiomkins<br />
swerda: erekle traqtatiT Zalze kmayofilia, didebulebi<br />
masSi sakuTar sargeblobas xedaven, xalxi adidebs marjvenas, romelic<br />
mas lekebisagan daicavso. 122 1783 wlis 20 agvistos ereklem<br />
traqtatze xelmoweris aRsaniSnavad sazeimo ceremoniali daniSna.<br />
zeimze polkovniki burnaSovi miiwvia. 9 saaTze xalxi sionis taZarTan<br />
Seikriba, xolo 11 saaTze mefe ufliswulebiTa da didebulebiT movida.<br />
wirva gadaixades. Semdeg mefem wveuleba gamarTa, saluti misces,<br />
117<br />
iqve, 7.<br />
118<br />
iqve, 15.<br />
119<br />
ЦГВИА, ф. 52, оп. 194, д. 286, ч. I, л. 344; iqve, ч. II, лл. 29-30.<br />
120<br />
ЦГВИА, ф. 52, оп. 194, д. 286, ч. I, л. 344.<br />
121<br />
АВПР, ф. Трактаты, оп. 2, д. 178, лл. 3-8; xelnawerTa instituti, fondi H, saqme<br />
#2073-a, #2073-b.<br />
122<br />
ЦГВИА, ф. 52, оп. 194, д. 286, ч. I, лл. 251-252.
georgievskis traqtati<br />
131<br />
xolo saRamos mefis sasaxle da mTeli qalaqi gaCiraRdnebuli iyo.<br />
mxiaruli xalxi mTeli Rame quCaSi dadioda. 123 zeimze gaioz arqimandritma<br />
warmoTqva sityva, romlis teqsti ruseTSi gagzavnes. 124<br />
1783 wlis agvistoSi traqtatis dedani peterburgSi Caitanes. igi<br />
moiwones da gankarguleba gasces misi dabeWdvis Taobaze. traqtatis<br />
ZiriTadi teqsti _ 13 muxli male stamburi wesiT daibeWda<br />
rusulad `qveyanaSi gasacxadeblad~, ruseTis saelCoebsac gaugzavnes<br />
ucxoeTSi, 125 1783 wlis 21 seqtembers ekaterine II moaxdina<br />
traqtatis anu rogorc igi werda, `megobrobis xelSekrulebis~<br />
ratifikacia da saqarTveloSi gamogzavnes. 126<br />
1783 wlis oqtomberSi ruseTis jaris ori batalioni, rogorc<br />
es traqtatiT iyo gansazRvruli, saqarTveloSi Semovida. 3 noembers<br />
isini Tbilisis gareT vake mindorze, qalaqidan 3 versze (albaT, saburTaloze,<br />
dRevandel sportis sasaxlis axlos) polkovnikma burnaSovma<br />
saparadod moawyo da erekles warudgina, xolo 4 noembers<br />
polkovnikma burnaSovma erekles warudgina rusis jaris ober da<br />
Stab oficrebi. 127<br />
1783 wlis dekemberSi polkovniki tamara peterburgidan georgievskSi<br />
Cavida, saidanac 26 dekembers generalma p. potiomkinma igi<br />
traqtatis ratificirebuli rusuli teqstiT, samefo niSnebiTa da<br />
saCuqrebiT Tbilisisaken gamoistumra. 128<br />
1784 wlis 17 ianvars polkovniki tamara TbilisSi Camovida da 22<br />
ianvars erekles warudga. 24 ianvars erekle meorem traqtatis ratifikacia<br />
moaxdina (saratifikacio sigels xeli moawera), 25 ianvars<br />
rusi moxeleebis (burnaSovisa da tamaras) TandaswrebiT ruseTis erTgulebis<br />
ficic miiRo, ris Semdeg vaxtang batoniSvilma da polkovnikma<br />
tamaram saratifikacio sigelebi gacvales, 129 xolo i. bagrationma da<br />
g. WavWavaZem damatebiTi muxli gaucvales polkovnik tamaras. 130<br />
123<br />
iqve, 253-254.<br />
124<br />
iqve, 256-259.<br />
125<br />
erTi egzemplari inaxeba ruseTis sagareo politikis arqivSi (ix. АВПР, ф.<br />
Трактаты, оп. 2, д. 178, лл. 80-82).<br />
126<br />
ekaterine II mier ratificirebuli rusuli teqsti dakargulad unda CaiTvalos,<br />
zemoT naxsenebi mizezebis gamo, magram Senaxulia misi `Savi~ piri (ix.: АВПР, ф.<br />
Трактаты, оп. 2, д. 178, лл. 71-79).<br />
127<br />
ЦГВИА, ф. 52, оп. 194, д. 286, ч. I, лл. 284-290.<br />
128<br />
iqve, 343-349.<br />
129<br />
qarTuli saratifikacio sigeli ruseTis mxares gaigzavna, magram 1922 wels igi<br />
saqarTvelos daubrunda (iuridiulad igi ruseTis mxaris kuTvnileba iyo) sxva<br />
unikalur qarTul masalebTan erTad da amjerad inaxeba xelnawerTa institutSi<br />
(ix. fondi H, saqme #2073-a da saqme #2073-b).<br />
130<br />
ЦГВИА, ф. 52, оп. 194, д. 286, ч. II, лл. 29-30.
132 valerian maWaraZe<br />
georgievskis traqtati ZalaSi Sevida.<br />
saqarTveloSi adre gamogzavnili polkovniki s. d. burnaSovi,<br />
romelmac 1783 wlis noemberSi ruseTis jaris 2 batalionic Caibara,<br />
1784 wlis 25 ianvridan oficialurad Seudga saqarTveloSi ruse-<br />
Tis mTavrobis warmomadgenlis (rezidentis, ministris) funqciis<br />
Sesrulebas, xolo 1784 wlis 29 ianvars erekle II qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefos warmomadgenlad (rezidentad, ministrad) ruseTis samefo<br />
karze Tavadi garsevan WavWavaZe daniSna. 131<br />
georgievskis traqtati pirveli ormxrivi saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba<br />
iyo ruseT-saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovani urTierTobis<br />
istoriaSi, 132 romliTac ruseTi pirvelad acxadebda sajarod didi<br />
mahmadianuri imperiebis _ osmaleTisa da sparseTis _ gasagonad,<br />
rom igi amieridan samudamod daicavda qristianul saqarTvelos,<br />
xolo qarTl-kaxeTic aseve pirvelad acxadebda sajarod, rom igi<br />
samudamod emijneboda mahmadianur samyaros da mxolod ruseTis<br />
mfarvelobas scnobda.<br />
georgievskis traqtati, rogorc saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba<br />
ori samyaros, feodaluri epoqis ori umTavresi ideologiis dapirispirebac<br />
iyo, magram igi sakuTriv TurqeTisa da iranis teritoriis<br />
xelyofas ar gulisxmobda, arc am qveynebis religiisa da<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, igi arc<br />
e. w. `saberZneTis proeqtis~, TurqeTis `waqcevis~ gegmis nawili yofila,<br />
igi mxolod osmaleTis imperiisa da Sahis iranis mtaceblur<br />
gegmebs zRvars udebda kavkasiis regionSi.<br />
georgievskis traqtatiT, an TviT xelSekrulebis gamoTqma rom<br />
vixmaroT `megobrobis pirobiT~, an `megobrobis xelSekrulebiT~,<br />
am ormxrivi samokavSireo-mfarvelobiTi xelSekrulebiT, qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefo nebayoflobiT samudamod Sevida ruseTis mfarvelobaSi.<br />
georgievskis traqtatiT or qveyanas Soris gaformda samxedro-<br />
131<br />
iqve, 30.<br />
132<br />
1944 wels n.berZeniSvilma 1587 wlis kaxeTis mefis `ficis wignsa~da 1589 wlis<br />
ruseTis xelmwifis `wyalobis sigels~ erTgan uwoda `xelSekruleba~(n. ber-<br />
ZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, wigni IVgv.23). Tumca n.berZeniSvili<br />
imave naSromSi umTavresad, sxva terminebs xmarobs `ficis wigni~, `wyalobis sigeli~,<br />
orives erTad `mfarveloba xeldebulebis aqts~ uwodebs. es Tvalsazrisi,<br />
xsenebuli calmxrivi aqtebis mimarT, zogma ubralod gaimeora, zogmac `ficis<br />
wigns~xelSekruleba uwoda, xolo `wyalobis sigels~ _ misi ratifikacia. Semdegtermini<br />
`xelSekruleba~ gaavrceles XVII saukunis analogiur dokumentebzec<br />
da bolos `xelSekrulebebiT~ gatacebam saqme iqamde miiyvana, rom am bolo dros<br />
zogi mkvlevari petreI da vaxtangVI Soris dadebul xelSekrulebazec ki laparakobs,<br />
Tumca TviTonve aRiarebs, rom `iuridiulad es xelSekruleba arsad iyo<br />
gaformebulio~. am Tvalsazriss Cven ver gavizirebT.
georgievskis traqtati<br />
133<br />
politikuri kavSiri, romliTac qarTl-kaxeTis mefe qveynis saSinao<br />
mmarTvelobaSi srul damoukideblobas inarCunebda, xolo sagareo<br />
politikis sakiTxebi unda SeeTanxmebina mfarvel-mokavSiresTan _<br />
ruseTTan, romelmac ikisra qarTl-kaxeTis dacva sagareo mtrebisagan.<br />
marTalia, es iyo qarTl-kaxeTis mefis mier Tavisi suverenitetis<br />
nawilze uaris Tqma, magram erekle II es nabiji gadadga aRmosavleT<br />
saqarTvelos uSiSroebisa da misi istoriul sazRvrebSi aRdgenisaTvis,<br />
razedac meore mxarisagan oficialuri xelSekrulebiT<br />
dapireba miiRo.<br />
georgievskis traqtatis mniSvneloba didi iyo, rogorc ruseTis,<br />
aseve kavkasiis xalxebisaTvis. jer erTi, traqtatze xelmowerisTanave<br />
CrdiloeT oseTSi Seiqmna ramdenime gamagrebuli punqti, raTa<br />
saqarTvelosTan uzrunveleyoT uSiSari komunikaciebi. amiT CrdiloeT<br />
oseTis nawili gaTavisuflda yabardoel mTavarTa batonobisagan<br />
da realurad aRmoCnda ruseTis mfarvelobaSi, osebs gza gaexsnaT<br />
mozdokisaken. meore, CrdiloeT oseTSi fexis mokidebiT ruseTma<br />
gaTiSa yabardoeli mTavrebi da iq moqmedi TurqeTis agentebi CeCendaRestnelebisagan.<br />
es ki gzas uxsnida ruseTs xsenebul raionebSi<br />
damkvidrebisaken. mesame, georgievskis traqtati axali etapis dasawyisi<br />
iyo amierkavkasiis xalxebisaTvis. traqtatze xelmowerisTanave<br />
imereTis samefom xelaxla dasva sakiTxi ruseTis mfarvelobaSi<br />
Sesvlis Taobaze, georgievskis traqtatis analogiuri pirobebiT,<br />
xolo somxebma brZola gaaCaRes ruseTis mfarvelobaSi SesvlisaTvis.<br />
zogierTi azerbaijaneli xanic mzad iyo Sesuliyo ruseTis<br />
mfarvelobaSi.<br />
erekle II farTo gegmebs saxavda traqtatiT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
pirobebis ganxorcielebisaTvis, magram mtrebsac ar eZinaT. osmaleTis<br />
imperia, romelsac mxarSi amoudgnen evropis qveynebi, male<br />
aSkarad gamovida. sulTanis fulma da agenturam moaxerxa qarTlkaxeTis<br />
winaaRmdeg kavkasieli mflobelebis amoqmedeba da saqmeSi<br />
lekebis aqtiurad Cabma. TurqeTis agenturam Crdilo kavkasiaSi gaa-<br />
CaRa mTielTa moZraoba, romelmac safrTxe Seuqmna ruseTis samxreT<br />
sazRvarze (kavkasiis xazze) mdebare cixe-qalaqebs. kavkasiaSi Seiqmna<br />
gansakuTrebiT rTuli viTareba. miuxedavad amisa, erekle II uryevad<br />
darCa georgievskis traqtatis erTguli da brZolas agrZelebda. 133<br />
xolo imereTis diplomatebi Tanmimdevrulad ibrZodnen ruseT-<br />
133<br />
qarTvelma diplomatebma isic ki scades, rom TurqeTisaTvis daepirispirebinaT<br />
misive qveSevrdomebi aziasa da afrikaSi da daekavSirebina isini ruseTTan<br />
(В. Мачарадзе, Грузинские документы по истории русско-грузинско-египетскоэфиопских<br />
отношений 80-х гг. XVIII века, Тбилиси, 1967).
134 valerian maWaraZe<br />
Tan analogiuri xelSekrulebis dasadebad, 134 radganac ruseTTan<br />
kavSirSi xedavdnen qarTveli xalxis, misi enis, sarwmunoebisa da<br />
kulturis xsnis erTaderT gzas da amaSi isini marTalni iyvnen. 135<br />
maTi nabijis sisworis utyuari mowmoba iyo qarTveli xalxis samaswlovani<br />
uTanasworo brZola ucxo dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg da<br />
am brZolis mZime Sedegebi: katastrofulad Semcirebuli saqarTvelos<br />
mosaxleoba, qvemo qarTlis (da ara marto qvemo qarTlis)<br />
dacarielebuli soflebi, didebuli kulturis Zeglebis nangrevebi<br />
da samxreT saqarTvelos gamahmadianebul-gaTurqebuli mosaxleoba.<br />
georgievskis traqtati iyo kavkasiis problemis gadawyvetisa da<br />
saqarTvelos aRdgena-gamoxsnis didi gegma, romlis ganxorcielebas<br />
mravali dabrkoleba gadaeRoba win da bevri brZolac dasWirda,<br />
magram am brZolaSi qarTveli xalxi gamarjvebuli gamovida, qarTveloba<br />
gadarCa.<br />
teqstisaTvis<br />
traqtatis qarTuli proeqti, romelic 1783 wlis maisSi saqarTveloSi<br />
podpolkovnikma tamaram Camoitana, Cveni varaudiT, peterburgSi<br />
Sesrulebuli rusuli proeqtis Targmani iyo. Cvenive<br />
varaudiT, mTargmneli unda yofiliyo moskovis qarTul koloniaSi<br />
aRzrdili, qarTuli da rusuli enebis SesaniSnavi mcodne da 60-80-ian<br />
wlebSi dokumentebis cnobili mTargmneli, akademiis stambaSi 1783<br />
wlis bolosa da 1784 wlis dasawyisSi dabeWdili qarTuli teqstis<br />
redaqtori Tavadi anton mouravovi (Tarxan-mouravi). 136 moskovis qarTuli<br />
koloniis skolis saTaveebTan idgnen sulxan-saba orbeliani,<br />
vaxtangVI, vaxuSti bagrationi, daviT guramiSvili da sxv.<br />
xelSekrulebis proeqtis qarTul teqsts TbilisSi 1783 wlis<br />
mais-ivnisSi redaqcia gaukeTes erekle II, anton kaTalikosma da misma<br />
mowafem Telavis seminariis reqtorma gaioz arqimandritma. maTve<br />
gaukeTebiaT SeniSvnebi rusul teqstzec. 137 georgievskSi 1783 wlis<br />
19-23 ivliss xelSekrulebis dednis qarTul teqsts saboloo re-<br />
134<br />
imereTis diplomatebis brZola ruseTTan georgievskis traqtatis msgavsi xelSekrulebis<br />
dasadebad. ix. v. maWaraZe, besiki diplomatur sarbielze, Tbilisi, 1968.<br />
135<br />
ar iyvnen marTalni revoluciamdeli qarTveli mkvlevarebi (z. avalovi da sxv.),<br />
romlebic XVIII saukunis qarTvel saxelmwifo moRvaweebs gulubryvilobas swamebdnen<br />
da rusul orientacias Secdomad uTvlidnen. TurqeTisa da iranis damokidebuleba<br />
sayovelTaod cnobilia, xolo evropis qveynebma verasodes `moicales~ saqarTvelos<br />
dasaxmareblad.<br />
136<br />
АВПР, ф. Трактаты, оп. 2, д. 178, лл. 18, 35-47.<br />
137<br />
ЦГВИА, ф. 52, оп. 194, д. 286, ч. I, лл. 117-118.
georgievskis traqtati<br />
135<br />
daqcia gaukeTes gaioz arqimandritma da moskovis qarTuli koloniis<br />
skolis aRmzrdelebma poruCikebma ColoyaSvilma da sevarsamiZem, 138<br />
xolo saqarTvelos mxriv, saratifikacio sigelis saboloo redaqcia<br />
(1783 wlis agvisto _ 1784 wlis ianvari) ekuTvnis erekle II,<br />
anton kaTalikossa da gaioz arqimandrits. 139 sabuTebidan sxva `moqmedi~<br />
ar Cans, Tumca s. leoniZes uTqvams, me viyavi `moqmedio~. 140<br />
amrigad, xelSekrulebis qarTul teqstTan erTdroulad dakav-<br />
Sirebuli aRmoCnda sami skola: moskovis qarTuli koloniis, Tbilisisa<br />
da anton kaTalikosisa, romelmac XVIII saukunis meore naxevris<br />
qarTul samwerlo enaze didi gavlena moaxdina. Tumca isic<br />
unda iTqvas, rom samive skolam ganicada rusulis gavlena, rogorc<br />
es aqve dabeWdili dokumentebidanac kargad Cans.<br />
XVIII saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli diplomatiuri dokumentebis<br />
ena ara marto saSuali qarTulis nimuSia, aramed masSi rusuli<br />
enis gavlenac sagrZnobia. amitom, qarTuli enis ganviTarebis<br />
istoriis TvalsazrisiTac XVIII saukunis meore naxevari calke<br />
gamokveTili periodia, romelic sagangebo Seswavlas imsaxurebs. 141<br />
cnobilia, rom anton kaTalikosma qarTuli samwerlo enis bunebrivi<br />
ganviTareba daarRvia. amasTan, XVIII saukunis meore naxevris<br />
qarTuli dokumentebis enas iseve etyoba rusulis gavlena, rogorc<br />
aRorZinebis xanis qarTveli mwerlebis (Teimuraz I, arCilis, besikis)<br />
TxzulebaTa enas _ sparsulis gavlena.<br />
angariSgasawevia erTi garemoebac: rusuli istoriuli dokumentebis<br />
publikaciis wesebi ramdenjerme gamoica da arsebobs savaldebulo<br />
kanonis saxiT. qarTuli istoriuli dokumentebis gamocemis<br />
wesebi saerTod ar aris damuSavebuli da arc misi gamocemis wesebi<br />
(savaldebulo kanoni) arsebobs. rac Seexeba XVIII saukunis meore<br />
naxevris diplomatiuri dokumentebis publikaciis tradicias, igi<br />
a. cagarlis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli, magram n. berZeniSvilma<br />
savsebiT samarTlianad daiwuna sabuTebisadmi a. cagarliseuli midgoma.<br />
raki a. cagarlis Semdeg XVIII saukunis meore naxevris qarTul<br />
diplomatiur dokumentebze sagangebod aravis umuSavia, cxadia, arc<br />
didi tradicia Seqmnila, rom `wesebi~ (kanoni) damuSavebuliyo. amitomaa,<br />
rom yvela gamomcemeli, romelmac ki XVIII saukunis meore<br />
138<br />
iqve, 164-176.<br />
139<br />
xelnawerTa instituti, fondi H, saqme #2073-a, #2073-b.<br />
140<br />
gaz. `komunisti~, 1981 wlis 27 seqtemberi.<br />
141<br />
Cven ganzraxuli gvaqvs gamovaqveynoT XVIII saukunis meore naxevris rusuli dokumentebis<br />
qarTuli Targmanebis fotopirebi, romlebic specialistebs daexmareba<br />
ara marto qarTuli diplomatiis enis Seswavlas, aramed rusul-qarTuli enobrivi<br />
urTierTobis Seswavlis saqmeSic.
136 valerian maWaraZe<br />
naxevris TiTo-orola sabuTi dabeWda, teqsts Taviseburad eqceva<br />
da enobriv (orTografiul) formebs `asworebs~, rac marTebulad<br />
ar migvaCnia. dokumentebis publikaciisas Cven SevecadeT gagveTvaliswinebina<br />
n. berZeniSvilis SeniSvnebi da gamocdileba. jerjerobiT<br />
aucilebelia, XVIII saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli diplomatiuri<br />
dokumentebi daibeWdos dedniseuli formiT rogorc istoriuli<br />
da samwerlo enis Zeglebi, Semdeg, roca masala dagrovdeba<br />
didi raodenobiT, albaT, SesaZlebeli gaxdeba misi gaanalizeba da<br />
wesebis saboloo dadgenac.<br />
dabeWdili dokumentebis ena mZimea, magram maT Sorisac gamoirCeva<br />
traqtatis dedani da gansakuTrebiT ki saratifikacio sigeli,<br />
romelic xelovnurad daumZimebia anton kaTalikoss da mis skolas.<br />
maTi gasworeba amjerad mizanSewonilad ar migvaCnia.<br />
Cvens gamocemaSi qarTuli dokumentebis teqstebi ibeWdeba dedniseuli<br />
orTografiis dacviT. mxolod zogierTi forma, romelic<br />
Sinaarsis gagebas aZnelebda, aseve ramdenime sityva, romlebic gadamweris<br />
uneblie (meqanikuri) Secdomis gamo arasworad iyo dawerili,<br />
xolo misi Sesatyvisi swori formebi teqstSive aRmoCnda, gasworda.<br />
amasTan, yoveli aseTi SemTxveva aRniSnulia SeniSvnaSi, sadac gamotanilia<br />
dedniseuli daweriloba. teqstis gagebis gasaadvileblad<br />
sasveni niSnebi davusviT. raki wigni farTo mkiTxvelisTvisac aris<br />
gankuTvnili, saWirod CavTvaleT aqve dagverTo Zveli qarTuli anbanic,<br />
teqstSi sadac mTeli sityva, an winadadeba iyo asomTavruliT<br />
naweri, mkiTxvelisaTvis zedmeti Sromis Tavidan asacileblad, CamovitaneT<br />
sqolioSi mxedruliT.<br />
rusuli dokumentebi, romlebic aq `Targmanad~ iwodeba, 142 ibe-<br />
Wdeba istoriuli dokumentebis publikaciis Tanamedrove wesebisa<br />
da sabWoTa istoriografiaSi damkvidrebuli tradiciis mixedviT.<br />
dokumentebis ena da stili daculia: magari (ъ) da rbili (ь) niSnebi<br />
da mTavruli da nusxuri asoebi dawerilia Tanamedrove wesebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT. garda amisa, arasworad gayofili teqsti gaerTianda<br />
sityvad, xolo SeerTebulad dawerili teqsti gaiyo sityvebad;<br />
striqons zemoT dawerili asoebi Catanilia striqonSi; sasveni niSnebi<br />
dasmulia Tanamedrove wesiT.<br />
viTvaliswinebT ra xsenebuli dokumentebis did mniSvnelobas,<br />
agreTve specialistebisa da farTo mkiTxvelis interess, aqve vbeW-<br />
142<br />
rusuli dednebis aslebia, magram raki georgievskis traqtatis dednebi orive<br />
mxareTa enaze daiwera da orive teqsti Tanabari Zalisa iyo, amitom maT axlda<br />
`Targmani~ meore enaze (qarTul dedans _ rusuli `Targmani~, xolo rusuls _<br />
qarTuli); rac mxareTa erovnuli Rirsebis pativiscemis gamoxatuleba iyo.
georgievskis traqtati<br />
137<br />
davT dokumentebis fotopirebsac. madlobas movaxseneb ssr kavSiris<br />
sagareo saqmeTa saministros ruseTis sagareo politikis arqivis<br />
xelmZRvanelebsa da TanamSromlebs, romlebmac xeli Semiwyes masalebze<br />
muSaobis dros da fotopirebic damimzades, agreTve v. e.<br />
savins, romelmac fotopirebi dasabeWdad moamzada.<br />
teqsti georgievskis traqtatisa<br />
<strong>Jurnali</strong>s momdevno nomerSi daibeWdeba.