akad. simon janaSia istoriuli simarTlis damaxinjebis erTi magaliTis ...

akad. simon janaSia 

istoriuli simarTlis damaxinjebis 

erTi magaliTis Sesaxeb 

n. tokarskis wignis `Zveli somxeTis 

arqiteqturis~ gamo 

redaqtorisagan 

akad. s. janaSias kritikuli naSromi _ ìstoriuli simarTlis 

damaxinjebis erTi magaliTis Sesaxeb~ (1947) daiwera prof. n. tokarskis 

wignze _ «Архитектура древней Армении», Ереван, 1946. 

prof. n. tokarskis wignSi mecnierulad dasabuTebisa da argumentaciis 

ugulvelyofiT tao-klarjeTis Zveli qarTuli teritoria 

somxurad aris saxeldebuli, xolo IX-X saukuneebis didebuli 

qarTuli arqiteqturis Zeglebi somxuradaa warmodgenili. ignorirebulia, 

agreTve, qarTul eklesia-taZrebze arsebuli auracxeli 

samSeneblo warwera. am warwerebSi garda imisa, rom laparakia ama 

Tu im qarTuli eklesiis monastris aRmSeneblobis Sesaxeb, moxseniebulia 

xuroTmoZRvarTa qarTuli gvar-saxelebic. am wignis 

gamoqveynebas qarTvel mecnierTa da sazogadoebis samarTliani aRSfoTeba 

da guliswyroma mohyva _ `magram maSin, rodesac faqtobrivad 

akrZaluli iyo mezobeli xalxis winaaRmdeg ramis dawera 

(qarTvelebs akrZaluli hqondaT somxebis `ganawyeneba~), veravin 

warmoidgenda, rom tokarskis pasuxi gaecemoda, magram simon jana- 

Sias didi avtoriteti saSualebas aZlevda bevri ram iseTi gaekeTebina, 

rac sruliad SeuZlebeli iyo sxvebisTvis. da ai, gamoqveynda 

misi naSromi, romelSic qarTuli da ucxouri, da sakuTriv somxuri 

wyaroebis monacemTa safuZvelze, yvelaferi Tavis adgilze iyo 

dayenebuli~, _ igonebs akad. m. lorTqifaniZe. 

SeiZleba, axla vinmes gaukvirdes, magram ise iyo momzadebuli 

niadagi _ erevneli da gansakuTrebiT ruseTSi momuSave somexi mecnierebis 

da maTi rusi megobrebis mier, rom n. tokarskis am uxams

istoriuli simarTlis dasacavad 

69 

wigns stalinur premiaze wardgenas upirebdnen, magram akad. s. janaSias 

sapasuxo naSromis wyalobiT aRniSnuli gegma CaiSala. CaiSala, 

radgan mecnieris es naSromi _ `gamodgeba imis etalonad, Tu 

rogor unda gaeces pasuxi istoriuli simarTlis iseT damaxinjebas, 

rogoric n. tokarskis wignSia warmodgenili. am wignma Tavisi 

daniSnuleba kargad Seasrula. somxeTSi tokarski aseTi azrebis 

gatarebisaTvis gaikicxa da wignis gamomSveb institutsac sakmaod 

moxvda~, _ wers akad. p. zaqaraia. 

rogorc aRmoCnda, n. tokarskis gakicxva am wignis gamo moCvenebi- 

Ti, yalbi RonisZieba iyo, radgan igi meored gamosces erevanSi... 

XX s-is ukanasknel meoTxedSi ki somexma mecnierebma kvlav gaaCaRes 

kompania tao-klarjeTis qarTuli xuroTmZRvrebis Zeglebis somxurad 

gamocxadebis mizniT. maTgan SeiZleba davasaxeloT xelovnebaTmcodneobis 

doqtori tigran maruTiani, romelmac gamosca vrceli 

monografia _ `siRrmiTa somxeTi~ (1978, somx. enaze). masSi taoklarjeTis 

qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis brwyinvale Zeglebi somxurad 

aris warmodgenili. es antimecnieruli wigni mkacrad gaakritikes 

akad. v. beriZem, akad. p. zaqaraiam; Cvenc gamovaqveyneT mwvave 

recenzia _ `qvani kvlav RaRadeben~ (Jur. `mnaTobi~, 1991, #3-4). 

dResac grZeldeba es antiqarTuli kompania erevansa da, samwuxarod, 

moskovSic. amis nimuSia `marTlmadidebluri enciklopediis~ 

2003 wels moskovSi gamocemuli III tomi. masSi tao-klarjeTis qarTuli 

arqiteqturis Zeglebi kvlav somxurad aris gamocxadebuli. 

saWiro iyo am fsevdomecnieruli siyalbis mxileba. karga xnis 

bWobis Semdeg, gaz. `saqarTvelos respublikis~ amJamindel redaqtorTan 

aleko aslaniSvilTan erTad gadavwyviteT, rom yvelaze kargi 

pasuxi iqneboda, qarTulad gveTargmna akad. s. janaSias broSura 

_ `Об одном примере искажения исторической правды~ (По поводу 

книги Токарского «Архитектура древней Армении», 1946). Targmna ikisra 

da unarianadac gaarTva Tavi mTargmnelma da stilistma Tamaz 

ebanoiZem. Targmani jer gaz. `saqarTvelos respublikis~ furclebze 

(2002, #259-271), Semdeg _ mangleli mitropolitis anania jafariZis 

locva-kurTxeviT calke broSurad (2003) gamoqveynda. 

aqve gvsurs aRvniSnoT isic, rom akad. s. janaSias es naSromi 

pirvelad sagazeTo variantad gaz. `zaria vostokaSi~ daibeWda 

(1947, 25.I). imave wels ki _ broSuris saxiT gamovida. 1947 wels 

igive, vrceli saxiT gamoqveynda sakavSiro mecnierebaTa akademiis 

organoSi _ `voprosi istorii~ (#5). s. janaSias 100 wlis saiubileod, 

2000 wels fotopirulad gamosca istoriis mecnierebaTa 

doqtorma zurab ratianma.

70 simon janaSia 

miuxedavad imisa, rom somexma istorikosebma, faqtobrivad, 

dRemde ver gasces pasuxi akad. s. janaSiasa da sxva qarTvel mecnierebs, 

isini mainc kvlavindeburad cdiloben `daamtkicon~ 

tao-klarjeTis miwisa da qarTuli arqiteqturis somxuroba. 

gansakuTrebiT imis Semdeg gaaqtiurdnen, rac saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma, 

misma uwmindesobam ilia II-m TurqeTis mTavrobas 

mimarTa tao-klarjeTis ramdenime qarTuli eklesia-monastris gadmocemis 

Taobaze. amitom, mizanSewonilad vcaniT gamogveqveynebina 

Jur. `sami saunjis~ furclebze akad. s. janaSias _ ìstoriuli 

simarTlis damaxinjebis erTi magaliTis Sesaxeb~, romelsac mecnieruli 

aqtualoba ar daukargavs da dResac Rirseuli pasuxia 

istoriis gamyalbebeli zogierTi somexi vaimecnieris winaaRmdeg. 

bondo arvelaZe 

3.XI.2011 w. 

storiis, rogorc mecnierebis, likvidatorebi Cven Soris 

jer kidev boginoben. aseT fiqrs aRZravs amas winaT gamosuli 

n. m. tokarskis wigni `Zveli somxeTis arqiteqtura~ (somxe- 

Tis ssr mecnierebaTa akademia, istoriis instituti, pasuxismgebeli 

redaqtori i. a. orbeli, erevani, 1946). avtorma miznad daisaxa `Zvelsomxuri 

xuroTmoZRvrebis zogadi mimoxilva, Tval-yuris midevneba, 

Tu rogor cocxlobda da viTardeboda saukuneTa manZilze, sxvadasxva 

pirobebSi, somex xuroTmoZRvarTa SemoqmedebiTi azri da 

ras uziarebdnen isini TavianT profesiaSi ucxoeTSi mcxovreb 

TanamoZmeebs mravalsaxovani arqiteqturuli formebis Seqmnis rTul 

procesSi~ (gv. VIII-IX). amocana sapatio da aqtualuria, magram tokarskis 

wignSi somexi xalxis mdidrulma arqiteqturulma memkvidreobam 

ver hpova Rirseuli asaxva. avtoris mankieri meTodologia, 

tendenciuroba, gadmocemis ulazaTo stili, ganzraxvani, romelTac 

saerTo araferi aqvT mecnieruli gamokvlevis amocanebTan, _ ai, ra 

gvaocebs am wignSi, romelic, rasakvirvelia, SemTxveviT atarebs 

gamorCeuli samecniero dawesebulebis grifs. 

wignis zogadi daxasiaTebisaTvis mivuTiTebT, rom akademiur gamocemaSi, 

romelmac, gacxadebuli gegmis Tanaxmad, warmodgena unda 

mogvces arqiteqturuli formebis ganviTarebis TiTqmis aTasxuTaswlovan 

procesze, mkiTxveli naxavs, orad-or Wrils. dvinsa da 

vaRarSapatSi sasaxleebis Sesaxeb mocemulia mxolod uTavbolo 

aRwerebi, fragmentuli arqiteqturuli morTulobis ori suraTi


71 

da tokarskis Sesrulebuli `kaTalikosis palatebis patara ezos~ 

rekonstruqcia. avtorma saWirod ar CaTvala Tan daerTo amJamad 

nangrevebad qceul am nagebobaTa gegmebi. imaze, Tu zogjer rad 

Rirs dangreul SenobaTa msgavsi rekonstruqciebi, mkiTxvels TviT 

tokarski acnobebs mocemuli karis bolos: `patriarqis palatebis 

samxreTi nawilis samxreT-aRmosavleT kuTxeSi SemorCa momcro 

eklesiis afsida, romelic arqiteqtor t. Toromanianis rekonstruqciaSi 

warmodgenilia, rogorc samnaviani bazilika. sinamdvileSi 

aq, albaT, mcire erTnaviani samlocvelo iyo~ (gv. 48)...eg 

ki ara, sakuTari rekonstruqciis Sesaxebac tokarski aseT wvrilmanebs 

hyveba: `sqematur rekonstruqciaze, gaswvriv kedelSi fanjrebi 

da karebi nebismieradaa ganlagebuli, vinaidan SeuZlebelia 

nangrevebSi raime monacemebs miakvlio~ (gv. 49, SeniSvna 44)... `Sei- 

Zleba Senobis sxva rekonstruqciis mocemac, Tu vivaraudebT, rom 

aq patara ezo ki ara, darbazi iyo~ (gv. 45) da a. S. amgvar mecnierul 

naSromSi aucilebeli pirobiToba da hipoTeturoba mocemul Sem- 

TxvevebSi im zRvramdea miyvanili, roca rekonstruqcia yovelnair 

azrsa da mniSvnelobasaa moklebuli. 

mravali sxva winaaRmdegoba da logikuri Seusabamoba avtorisaTvis 

sulac SeumCneveli rCeba. magaliTad, igi amtkicebs, TiTqos 

`somexi xuroTmoZRvrebi ar Cerdebian samnavian kamarovan eklesiadarbazad 

bazilikis gadakeTebisas miRweul Sedegebze. isini brwyinvaled 

wyveten gumbaTiT dagvirgvinebuli saeklesio Senobis Seqmnis 

amocanasac~ (gv. 58). ras emyareba es sapasuxismgeblo gancxadeba? 

mxolod erTmaneTis gamomricxav mixvedrebsa da gamogonebebs da 

arc erT faqts. faqtebis uqonloba rodi acbunebs avtors _ igi 

axerxebs maT Secvlas. `saTuoa, rom nagebobis gumbaTovani forma, 

_ ganagrZobs tokarski, _ mxolod saeklesio mSeneblobasTan 

dakavSirebiT gamomuSavebuliyo; unda vivaraudoT, rom gumbaTebis 

aRmarTvis teqnikas arqiteqtorebi (romeli? _ s. j.) kargad icnobdnen 

gacilebiT adre. garemoeba, rom somxeTSi jerjerobiT ar 

aris aRmoCenili VI saukuneze adre agebuli gumbaTovani Senobebi, 

ver gamodgeba sawinaaRmdegos dasamtkiceblad, radgan Zneli savaraudoa, 

rom sasanidur sparseTTan mWidrod dakavSirebul qveyanaSi 

(da ara mxolod droebiT damorCilebulSi), ar scodnodaT 

sasanidel mbrZanebelTa nebiT aRmarTuli SesaniSnavi sasaxlis tipis 

nagebobebis Sesaxeb, romlebic (ese igi, nagebobebi da ara mbr- 

Zaneblebi! _ s. j.), aqamde aRtacebas hgvris xelovnebis yvelaze 

momTxovn Semfasebels~ (iqve). ubraloa da naTeli: somxeTSi ar 

Semonaxula VI saukunemde agebuli gumbaTovani nagebobebi, Tumca,


samagierod isini mezobel sparseTs SemorCnen. somxeTma ki ganicada 

sparseTis ara marto politikuri, aramed kulturuli gavlenac; 

amitom, Zneli savaraudoa, rom somxeTs sparseTidan ar gadmoeRo 

nagebobis gumbaTovani forma. aseT SemTxvevaSi, gumbaTovan nagebobaTa 

damuSavebis saqmeSi pirveloba xom sparsel xuroTmoZRvrebTan 

gadadis! Tumca, tokarski msgavs dabrkolebebs angariSs ar uwevs 

da aRuSfoTeblad ganagrZobs: `jer kidev araa garkveuli, Tu sad 

(sparseTsa Tu somxeTSi) iyo ufro adre gamoyenebuli arqiteqturaSi 

konusuri afris, anu trompis saxeliT cnobili is Taviseburi 

forma gumbaTze naxevradkonusis saxiT kamarovani gadasvlisa... 

romelic oden VII saukunis Sua xanebSi iqna mkveTrad gandevnili 

dasavleTidan Semosuli sferuli afriT~. amrigad, Tumca gumbaTi, 

saerTod, somxebma sparselebisagan isesxes, misi ZiriTadi elementi, 

kamarovani gadasvla konusuri afris formiT, jerac gamocanad 

rCeba; is SeiZleba iyos sparsuli warmoSobisac, somxuri warmo- 

Sobisac, Tavis sxva formiT ki, sferuli afris formiT, somxebis 

mier namdvilad gadmoRebuli iyo ukve dasavlel xalxTagan. oRond, 

domxali amiT ar Tavdeba. uSualod momdevno frazaSi ukve gvimtkiceben, 

rom gumbaTi saerTodac SeiZleba wminda somxuri warmomavlobisa 

iyos: àgreTve, Zneli savaraudoa, rom xuroTmoZRvrebs, 

romlebic yovel sofelSi xvdebodnen saxlebs, boZebze Seyenebuli 

xis karviseburi saxuraviT, azrad ar mosvlodaT gumbaTi~ (aq, ise 

rogorc yvela qvemoT moyvanil citataSi, xazgasma Cemia _ s. j.). da 

es yvelaferi erT gverdze mogvawodes! 

ra Tqma unda, aseTi meTodiT, yovlisSemZle formulebis daxmarebiT: 

`saeWvoa, rom~, ùnda davuSvaT~, `Znelia vivaraudoT~, da 

ase Semdeg (aq isini erTi abzacidanaa amowerili, magram mTeli wigni 

msgavsi formulebiTaa aWrelebuli), rac gnebavT, yvelafris `damtkiceba~ 

SeiZleba. 

marTlac, yuradRebiani mkiTxveli iolad SeamCnevs, ra ususuria 

tokarskis mtkicebani. somxuri arqiteqturis bevri mniSvnelovani 

Zegli sruliad zedapirulad aris aRwerili. ver SexvdebiT ZeglTa 

utyuar analizs. esoden didi mniSvnelobis mqone maTi daTariReba 

metwilad sulac ar gaxlavT dasabuTebuli, an dasabuTebulia 

Zalian ucnaurad. ase magaliTad, ereruiqis bazilikaze, misi aRweris 

dasawyisSi, naTqvamia, rom is miekuTvneba `Cvenamde moRweuli 

yvelaze Zveli eklesiebis~ (gv. 49) ricxvs, Semdeg gakvriT mogvigdes, 

rom `mogvianebiT aq axali karibWe aRmarTes... V saukuneSi agebuli 

bazilikis karibWeebi gankuTvnili iyo~ (gv. 52) da ase Semdeg. 

tekoris taZris Sesaxeb gveubnebian: ìmave dros (ese igi, ereruiqis


73 

bazilikis agebis dros _ s. j.) Cveulebriv usadageben tekorSi (digorSi) 

taZris agebasac~ (gv. 53), `qristianobis pirvel saukuneebs 

(V-VI saukuneebi)~ mikuTvnebuli aravusis (gv. 55) taZris daTariRebidan 

ki vigebT, rom somxeTSi uZvelesi saeklesio nagebobebi aris 

V da VI saukuneebisa, Tumca, qristianoba IV saukuneSi gaxda somxeTis 

saxelmwifo religia (gv. 48). namdvilad ki, wignSi wamoyenebuli 

sakiTxebis TvalsazrisiT, aTwleulTa farglebSi daTariRebas 

aqvs mniSvneloba. ixile, magaliTad, tokarskis msjelobani mcxeTis 

`jvaris~ daTariRebis Taobaze: 1 

aStarakisa da qasaRis eklesiebis Sesaxeb naTqvamia, rom isini 

àgebuli arian araugvianes VI saukunisa~ (gv. 55). ratom, _ ucnobi 

rCeba. samagierod, sxva adgilas igive aStaraki `VI-VII saukuneebis 

eklesiaTa rigs~ miaTvala (gv. 121). mravalabsidiani taZari eRvarTSi 

gamocxadebulia VII saukunis nagebobad da am daTariRebis 

dasadastureblad erTi sityvac ar aris naTqvami. mravalabsidiani 

taZrebis qronologia ki erTob mniSvnelovania, vinaidan aqamde gabatonebulia 

Sexeduleba, TiTqos msgavsi nagebobebi Cndeba ara uadres 

X saukunisa. 

abdaubda da winaaRmdegobrivi msjelobebi zogjer auxsnel 

masStabebs aRwevs. ase magaliTad, erT adgilas (gv. 210-211) vkiTxulobT: 

`xaxulSi ori feris soli enacvleba erTmaneTs. am xerxma 

etyoba iseTi efeqti moaxdina, rom zogierT ukve arsebul nagebobaSi 

fanjrebis Tavze nairfersolebiani TaRebi saRebaviT iyo gadmocemuli 

Cveulebriv horizontalur mopirkeTebaze (oSki, parxali). 

aseTi imitaciis arseboba oSkSi dasavleT fasadis mdidrulad 

morTul fanjaraze, romelic kompoziciurad erTnairia (asea! _ s. 

j.), xaxulis eklesiis samxreTis fanjrisa, gviCvenebs, rom es eklesia 

aaSenes cota gvian, Tumca, imave skolis ostatebma~. ranairad 

SeiZleba oSkis taZarSi arsebuli xaxulis minabaZi gamodges xaxulis 

taZris aSenebis ufro gviandel xanaze miniSnebad, samudamod 

tokarskis saidumloebad darCeba. 

kidev meti originalobiT gamoirCeva avtoris Semdegi mtkiceba. 

specialur literaturaSi gamoqveynebul debulebasTan dakavSirebiT, 

rom mcxeTis `jvarSi~ pirvelad iyo SemuSavebuli Sesabamisi 

arqiteqturuli Tema, tokarski gvedaveba: `...kargad cnobilia, rom 

zedapirze mdebare nagebobaTa garda, somxeTsa da saqarTveloSi bevria 

miwiT dafaruli monumentur naSenTa nangrevi, romelTa Soris 

SeiZleba aRmoCndes avansa da mcxeTazec adre aSenebuli CvenTvis 

saintereso tipis eklesiebi~ (gv. 91). avtori ver amCnevs, rom es `miwisqveSa~ 

argumentacia, romelsac Tavisi Txzulebis sxva adgile-


bSic xSirad mimarTavs, ufro metad, vidre sxva ram, imaze migvaniSnebs, 

rom danarCeni masala, romelsac mecniereba SeiZleba angariSs 

uwevdes, amowurulia. 

avtoris im varaudis mTavari safuZveli, rom eCmiaZinis taZari 

Tavidan bazilikas warmoadgenda, is aris, rom èCmiaZinis pativsacemad 

vinme atomis saeklesio sagalobel `ganZ~-Si is iwodeba sionad, 

xolo rogorc i. a. javaxovma daadgina, qarTul enaSi es dasaxeleba 

yovelTvis aRniSnavs bazilikas~ (gv. 61)... yvelafers Tavi rom davaneboT, 

unda aRiniSnos, rom tokarski aq ugulebelyofs termin `sionis~ 

sruliad sxvagvar ganmartebas TviT qarTuli enisTvisac, mocemuls 

uaxles literaturaSi. gakvriT mivuTiToT, agreTve, Semdegi: 

am sakiTxs rom avtori ufro seriozulad mokideboda da ufro Rrmad 

Cawvdomoda wyaroebis cnobebs, SeeZlo termini `sioni~ aRmoeCina 

ara marto poetur literaturaSi, romlis Cvenebebsac am SemTxvevaSi 

mTavar, pirdapir mniSvnelobas ver mivawerT. ase magaliTad, saRmosavanqis 

XIII saukunis gumbaTovani nageboba TviT am taZris warweraSi 

orjer wodebulia `wminda sionad~. 2 ras niSnavs es? 

zedapirulad, daumtkicebladaa ganxiluli Zalze mniSvnelovani 

sakiTxebi gumbaTovani bazilikebisa da `gumbaTovani darbazebis~ 

warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, Tumca, maTTan dakavSirebiT, 

tokarski Sors mimavali mtkicebebis nebas aZlevs Tavs (gv. 62-68). 

mcxeTaSi SesaniSnavi qarTuli taZris `jvris~ xuroTmoZRvarze 

avtori ambobs, rom man `Tavisi qmnilebis gumbaTi tipuri somxuri 

lavgardniT Semoqoba~ (gv. 92). amasobaSi ki, sxva adgilas, roca 

gadmoscems Tavis `zogierT mosazrebas am formis warmoSobis Taobaze~ 

(igulisxmeba zemoT dasaxelebuli lavgardnis tipi), TviTve 

am formis evoluciis safexurebis saCveneblad iSveliebs magaliTs 

mcire aziidan da agreTve, lavgardans saqarTvelos samxedro gzaze 

mdebare sofel garbanis eklesiidan~ (gv. 121), ese igi, magaliTs saqarTvelodan. 

maS, ratom aris es lavgardani `tipuri somxuri~? 

`jvarSi~ imave `tipuri somxuri~ lavgardnis Taobaze avtori 

wers: àm faqts ar SeuZlia gaocebis gamowveva, radgan saqarTvelo- 

Si aris mcxeTurTan erTob msgavsi eklesia, àtenis sionis~ saxeliT 

cnobili, romelic somexma arqiteqtorma aaSena~ (gv. 92)... kulturuli 

nasesxobis faqtebs SeuZlia marto tokarskis Secbuneba 

gamoiwvios. mecniereba faqtebs Seiswavlis mis gankargulebaSi 

arsebuli obieqturi meTodebiT, Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi tokarski 

saWirod rodi miiCnevs mkiTxvels yvela cnobili faqti miawodos. 

ase magaliTad, specialur literaturaSi udavod aris dadgenili, 

rom atenis taZari mcxeTisaze gvianaa agebuli da ukanasknelis ux-


75 

eiro mibaZvas warmoadgens! 

ai, rogor warmogvidgeba saqme tokarskis wignSi gamocxadebuli 

programis erTi nawilis realizaciis TvalsazrisiT: `gaakeTos Zvelsomxuri 

xuroTmoZRvrebis zogadi mimoxilva, Tvalyuri miadevnos, 

Tu rogor cocxlobda da viTardeboda saukuneTa manZilze, sxvadasxva 

pirobebSi, somex xuroTmoZRvarTa azri~... Cven mier zemoT 

ukve garCeuli tokarskis gamonaTqvamebidan mkiTxvels SeeZlo isic 

daenaxa, Tu rogor sruldeba wignSi imave programis meore nawili: 

`Tvalyuris midevneba, Tu ras uziarebdnen isini (somexi xuroTmoZ- 

Rvrebi _ s. j.) TavianT ucxoel TanamoZmeebs profesiis mixedviT~... 

magram am sakiTxze Rirs ufro vrclad SeCereba. 

sinamdvileSi urTierTgaziarebaze aq deklaraciuli msjelobaa 

(asea, magaliTad, `daskvnaSi~), damokidebuleba gare kulturul 

garemosTan calmxrivia da winaswar ganzraxuli. amasTan, gaugebrobebs 

da winaaRmdegobebs aqac blomad vxvdebiT. 

ai, am TvalsazrisiT, tokarskis ramdenime damaxasiaTebeli gamonaTqvami: 

`Secdoma iqneboda somxeTis uZvelesi arqiteqturis 

gaigiveba urartelebis arqiteqturasTan, romelTac qristianul 

eramde didi xniT adre Seqmnes pirveli saxelmwifo amierkavkasiaSi, 

Tumca, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom somexma xalxma, romlis SemadgenlobaSi 

ZiriTad birTvTan _ somxebTan erTad urartelebic 

Sevidnen, Tavis mSeneblobaSi raRac zomiT im Zveli saxelmwifos 

ostatTa gamocdilebac gamoiyena, romlis teritoriac daikava. 

amasTan unda aRiniSnos somex xuroTmoZRvarTa mier gacilebiT gvian 

aRmarTul nagebobaTa mkveTri gansxvaveba urartelebis nagebobebisagan, 

romelTa samSeneblo teqnika ufro axlos aris mesopotamiis 

xalxTan, kerZod, asirielTa teqnikasTan~ (gv. XIII)... `naTqvamidan 

cxadia, Tu ramdenad daSorebulia erTmaneTs urartelebisa 

da somxebis arqiteqturuli Zeglebi saerTo gadawyvetiT, teqnikiTa 

da mopirkeTebiT da ra sifrTxiliT unda mivudgeT sakiTxs memkvidreobiTobis 

Sesaxeb, Secdoma rom ar mogvivides~ (gv. XVI). maSasadame, 

Zveli urarteli ostatebis gamocdilebiT sargebloba somex 

xuroTmoZRvrebs ar SeeZloT. arc zogad gadawyvetaTa sferoSi, arc 

teqnikaSi, arc mopirkeTebaSi. ismis kiTxva, maS sad SeeZloT maT am 

gamocdilebis gamoyeneba? 

èlinizms, romelmac mniSvnelovani, progresuli roli Seasrula 

qveynis cxovrebis yvela dargSi, xelovnebis CaTvliT, xelsayreli 

niadagi gamoecala Tavisi gavlenis gasavrceleblad da romisTvis 

mouxda adgilis daTmoba. Semdgom, ukve qristianobis pirvel 

saukuneebSi, arqiteqturaSi SeiZleba SevxvdeT oden elinisturi da


romauli formebis gamoZaxilebs _ volutas kapitelze, qongursa 

da modulions lavgardanze, gvarianad gadamuSavebul akants. somexma 

xuroTmoZRvrebma monaxes sakuTari gzebi, saidanac arasodes 

gadauxveviaT, Tumca, saukuneTa manZilze saxifaTo gzajvaredini 

cota rodi SexvedriaT~ (gv. 12-13). 

Semdeg, Cven ukve moviyvaneT tokarskis msjelobebi im Temaze, 

rom `somexi xuroTmoZRvrebi ar sjerdebian bazilikis samnavian kamarovan 

eklesia-darbazad gadamuSavebisas miRweul Sedegebs. isini 

brwyinvaled wyveten gumbaTiT dagvirgvinebuli saeklesio Senobis 

Seqmnis amocanasac~ (gv. 58). qvemoT ki gvimtkiceben: `sainteresoa, 

rom gacilebiT gvian, XII-XIII saukuneebSi, roca gumbaTi saeklesio 

xuroTmoZRvrebaSi ukve Svidsaukunovani xnisa iyo, arqiteqtorebi 

bolo siaxles _ karibWes rom qmnian, mimarTaven isev imave soflis 

saxls: qvisgan akeTeben kolonebze dayudebul karvul saxuravs 

sinaTlisaTvis datovebuli xvreliT. gumbaTovani saeklesio nagebobebis 

ganviTareba somxeTSi ori damoukidebeli mimarTulebiT 

wavida~ (gv. 58-59)... da Tumca, somxeTSi `jerjerobiT ver aRmoa- 

Cines sawyisi saxis uZvelesi gumbaTovani eklesiebi~ (gv. 59), mainc, 

rogorc avtori irwmuneba, eWvs ar iwvevs, rom `somexma xuroTmoZRvrebma 

srulad gaiTvaliswines es garemoeba (adgilobrivi bazilikis 

Taviseburebani _ s. j.) da VII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi 

Seqmnes ramdenime mSvenieri gumbaTovani bazilika~ (gv. 62) da rom 

`swored am VII saukunis gumbaTovan bazilikaSi iqmneba jvargumbaTovani 

taZris forma, esoden damaxasiaTebeli momdevno saukuneebis 

amierkavkasiis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis~ (gv. 64)... 

`somxuri Zeglebi, maT msgavs bizantiurze gacilebiT adre Seqmnili, 

damajereblad metyvelebs imaze, rom es tipi aq SemuSavebuli 

iyo bazilikis safuZvelze~ (gv. 65. ix. agreTve gv. 68, 73, 111, 112-113, 

118-119 da sxv.). dasasrul, tokarski acxadebs, TiTqos VII saukunis 

pirveli naxevrisaTvis ùkve gveZleva SesaZlebloba, vilaparakoT 

savsebiT Camoyalibebul somxur klasikaze, romelsac, miuxedavad 

bevri ukuRmarTobisa, emyareba somexi xuroTmoZRvrebis yvela Semdgomi 

Taobis Semoqmedeba~ (gv. 132). 

amrigad, gamodis, rom yvela ZiriTadi arqiteqturuli forma 

adgilobriv Seiqmna, aqedan gavrcelda sxva qveynebSi. aucilebeli 

ar aris msurvelT sakiTxis ase dayenebis ufleba CamovarTvaT. 

mkiTxvelis moTxovnebi ubraloa: igi moiTxovs mxolod faqtebsa 

da mtkicebulebebs; tokarskisTan ki rogoraa faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis 

saqme am sakiTxTa wresTan dakavSirebiT? 

yvelaze cxadad tokarskis mecnierulma meTodologiam da


77 

sazogadoebrivma mizandasaxulebebma Tavi iCina mis msjelobebSi 

somxuri arqiteqturis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb qarTveli xalxis, 

somexTa saukuneobrivi mezoblis, arqiteqturasTan. aq, rasakvirvelia, 

kulturuli gacvla-gamocvlis xsenebac ar aris, aq avtori 

arc ki kmayofildeba mxolod calmxrivi gavlenis mtkicebiT, rac 

zemoTac SeiZleboda dagvenaxa, igi kidev ufro Sors midis. 

nu gavuswrebT Sefasebebs win, moTminebiT ganvixiloT tokarskis 

wignis Sesabamisi adgilebi. 

wignis `RerZia~ mcdeloba _ mTeli samxreT saqarTvelo, misi 

mosaxleobiTa da kulturiT, warmoCndes, rogorc ucxoerovnuli 

samyaro. aq laparakia mdinare Woroxis auzSi da mdinare mtkvris 

zemo dinebis gayolebiT mdebare samxreT saqarTvelos provinciebze. 

saqarTveloSi monaTmflobeluri saxelmwifoebriobis dacemamde 

es teritoriebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelosa da dasavleT saqarTvelos 

samefoTa farglebSi Sedioda. saqarTveloSi feodalur 

urTierTobaTa momwifebis periodSi isini Seadgendnen erT-erT 

umniSvnelovanes qarTul feodalur warmonaqmns, ori wamyvani sam- 

Tavros taosa da klarjeTis mixedviT, Cveulebriv, tao-klarjeTad 

wodebuls (IX-X saukuneebi). am provinciebis garda tao-klarjeTis 

samefoSi Sedioda da mis cxovrebaSi TvalsaCino rols asrulebda 

sxva teritoriebic _ aWara, SavSeTi, samcxe, javaxeTi, artaani (ardagani, 

im dros es teritoriis saxeli iyo da ara qalaqisa, romelmac 

aseTi dasaxeleba mogvianebiT miiRo teritoriisagan, rogorc 

misma centrma), kola, speri da sxv. tokarskis arc eeWveba, rom 

saqme exeba swored am teritorias, erT SemTxvevaSi igi pirdapir 

laparakobs Tavis saganze, rogorc `X saukunis meore naxevris taoklarjiis 

(ese igi, tao-klarjeTis _ s. j.) arqiteqturaze, roca 

aRimarTa mSvenieri nagebobebi oSkSi, iSxanSi, tbeTSi~ (gv. 146). 

(unda aRiniSnos, rom Cven dromde Semonaxuli tbeTis Zegli SavSe- 

Tis, tao-klarjeTis erT-erTi yvelaze CrdiloeT raionis teritoriaze 

imyofeba _ s. j.). meore SemTxvevaSi tokarskisTan es miwebi 

iwodeba `teritoriebad mdinare Woroxis auzSi~ (gv. 200), yvelaze 

xSirad ki isini wignSi saxeldebian `taiq~-ad (taos dasaxelebis 

somxuri forma), ramac unda Secvalos Cveulebrivi tao-klarjeTi. 

ra mtkicdeba am mxaris Sesaxeb? 

teritoria. gvimtkiceben, rom es `dasavluri somxuri teritoriebi 

mdinare Woroxis auzSi, odesRac cnobil Tavadur gvarTa 

(romlebis? s. j.) samflobelo, romlebSic (gvarebSi ki ara, teritoriebSi 

_ s. j.) arabTa Semosevis dros bagratidebi afarebdnen 

Tavs, X saukunis meore naxevarSi Sedioda damoukidebeli saxelm-


wifo warmonaqmnis SemadgenlobaSi, romlis saTaveSi idga taiqis 

gonieri, energiuli kurapalati daviTi~ (gv. 200), rom es _ òdindeli 

somxuri miwebia~ (...àseTi xerxi cnobilia X saukunis meore 

naxevris tao-klarjeTis arqiteqturaSic, roca aRimarTa mSvenieri 

nagebobebi oSkSi, iSxanSi, tbeTSi... bagratidTa somxeTis kavSirebi 

am odindel somxur miwebTan... sayovelTaod cnobilia~ (gv. 146), _ 

vkiTxulobT erTgan; `Woroxis auzSi mdebare somxeTis dasavleTi 

raionebi~ (gv. 135), _ meoregan; `taiqis Zveli somxuri qalkidonituri 

teritoriis sofel iSxanidan~ (gv. 95), _ mesamegan; `nersesi, 

taiqis qalkidonituri somxuri teritoriis mcxovrebi~... (gv. 

46), _ meoTxegan). mainc ras emyareba es kategoriuli mtkiceba? arc 

arafers. tokarskis Tavisi Tezisis sasargeblod arc faqtebi mohyavs, 

arc mosazrebebi. 

ise ki, survili rom hqonoda da cotaodeni obieqturoba gamoe- 

Cina, igi SeZlebda mocemuli miwebis teritoriuli kuTvnilebis 

sakiTxSi garkvevas. tokarskis Tu ar nebavs qarTuli cnobebiT 

sargebloba, SesaZlebloba hqonda Caexeda (rac sasurveli iqneboda) 

berZnul-romaul wyaroebSi da valdebuli iyo (vbedavT amis 

mtkicebas) mcire yuradReba daeTmo somxuri cnobebisaTvis. 

am teritoriis namdvili mecnieruli istoriis aRdgena sulac 

ar aris Zneli, Tu didad avtoritetuli istoriuli wyaroebis 

Cvenebebs daveyrdnobiT. qaldeis saxelmwifos (igulisxmeba urartus 

saxelmwifo _ mTg.) samxreT, mesopotamiur ganapira mxareSi 

rom SeaRwies ukve VI-V saukuneebSi Cvens eramde, somxurma tomebma 

mxolod Zveli welTaRricxvis 189 wlis Semdeg daikaves iseTi 

raionebi, rogoric derjani da karinia _ amJamad erzerumis olqi 

(straboni). amieridan sasazRvro xazi saqarTvelosa da somxeTs Soris 

araqsze gadis (apolodori). tigran II dros, Cvens eramde I 

saukunis samocdaaTian wlebSi, somxeTis sazRvrebis Semdgomi gafarToeba 

xdeba. unda vifiqroT, maSin iyo dakavebuli provincia 

speri (strabonTan _ sispiritida). tao ki kvlav rCeba saqarTvelos 

farglebSi: somxuri teritoriebis dawvrilebiT CamoTvlisas, 

straboni (axali eris I saukunis dasawyisi) maT Soris arsad da 

aranairad ar moixseniebs taos. 

qristianuli eris dasawyisisaTvis sazRvari somxeTsa da saqarTvelos 

Soris gadis, rogorc es SeiZleba davinaxoT Tanamedrove 

wyaroTa SedarebiT _ kritikuli Seswavlidan, mtkvar-araqsis wyalgamyof 

qedebze, amasTan, Woroxis xeobis Sua nawili saqarTvelos 

sazRvrebSi Sedis. aq straboni sazRvars varaudobs mosxur mTebSi, 

pliniusi ki amtkicebs, rom iberiis teritoria pariadris mTebamde


79 

uwevda. Tundac daveTanxmoT yvela mkvlevaris mier gaziarebul mosazrebas, 

rom Zvelebis pariadri amJamindeli mTa parxalia (Cven 

vfiqrobT, rom saxelwodeba pariadri ganekuTvneba parxalidan 

samxreT-dasavleTiT Sors mdebare mTebs), am SemTxvevaSic ueWvelad 

dasturdeba, rom aRebul epoqaSic tao, romlis samxreT-dasavleT 

sazRvars swored mTa parxali warmoadgenda, Seadgenda aRmosavleT 

saqarTvelos samefos nawils. 

Cveni eris I-III saukuneebi qarTuli samefos mniSvnelovani ga- 

Zlierebis periodia. 3 romsa da irans Soris Seuwyveteli omebis asparezad 

qceuli somxeTi ki TandaTan sustdeba da ifiteba. es aris 

somxeT-saqarTvelos sazRvarze teritoriul samflobeloTa axali 

gadanawilebis Jami. Cveni mtkiceba exeba, uwinares yovlisa, I saukunis 

meore mesameds, roca somxeTis taxtze qarTuli samefo saxlis 

warmomadgenlebi sxedan. aseve mniSvnelovania tacitusis cnoba, 

rom axali eris 58 wels qarTveli mefis farsman I brZanebiT somxeTSi 

mesxebi SeiWrnen. 4 maSasadame, mesxebi am dros kvlav rCebian 

qarTveli mefis qveSevrdomebad. mesxebi ki, rogorc yvelasaTvis 

cnobilia, swored im samxreT saqarTvelos provinciebis mcxovreb- 

Ta wodebaa, romelic IX-X saukuneebSi Seadgenen tao-klarjeTis 

samefos; xolo aqedan gamodis is daskvnac, rom momdevno xanis taoklarjeTis 

teritoria Cveni eris I saukunis Sua wlebSi, qarTuli 

samefos nawils Seadgenda. arsebobs safuZveli, agreTve, vivaraudoT, 

rom dion kasiusis cnoba imperator adrianes dros saqarTvelos 

teritoriis gazrdis Sesaxeb, gulisxmobs misi sazRvrebis 

gafarToebas samxreTis mimarTulebiT. 

VI saukunis Sua wlebisTvis ki, saxelganTqmuli bizantieli 

istorikosi prokofi kesarieli, amierkavkasiis saqmeebSi saocrad 

Caxeduli mwerali, kvlav adasturebs, rom maRalmTian qveyanaSi 

dasaxlebuli mesxebi ZvelTaganve qarTveli moqalaqeni arian. 5 

samxreT saqarTvelos feodaluri samTavros tao-klarje- 

Tis daarsebasTan erTad, mdgomareoba gansaxilvel raionebSi met 

sicxadesa da garkveulobas iZens. samTavros teritoria sul ufro 

da ufro farTovdeba samxreTisaken da zedized ierTebs adre dakargul 

raionebs. 952 wels bizantieli imperatori konstantine 

porfirogeneti (ZowiTSobili), kavkasiis saqmeebSi iseve saucxood 

informirebuli, rogorc prokofi, kategoriulad amtkicebs, rom 

tao-klarjeTis bagrationTa samefoebi TviT Teodosiopols, amJamindel 

erzerums ebjineboda, da rom sazRvari saqarTvelosa da 

imperias Soris am seqtorSi mdinare araqsze gadioda. konstantine 

wers: ...`misi (qarTveli kurapalatis) TxovniT (gadawyda), rom fa-


zianis (qarTuli basiani, erzerumis momijnave teritoria. _ s. j.) 

sazRvrad iyos mdinare araqsi, anu fazisi, da rom miwebi marcxniv, 

iveriis (saqarTvelos) mxares, miekuTvnebodes iverielebs (qarTvelebs), 

marjvniv ki, Teodosiopolis mxares, cixesimagreebi da soflebi 

_ Cvens udidebulesobas, da rom mdinare sazRvrad iyos 

orive samflobelos Soris~. 6 imave saukunis bolos tao-klarje- 

Tis samefos meTaurma daviT III kurapalatma Tavis samflobeloebs 

SeuerTa axali vrceli teritoriebi TviT vanis tbis CrdiloeT 

sanapiromde da qalaq erzinkamde (amJamad erzinjani). zedmeticaa 

vTqvaT, rom gaerTianebuli qarTuli samefo kidev ufro myarad ganmtkicda 

am teritoriebze. 

ra SeiZleba amovkrifoT somxuri cnobebidan am sakiTxis garSemo? 

aviRoT yvelaze subieqturad Seferadebuli wyaro, cnobili 

`somxuri geografia~, romelsac tradicia movses xorenacs miawers 

da Cveni eris V saukunis Txzulebad miiCnevs. mkvlevarTa erTi 

nawili mas VII saukuniT, meore nawili ki IX-iT aTariRebs. es Zegli, 

erovnuli tendenciiT gamsWvaluli da amitomac zogjer WeSmaritebis 

winaaRmdeg Semcodveli, ase aRwers saqarTvelos: `kolxeTi, 

ese igi egeri (qarTulad egrisi _ s. j.), imyofeba pontos zRvis 

aRmosavleTiT, sarmatiis axlos, da iveriisa da didi somxeTis TanamosazRrea. 

egeri oTx provinciad iyofa: manrili, egreviki, lazivi, 

WaneTi, ese igi xaldebi~. amrigad, `geografia~ kolxeTs miakuTvnebs 

ara marto Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTvelos (samegrelo, guria, 

aWara da sxv.), aramed mTel lazistansac, agreTve, kidev WanTa, imave 

xaldTa teritorias, ese igi olqebs trapezuntidan dasavleTiTa 

da samxreTiT. imave kolxeTis aRweraSi laparakia, rom Woroxi 

kolxeTis mdinarea, Tumca misi saTaveebi somxeTSi imyofeba. aRmosavleT 

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb `geografia~ mogviTxrobs: ìveria, 

ese igi saqarTvelo, egeridan aRmosavleTiT, kavkasiaSi sarmatias- 

Tan mosazRvreobiT, gaSlilia mdinare mtkvris gayolebiT alvane- 

Tis sazRvrebamde. saqarTvelos teritoriebi Semdegia: klarjni, 

ardahani, SavSeTi, javaxni, samcxe, aWara... manglisis xeoba, qveSis 

xeoba (axlandeli baSkiCeTis, anu dmanisis raionis Zveli saxelwodeba. 

_ s. j.), bolnisis xeoba, Treli (ese igi TrialeTi _ s. j.), 

kangarni, taSiri~ da sxv. 7 `geografiis~ tendencia mocemul SemTxvevaSi 

imiT gamovlinda, rom Semdgom TxrobaSi zogierTi am teritoriaTagan 

moxseniebulia ukve somxeTis SemadgenlobaSi, magram 

amasTan, yovel jerze aRniSnulia, rom aseT da aseT teritorias 

`qarTvelebi flobeno~. savsebiT cxadia (da arc SeiZleba sxvagvari 

gageba), rom VII-VIII saukuneebSi am provinciebis qarTuloba sayov-


81 

elTaod iyo cnobili saqarTvelos farglebs gareTac. amave faqts, 

arsebul istoriul pirobebSi, agreTve, eTnikuri mniSvnelobac 

hqonda: VII-VIII saukuneebSi saqarTvelos dakarguli aqvs politikuri 

erTianoba da damoukidebloba, is arabTa batonobis qveS 

imyofeba da `somxuri geografiis~ gamoTqma, dasaxelebul provinciebs 

`qarTvelebi flobeno~, upiratesad im azriT unda gvesmodes, 

rom iq qarTveli mosaxleoba binadrobs. 

taos (`taiqs~) `somxuri geografia~ asaxelebs somxuri teritoriebis 

ricxvSi; magram ai, gacilebiT ufro miukerZoebeli da 

ukeT ganswavluli wyaro, VII saukunis somexi istorikosi leonti 

(levondi) pirdapir ambobs, rom kola Sedis saqarTvelos fargleb- 

Si. 8 kola ki, mdinare mtkvris saTaveebis raioni, imave `somxuri geografiis~ 

aRiarebiT, provincia taos nawili gaxldaT. igive levondi 

sxva adgilas samcxes 9 (qalaq axalcixis teritoria) gansazRvravs, 

rogorc qarTuli qveynis teritorias, movses xorenaci 10 ki klarjeTs 

saqarTvelos olqebs miaTvlis da ase Semdeg. 

ase rom, Sua saukuneebis mowesis wignuri warmodgenebis tendencia, 

romelic misive faqtobrivi monacemebiT aSkaravdeba, cxadia. 

is (tendencia) gasagebicaa, oRond gaugebaria, roca Cvens droSi 

da Cvens pirobebSi aramcTu ar ZaluZT, aramed arc surT swored 

imave klerikaluri konstruqciebisa da warmodgenebis tyveobidan 

ganTavisufleba. 

mosaxleoba. tao-klarjeTis samefos mosaxleobis Sesaxeb tokarski 

aseT cnobebs awvdis mkiTxvelebs: `mosaxleobis ZiriTad 

masas Seadgendnen somxebi, romlebic aq qalkedonelTa odindeli 

mimdevrebi iyvnen. maT... qarTvel axalmosaxleTa gverdigverd 

cxovrebisas, romlebic IX saukuneSi gamoCndnen arabTagan da epidemiebisagan 

gaCanagebul mxareSi, nel-nela daiwyes denacionalizeba~ 

(gv. 200-201). `X saukunis meore naxevris taiqis arqiteqturuli 

skola Seiqmna im pirobebSi, roca somexi mosaxleobis didi 

jgufi miTiTebuli mizezebis gamo sabolood gamoiyo damoukidebel 

saxelmwifo organizmad: da Tumca es organizmi ZirZveli mosaxleobis 

gaqarTvelebis gamo ukve miiswrafoda Camoyalibebuli 

gaerTianebuli qarTuli saxelmwifosken. mosaxleobis ZiriTadi 

masa, miuxedavad sarwmunoebrivi gansxvavebisa, jerac mravali ZafiT 

iyo dakavSirebuli Tavis TanamemamuleebTan~ (gv. 213); da kidev, tokarski 

laparakobs: `... Zvel somxur qalkedonitur olqze taiqze, 

romelmac Zalian nela daiwyo gaqarTveleba, aq IX saukuneSi qarTvel 

axalmosaxleTa gamoCenis Semdeg~ (gv. 95). amrigad, tokarskis 

rom hkiTxo, tao-klarjeTis samefos mosaxleobis ZiriTad


da ZirZvel masas Seadgendnen somxebi, romlebic X saukunis meore 

naxevarSi gamoiyvnen damoukidebel saxelmwifo organizmad mxolod 

da mxolod religiur uTanxmoebaTa Sedegad: qalkedonis krebis 

dadgenilebaTa aRiarebis sakiTxma sabediswerod gaxliCa somxebi 

or Seurigebel jgufad, romelTac ar SeeZloT erT politikur 

WerqveS erTad cxovreba. amasTan, rogorc Cveulebriv, irkveva, rom 

somexTa tao-klarjeTis jgufi `sarwmunoebaSi gansxvavebis miuxedavad, 

jerac mravali ZafiT iyo dakavSirebuli Tavis TanamemamuleebTan~. 

avtori verc erT faqts ver asaxelebs Tavisi debulebis sasargeblod 

da verc SeZlebs dasaxelebas, ramdenadac aseTi faqtebi ar 

arsebobs. yvela monacemi sapirispiroze metyvelebs, uwinares yovlisa, 

unda mivuTiToT, rom tokarskis mtkiceba ususuria logikuri 

TvalsazrisiTac. ranairad moxda, rom mosaxleobis `ZiriTadi~ 

da `ZirZveli~ masa, romelic Tanac mravali ZafiT iyo sakuTriv 

somxeTTan dakavSirebuli, imdenad daemorCila ricxobrivad mcire 

qarTvel axalmosaxleTa gavlenas, rom sulac gaqarTvelda? taoklarjeTelma 

somxebma raRa maincdamainc qarTuli gavlena ganicades? 

berZnul-aRmosavluri marTlmadidebloba, an sxva sityvebiT, 

qalkedonitoba (diofizitoba), romelic, tokarskis mixedviT, 

iyo erTaderTi damakavSirebeli rgoli tao-klarjeTel somxebsa 

da qarTvelebs Soris, xom ufro metwilad aerTianebda am somxebs 

bizantiel berZnebTan, ratom moxda am somxebis asimilireba maincdamainc 

qarTvelebTan da ara berZnebTan? adgilobriv somexTa qalkedonitoba 

xom mniSvnelovanwilad bizantiis politikuri zewolis 

Sedegi iyo, da es zewola IX-X saukuneebSic grZeldeboda. 

SesaZloa, am Seuwynarebeli winaaRmdegobis Serbilebis mizniT 

ambobs tokarski yrud, rom qarTveli axalmosaxleebi gamoCndnen 

àrabebisa da epidemiebisagan gaCanagebul mxareSi~, magram Tuki es 

gaCanageba Seexo mosaxleobas da iq imdenad Seasusta somxuri elementi, 

rom qarTvelebs daubrkoleblad SeaZlebina, mdgomareobis 

baton-patroni gamxdariyvnen, maSin tokarskis yvela Semdgomi 

mtkiceba, romlebiTac mkiTxvels upirebs azris Canergvas somxuri 

kulturis Seuwyveteli memkvidreobiTobis Sesaxeb, sruliad 

dausabuTebeli aRmoCndeba. ar iyvnen kulturis matareblebi _ ar 

iyo arc TviT kultura. 

simarTle isaa, rom mosaxleobis ZiriTadi, mkvidri masa taoklarjeTis 

teritoriebze odiTgan qarTuli iyo eniTa da kulturiT, 

xolo somxebi, Tuki isini sadme iyvnen, warmoadgendnen swored 

axalmosaxleebs. somex axalmosaxleTa arseboba SeiZleba davuSvaT,


83 

umTavresad, speris, basianisa da samxreT taosaTvis. safiqrebelia, 

rom samxreT taos es axalmosaxleni im emigrantebis saxiT moawydnen, 

romlebic somexi xalxisaTvis araCveulebrivad mZime xaneb- 

Si, V-VII saukuneebSi sparsTa da arabTa batonobisas, aq saimedo 

TavSesafars eZebdnen. qarTvelebTan maT asimilacias xels uwyobda 

is garemoebac, rom mosulni ricxobrivad ufro cotani iyvnen, vidre 

am mxaris aborigenebi. am udavo faqtebis raime sxva gonivruli 

axsnis warmodgena namdvilad SeuZlebelia. 

TviT somxuri istoriografia adasturebs am erTaderT daskvnas. 

Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom meSvide saukunis somxuri wyaroebi CrdiloeT 

taos, kerZod, mtkvris saTaveebis raions _ kolas, ganixilaven, rogorc 

qarTul teritorias. 

taos mflobeli feodaluri saxli, somxuri aristokratiis 

pirvel rigebSi dawinaurebuli mamikonianebi, TavianTi warmomavlobiT 

miekuTvnenodnen WanTa qarTul toms, rogorc amas aRiarebs 

da specialurad asabuTebs axali somxuri istoriografiis udidesi 

warmomadgeneli, profesori adonci. 11 

upriani iqneba tao-klarjeTis mosaxleobis Taobaze sakiTxis 

ganxilva davukavSiroT aq gamefebul bagrationTa, anu bagratidTa 

dinastiis sakiTxs. 

bagratidebze tokarski wers: `somxeTSi odiTgan gavleniT sargeblobda 

bagratidebis (gabratunebis) Tavaduri gvari... 755 wlis 

arabTa winaaRmdeg warumatebeli ajanyebis Semdeg... bagratidebi 

wavidnen somxeTis dasavleT raionebSi, romlebic Woroxis auzSi 

arian ganlagebulni~ (gv. 135). `Sirakis bagratidebis gaZlierebas- 

Tan erTad, romlebmac IX saukunis meore naxevarSi mefis gvirgvini 

daidges, xdeba am gvaris artanujuli Stos samflobeloTa gafarToeba 

saqarTvelos mxares, sadac maT saTave daudes dinastias, 

romelic marTavda qarTul samefos misi arsebobis dasasrulamde~ 

(XIX saukunis dasawyisi!), (gv. 135-136). 

bagratidebs sulac ar sWirdeboda wasvla `Woroxis auzSi ganlagebul 

dasavleT raionebSi~, imitom, rom maTi sakuTari feodaluri 

adgil-mamulebi swored aq iyo. udavoa, da es somxuri wyaroebiTac 

dasturdeba, rom bagratidebi warmoSobiT ZvelqarTuli provinciidan, 

speridan iyvnen. cnobili somexi mwerali movses xorenaci 

gadmogvcems im Sexedulebebs, romlebic misi drois somxur sazogadoebaSi 

batonobda somxeTSi bagratunebad wodebuli bagratidebis 

warmomavlobis Taobaze. Tavisi `somxeTis istoriis~ pirveli wignis 

22-e TavSi xorenaci wers: `...zogierTi arasando kaci ambobs _ 

TviTneburad, WeSmaritebis gauTvaliswineblad _ TiTqos bagratun-


Ta gvirgvinosani gvari haikidan wamoiSva. amaze vityvi: ar daujero 

aseT briyvul nalaparakevs; vinaidan am sityvebSi simarTlis niSanwyalic 

ar aris. isini uazrod da uTavbolod layboben haiksa da 

misnairebze; oRond icode, rom saxeli sambati, rasac bagratunebi 

xSirad arqmevdnen TavianT vaJebs, aris sakuTriv Sambati maT pirvandel, 

ese igi ebraul enaze~. bagratidebis gvaris fuZemdebelze xorenaci 

imave TavSi gvamcnobs: àmboben, TiTqos hraCeaim gamosTxova 

nabuqodonosors erT-erTi mTavari datyvevebuli ebraeli da moiyvana... 

istorikosis TqmiT, misgan warmodgeba bagratunebis gvari _ da 

es sworia~. 12 imave naSromis meore wignis 37-e da 63-e Tavebidan Cans, 

rom bagratidebis sagvareulo mamuli sperSi mdebareobda, xolo 

maTi mTavari rezidencia _ cixe-simagre baiberdSi, amJamad qalaqi 

baiburdi, 13 xolo rac Seexeba mosaxleobasa da mis enas bagratidebis 

samflobeloebSi, amis Sesaxeb xorenaci kidev ufro saintereso cnobebs 

gvawvdis. xorenacis konstruqciis Tanaxmad, sparseTis (parTiis) 

mefem arSakma somxeTis mefed daniSna vaRarSaki, romelmac daamyara, 

rogorc SeeZlo, sazogadoebrivi wesrigi Cvens miwa-wyalze, daawesa 

sanaxararoebi, romelTa meTaurad daniSna sasargeblo kacebi Cveni 

winapris, haikis STamomavalTagan da sxvaTa (gvarTagan)... upirvelesad 

igi asaCuqrebs Zlevamosil da brZen moRvawes ebraelTagan _ Samba 

bagarats da mis gvars aZlevs uflebas arSakidebs gvirgvini daadgas 

da misi saxelis mixedviT bagratunad iwodebodes... es bagarati... 

dainiSna mefisnacvlad da aTiaTasobiT meomris ufrosad somxeTis 

dasavleT sazRvrebze, sadac ukve aRar gaismis somxuri ena. 14 amrigad, 

jer kidev VIII an IX saukuneSi, ra drosac mkvlevarTa umravlesoba 

akuTvnebs xorenacis ìstoriis~ gamoCenas, uganaTlebulesi somxebi 

angariSs uwevdnen, rogorc udavos, bagratidebis arasomxuri warmoSobisa 

da mdinare Woroxis Sua da zemo welTa teritoriebis arasomxuri 

dasaxlebis faqts. 

bagrationTa warmomavlobis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad igive warmodgena 

moiZieba bizantiur da ZvelqarTul wyaroebSi. bizantiis imperatori 

konstantine porfirogeneti Tavis TxzulebaSi `xalxTa Sesaxeb~, 

saxeldobr, 45-e TavSi saTauriT ìberielTa Sesaxeb~ (an, sxvanairi 

gamoTqmiT: ìverielTa~, ìvirielTa~; berZnebi, rogorc cnobilia, 

ase uwodebdnen qarTvelebs), gviambobs: ùnda vicodeT, rom ivirielebi, 

ese igi iverielebi kurapalatisa imiT iwoneben Tavs, rom 

uriis im colisgan warmodgebian, romelzec ukanonod daqorwinda 

winaswarmetyveli da mefe daviTi... isini amboben, rom ierusalimidan 

iyvnen is daviTi da misi Zma spandiati, romelma spandiatmac, 

rogorc isini amboben, RvTisgan miiRo wyaloba, rom omSi xmliT sx-


85 

eulis verc erT nawils ver ganugmiraven, garda gulisa, romelsac 

omSi ifaravda kidec romeliRac aRWurvilobiT. amis gamo eSinodaT 

misi sparselebs. man ki daamarcxa da daimorCila isini da (Tavisi) 

ivirieli Tvistomni Zneladmisadgom adgilebSi daasaxla, axla 

rom ukaviaT; aqedan daiwyes maT nel-nela gavrceleba da gamravleba 

da did xalxad iqcnen... mas aqeT, rac isini ierusalimidan im 

miwaze gadasaxldnen, amJamad rom binadroben, gavida 400-500 weli 

axlandel dromde, ese igi samyaros Seqmnidan 6460 wlis me-10 indiqtionamde~ 

(ese igi, Cveni eris 952 weli _ s. j.), (cit. gamoc. gv. 

162-163). 

tao-klarjeTis mkvidri, konstantine porfirogenetis Tanamedrove 

gamoCenili qarTveli mwerali giorgi merCule `mefe aSot 

kurapalats~, bagrationTa tao-klarjeTis xazis mamamTavars, uwodebs 

`xelmwifes, winaswarmetyvelisa da RvTiT mironcxebulis, daviTis 

saxeldebul Zes~. 15 

daviT winaswarmetyvelis STamomavlebad Tvlis bagrationebs 

Zveli qarTveli istorikosi juanSeric. sagvareulo mematiane sumbat 

bagrationi ki, romelmac Tavisi gvaris istoriisaTvis erT-er- 

Ti yvelaze mniSvnelovani wyaro dagvitova, dawvrilebiT aviTarebs 

imave genealogias XI saukunis ocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi. 

artanujul, anu tao-klarjeTis mflobel saxls IX saukunis 

dasawyisSi saZirkveli Cauyara xsenebulma aSot kurapalatma, romelic 

aq Tbilisidan movida, sadac maRali posti eWira, magram 

arabebs waeCxuba. misi gamoisobiT, ambobs merCule `damyarda qarTvelebze 

aSotisa da misi vaJebis batonoba (`mTavroba~) saukunis 

bolomde~. 16 

am saxlisa da TviT samTavros istoria, agreTve, kargad aris 

cnobili qarTuli, bizantiuri, somxuri da arabuli wyaroebis 

mixedviT. Tbilisidan gaqceuli aSoti Tavdapirvelad klarjeTSi 

mkvidrdeba da Tavis rezidenciad Zvel qarTul qalaqs artanujs 

irCevs, _ sadac mSeneblobas jer kidev V saukuneSi eweoda cnobili 

qarTveli mefe vaxtang gorgasali. ramdenadac es teritoria maSin 

politikurad bizantiis sazRvrebSi Sedioda, aSoti imperators 

Tavis seniorad acxadebs. aqedan aris bizantiuri samefo karis wodebebi 

tao-klarjeTis bagrationTa gvarSi, maT ricxvSi umaRlesic 

_ `kurapalati~; Tumca, TandaTanobiT aSotis STamomavlebi, 

faqtobrivad, Tavisufldebian am vasaluri damokidebulebisagan da 

X saukuneSi siuzerenuli mmarTvelebi xdebian, Tanac adrindel 

titulebs inarCuneben, pirvel yovlisa, kurapalatis tituls, 

romelsac gvaris ufrosi atarebda.


tao-klarjeTSi adre yalibdeba Taviseburi saufliswulo wyobileba, 

romelic kievis ruseTis wyobilebas gvagonebs, magram, 

amasTanave, aq mravalricxovan mTavarTa ierarqia erTob mkafiod 

aris gamokveTili. mTeli samefos meTauris tituli gaxlavT qarTvelTa 

kurapalati, rac dadasturebulia yvela zemodasaxelebuli 

wyaroTi. IX saukunis bolosaTvis aqve Cndeba qarTvelTa mefis 

tituli, momdevno saukunis bolos ki _ mefeT-mefisa. es politikuri 

mdgomareoba naTlad aisaxa merCulis TxzulebaSi, romelic 

mogviTxrobs, rom `cxovreba (grigol xanZTelisa) dawerilia 90 

wlis Semdeg misi aRsrulebidan, 6554 wels samyaros dasawyisidan 

(950 wels axali eriT)... qarTvelebze aSot kurapalatis (gardaicvala 

954 wels), adarnerses Zis (igulisxmeba adarnase II kurapalatis 

Ze aSot II _ mTg.), qarTvelTa mefis batonobisas... erisTavT 

erisTavis sumbatis, mefe adarnerses Zis dReebSi, adarnerses, 

magistr bagratis Zis, magistrobisas, roca erisTavi iyo sumbati, 

mamfal daviTis Ze~... 17 

samTavros damaarseblis aSotis STamomavloba IX saukunis miwurulsa 

da X saukuneSi warmodgenilia ori StoTi: klarjeTuliT, 

anu artanujuliT, romelsac saTave daudo aSotis ufrosma 

Zem adarnasem, da taos StoTi, romlis winapari gaxlavT aSotis 

SuaTana Ze, kurapalati bagrat I. merCules CanawerebSi moxseniebuli 

pirveli sami mbrZanebeli taos Stos warmomadgenelia, bolo, 

sumbati, _ artanujulisa. 

tao-klarjeTis bagrationebma jer kidev IX saukunis pirvel 

naxevarSi mniSvnelovnad gaafarToves TavianT samflobeloTa saz- 

Rvrebi, samefos TandaTan Semates miwebi mtkvris zeda welis gayolebiT 

_ kola, artaani, javaxeTi, samcxe da Woroxis gaswvrivac, 

sadac, kerZod, taoc daikaves, swored es miwebi gaiyves erTmaneTSi 

aSotis STamomavlebma. 

ramdenadac tokarski specialurad aris dainteresebuli am mxaris 

mdgomareobiT swored X saukuneSi, Cvenc mivmarToT mocemul 

periods. X saukunis dasawyisSi tao-klarjeTis samefos saTaveSi 

udgas adarnase II (888-923), aSot I-is SvilTaSvili (aSot I kurapalati 

_ bagrat I kurapalati _ daviT I kurapalati _ adarnase 

II kurapalati). imperatori konstantine porfirogeneti bevrs 

mogviTxrobs masze Tavis TxzulebaSi `xalxTa Sesaxeb~, uwodebs ra 

àdranasirs, saqarTvelos (iveriis) kurapalats~ (asea samjer), 18 an 

Zalian xSirad _ ubralod kurapalats, Tan am wodebiT aRniSnavs 

mxolod da mxolod tao-klarjeTis mpyrobels axlo aRmosavle- 

Tis yvela sxva mpyrobelTagan gansxvavebiT.


87 

adarnase II-s axlos icnobda, agreTve, somexi kaTalikosi da istorikosi 

ioane drasxanakerteci, romelic erTxans adarnases karze 

stumrobda, roca iZulebuli Seiqna samSoblo daetovebina arabTa 

morigi Semosevis Sedegad. ioanesaTvis adarnase gaxlavT `qarTvelTa 

didi mTavari~ (adreul periodSi), an `qarTvelTa didi kurapalati~ 

(adarnase ase orjer iwodeba ioanes teqstSi), an `qarTuli qveynis 

mefe~, an `qarTveli mefe~ (asea 14-jer), an ubralod kurapalati (orjer). 

19 ioane moxazavs tao-klarjeTis samefos sazRvrebsac ise, rom 

saeWvos arafers xdis. ase magaliTad, ioane gviambobs, rom arabTagan 

devnili mefe sumbati Tavisi domenidan, Sirakidan, gaiqca megobris 

adarnase kurapalatis samflobeloebSi mdebare taiqis gamagrebul 

adgilebSi. 20 ioane taos sxva SemTxvevaSic miakuTvnebs adarnases samflobeloebs. 

21 dabolos, igive avtori somexi mefis tragikul bedze 

saubrisas, gvamcnobs, rom arabTa mxedarTmTavarma `sdia mefe sumbats, 

fexdafex mihyva, sdia qarTvelTa qveynamde, sanam sumbati ar 

Seefara klarjeTis miudgomel cixe-simagreebs~. 22 maSasadame, X saukunis 

ociani wlebis mowinave somexTaTvis tao (somxurad taiqi) da 

klarjeTi udavod qarTuli olqebi iyo. 

ase weren adarnases Tanamedrove somexi istorikosebi; Cveni 

Tanamedrove zogierTi istorikosi (tokarski!) ki wers: `X saukunis 

dasawyisSi, qarTuli qronikebis mowmobiT, qarTvelma mefem 

adarnasem mezobeli taiqis eparqiaSi, sofel banaSi (amJamad feniaki) 

aaSena taZari~ (gv. 98). adarnasesaTvis tao `mezobeli eparqia~ 

yofila! ramdenad aris es marTali Tundac subieqturad, SeiZleba 

davinaxoT iqidanac, rom ramdenime frazis qvemoT, tokarski, ucnauri 

windauxedaobiT, wers: `...ara Soreul vaRarSapatSi, aramed 

TavisTan, taiqSi miagno adarnasem im nimuSs, romlis gadmoRebac 

gadawyvita~ (igulisxmeba iSxani). 

ioane drasxanakertecma (sxvaTa Soris, iseve, rogorc imperatorma 

konstantinem) kargad icis qarTvel bagrationTa meore, politikuri 

azriT, umcrosi _ artanujuli, anu klarjeTuli Stoc, romlis 

yvelaze gamoCenili warmomadgeneli mis dros gaxldaT iSxanTa 

iSxani (èrisTavT-erisTavi~) gurgeni. ioane mas uwodebs `qarTvelTa 

did mTavars~, an ubralod `qarTvelTa mTavars~, xolo gurgenis saufliswulo 

samflobeloebs mtkvris zemo welis gayolebiT da sxva 

raionebSic, agreTve, `qarTvelTa qveyanas~ akuTvnebs. 23 

adarnase II kurapalats oTxi Ze hyavda (rac cnobili iyo imperator 

konstantinesTvisac), romlebic morigeobiT iRebdnen taoklarjeTis 

marTva-gamgeobis sadaveebs da Sesabamis titulebs. ase 

magaliTad, TviT imperatorma konstantine porfirogenetma kura-


palatis wodeba, anu, misive sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `kurapalatis 

mamobrivi wodeba~ uwyaloba meore Zes, aSot II. 24 

imperator konstantinesaTvis, romelic 952 wels wers samxreT 

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, tao-klarjeli bagrationebi qarTvelebi arian, 

anu iverielebi, maTi qveSevrdomebi, agreTve, qarTvelebi, maTi 

qveyana _ saqarTvelo, anu iveria. misi naSromis `xalxTa Sesaxeb~, 

ori Tavi, romlebic samxreT saqarTvelosa da mis mflobel saxls 

eZRvneba, Sesabamisad aris dasaTaurebuli: `qarTvelTa Sesaxeb~ da 

`qarTvelTa gvartomobisa da cixe-simagre artanujis Sesaxeb~. 

konstantinesTan damowmebulia tao-klarjel bagrationTa 

erovnuli TviTSegnebac. ityobineba ra imperator leonis, imperator 

romanozisa da Tavisi sakuTari mcdelobis Sesaxeb _ miiRon 

bagrationTagan maTi cixe-simagre kecei, `raTa purs iq ar Rebulobdes 

Teodosiopoli (erzerumi)~, romelic am dros arabTa xel- 

Sia, konstantine gviambobs, bizantieli xelisufalni rogor arwmunebdnen 

kurapalatsa da mis Zmebs, rom Teodosiopolis aRebisas 

isini maT miscemdnen am cixe-simagres, magram qarTvelebs ar undodaT 

amis gakeTeba TeodosiopolelTa siyvarulis gamo da imitomac, 

rom ar evnoT qalaq TeodosiopolisaTvis, magram isini 

upasuxebdnen baton romanozsa da Cvens udidebulesobas: `Cven rom 

es CavidinoT, SevrcxvebiT Cvens mezoblebTan, saxeldobr, Cvens magistrosTan 

da abazgiis mpyrobelTan, vasparukanis mpyrobelTan da 

somexTa mpyrobelebTan, vinaidan isini ityvian, rom imperatori ar 

endoba qarTvelebs (iverebs), _ kurapalatsa da mis Zmebs~... 25 

swored am saxlis warmomadgeneli gaxldaT saxelganTqmuli daviT 

III kurapalati, adarnase II SvilTaSvili da misi gvirgvinosani 

vaJebis Zmis SviliSvili: mefe daviT II (gardaicvala 937 wels), 

aSot II kurapalatisa (gardaicvala 954 wels) da sumbat kurapalatisa 

(gardaicvala 958 wels). daviT III papa, bagrati, adarnase II 

vaJi, magistrosis titulis matarebeli, 945 wels gardaicvala ise, 

rom ver moeswro kurapalatis wodebas, romelsac am dros ufrosobis 

mixedviT flobda aSot II. samagierod, dakmayofilda misi (es 

igi, magistros bagratis) vaJi adarnase III, tao-klarjeTis uzenaesi 

mpyrobeli da qarTvelTa kurapalati 958-961 wlebSi. Cven mier zemoT 

moyvanili merCules Canaweri adarnasesac axsenebs: am Canaweris 

Sesrulebis momentSi (950-951 wlebi) adarnase jer mxolod magistrosi 

gaxldaT; erT-erTi misi biZaTagani aSot II kurapalati 

da tao-klarjeTis saxelmwifos meTauri iyo, meore ki, sumbati _ 

erisTavT-erisTavi. adarnase III memkvidre misi saxelganTqmuli vaJi 

daviT III (961-1001 wlebi) gaxda.


89 

sinamdviles ar Seefereba tokarskis mtkiceba, TiTqos daviT III-s 

àrasdros ar etarebinos mefis tituli (gv. 200)~. TiTqos man saku- 

Tari TaosnobiT `Tqva uari Tavdapirvel ganzraxvaze, Tavisi mamulebi 

bagrat III gadaeca~ (gv. 201), TiTqos `daviTis mmarTveloba raime seriozuli 

saomari ambebiT ar yofila damZimebuli~. 

ai, daviT III mefobis faqtebi, rasakvirvelia, erTob mokled gadmocemuli. 

adarnase III kurapalats hyavda ori Ze: ufrosi _ erisTavT-erisTavi 

bagrati da umcrosi _ magistrosi daviTi. tao-klarjeTis 

bagrationTa Soris ZvelTaganve dadgenili tradiciis Tanaxmad, 

ukve am dros daviT III, Zmis sworfrad, mamaze rom ara vTqvaT ra, 

agreTve, unda wodebuliyo mefed da marTlac, oSkis taZris farTod 

cnobil qarTul samSeneblo warweraSi vkiTxulobT: `...Cvenma RvTiT 

kurTxeulma mefeebma daiwyes am wmida taZris mSenebloba... am didma 

mefeebma Cvenma... RvTiT dalocvili adarnase kurapalatis saxsrebiT, 

erisTavT-erisTavma bagratma da magistrma daviTma, dae, wmida 

samebis marjvena iyos samives mfarveli~ 26 ... Satberdis moRvawe ioane 

bera, romelmac 973 wels `parxlis oTxTavi~ (saxarebis qarTuli 

Targmanis erT-erTi cnobili nusxa) gadawera parxalSi (samxreTi 

tao) qarTuli monastrisaTvis, am xelnaweris minaweri axal monacemebs 

gvamcnobs, axsenebs ra `Cvens mefeebs, RvTiT gandidebul mefes 

qarTvelTa bagrats, magistros daviTs, erisTavT-erisTavs sumbats 

da RvTiT boZebul maT ZeTa~, da sxva adgilas: `RvTiT kurTxeul 

mefeT mefes (dae, adidos ufalma!), RvTiT movlenil magistros daviTs~. 

27 amrigad, 973 wels daviT III jerac magistrosad rCeba, magram 

ukve `mefeT mefis~ tituliT gamodis, rac pirvel SemTxvevas 

warmoadgens tao-klarjeTis mbrZanebelTa istoriaSi. 

es savsebiT Seesabameboda realur mdgomareobas: daviT III, 

ufrore, vidre mamamisi da papebi, misi winamorbedi qarTveli kurapalatebi, 

iyo mTeli samxreT saqarTvelos uzenaesi mpyrobeli. mas 

`nebayoflobiT daemorCila yvela xelmwife~, rogorc ambobs davi- 

Tis Tanamedrove somexi istorikosi stefanos taroneci. 28 mflobel 

mTavarTa Soris, romlebmac mefeT mefe daviT III siuzereniteti aRiares, 

iyvnen araqarTveli, magaliTad, mezobeli somexi mflobelnic. 

Semdeg daviTi `kurapalatis~ titulsac iRebs. es xdeba, albaT, 

978-979 wlebSi. `qarTvel kurapalats~ uwodebs daviTs, iseve, 

rogorc stefanos taroneci, somexi istorikosi aristakes lastiverteci, 

romelic daviTis Sesaxeb gviambobs skliarosis cnobil 

ajanyebasa da daviTis memkvidreobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. 29 aseve 

bizantieli istorikosebic: kedrene daviTs `qarTvelebis arqonts~ 30


uwodebs, zonara ki ufro sworad _ `kurapalats~, romlis samflobeloebi 

`saqarTveloSi mdebareobs~. 31 somxur istoriografiaSi 

swori cnobebi daviT III Sesaxeb saukuneebis manZilze Semogvenaxa: 

ase magaliTad, maTe edesecTan (XII saukune) daviTi naxsenebia, 

rogorc `kurapalati, saqarTvelos mmarTveli~. 32 

daviT III gavlena Zalian swrafad izrdeboda. meore cnobil qar- 

Tul xelnawerSi `samoTxe~, romelic oSkSia gadawerili, 977 wlis 

erTi Canaweri daviTs jer kidev uwodebs `Cvens mefes, magistros 

daviTs~, sxva Canaweri ki, romelic pirvelze ramdenime wliT gviandelia, 

ukve `Zlevamosil da sruliad daumarcxebel daviT kurapalatad~ 

an mTeli aRmosavleTis kurapalatadac ki moixseniebs. 33 

bizantiis Sinaur saqmeebSi Carevis Sedegad moxda daviT mefis axali, 

erTob sagrZnobi gaZliereba, ramac imperatoris taxti barda 

skliarosis xelyofisagan ixsna. konstantinopolis karis TxovniT 

daviTma meamboxe mxedarTmTavris winaaRmdeg 12 aTasi rCeuli mxedari 

gagzavna, romlebmac makedonielTa dinastiisadmi erTgulad 

STenil jarebTan erTad gaanadgures skliarosi halisis napirebTan 

979 wlis gazafxulze. madlierma bizantiis mTavrobam gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis 

daviTs, rogorc amas stefanos taroneci ityobineba, 

uzarmazari teritoria dauTmo: karinis (amJamad erzerumis) mxare, 

misi mezobeli basianis (amJamad pasinis) mxare, harkisa da apahunikis 

(vanis tbis Crdilo-dasavleTiT) mxareebi da sxv. 34 

daviTis samflobeloTa samxreT sazRvarma qalaq erzinjanTan 

gadainacvla. garda amisa, qarTulma jarebma veeberTela nadavli 

igdes xelT, romlis nawili aTonze (qalkedoniis naxevarkunZuli) 

codnisa da ganaTlebis cnobili Suasaukuneobrivi qarTuli centris 

mSeneblobas moxmarda. am gamarjvebis Sesaxeb qarTul wyaroebSi 

mravali cnoba gveguleba. kerZod, zarzmis taZris (samcxeSi) 

qarTuli warwera gvauwyebs: `roca saberZneTSi skliarosi ajanyda, 

daviT kurapalati (RmerTma adidos igi!) daexmara wminda mefeebs da 

yvelani salaSqrod gagvagzavna. Cven skliarosi ukuvaqcieT...~ 35 

Semdgom ki erTi didi marcxi mouvida daviTs: gareuli aRmoCnda 

axal (fokas) ajanyebaSi imperator basilis winaaRmdeg. vinaidan 

ajanyebulebi damarcxdnen, daviTi iZulebuli Seiqna imperatorisaTvis 

sakuTari samflobeloebi aReTqva gardacvalebis Semdeg. ase 

mogviTxrobs am faqtebis Sesaxeb arabi istorikosi iahia antioqeli. 

36 safuZveli gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom daviTis am anderZSi laparaki 

iyo bizantiisgan swored axladmiRebul mxareebze. faqtobrivad, es 

miwebi bizantiurma jarebma mxolod daviTis gardacvalebis Semdeg 

daikaves.


91 

daviTi mgznebare qarTveli patrioti iyo da zogadqarTul saqmeebsac 

aqtiurad hkidebda xels, axlo aRmosavleTSi erTob didi 

interesebiTa da movaleobebiT gadatvirTvis miuxedavad daviT III 

yvela qarTuli mxaris gaerTianebis mTavar iniciatorad da organizatorad 

mogvevlina. gaerTianebuli qarTuli samefos taxtze 

man Tavisi aRzrdili (daviTi uSvilo gaxldaT) da axlo naTesavi 

bagrat III bagrationi dasva, amasTan, saxalxod ganacxada (qarTveli 

istorikosis damowmebiT): èse ars taos, qarTlisa da afxaze- 

Tis memkvidre, Ze da aRzrdili Cemi, me ki misi mzrunveli da Semwe 

var. yvela morCilebdeT mas~. daviTis es saqcieli upasuxebda saqarTveloSi 

obieqturad Camoyalibebul pirobebs da sruli warmatebiTac 

dagvirgvinda. 

sxvanairad (da, rasakvirvelia, winaaRmdegobrivad, rogorc yovelTvis) 

xsnis movlenebs tokarski: `qarTuli saxelmwifos (qar- 

Tli da afxazeTi) gaerTianebas saTave daedo, _ wers igi, _ davi- 

Tis erTob qmediTi monawileobiT, romelmac Tavisi samflobeloebi 

Tavdapirvelad bagrat III-s uanderZa, Tumca es anderZi sikvdilis 

win imperator basilis sasargeblod Seicvala. taos feodalis ase- 

Ti damoukidebeli mdgomareoba ganisazRvreboda im gansakuTrebuli 

mizezebiT, romlebic mas xels uSlida mezobel saqarTvelosTan an 

somxeTTan gaerTianebuliyo. mosaxleobis ZiriTad masas Seadgendnen 

somxebi, romlebic aq qalkedonitTa odindeli momxreebi iyvnen 

(aqedan gamovida VII saukuneSi cnobili kaTalikosi nerses aRm- 

Senebeli). amas, ra Tqma unda, ar SeeZlo xeli Seewyo aRorZinebul 

somxur samefoSi maTi SesvlisaTvis. isini Tavs gacilebiT axlos 

grZnobdnen erTmorwmune saqarTvelosTan da, raki qarTvel axalmosaxleebTan 

gverdigverd cxovrobdnen, romlebic IX saukuneSi gamoCndnen 

arabebisa da epidemiebisagan aoxrebul mxareSi, nel-nela 

iwyes denacionalizeba. saqarTvelosTan gaerTianeba am procesis 

gaZlierebasa da daCqarebas emuqreboda. SesaZloa, amitomac Tqva daviTma 

uari Tavdapirvel ganzraxvaze Tavisi miwebi bagrat III-isaTvis 

gadaeca~ (gv. 200-201). mkiTxveli kvlav sagonebelSia Cavardnili: 

erTi mxriv, daviTi èrTob qmediT monawileobas~ iRebs saqarTvelos 

gaerTianebaSi, meore mxriv _ am gaerTianebas gadamwyvet dartymas 

ayenebs, roca Tavis samflobeloebs bizantiel imperators uander- 

Zebs im erTaderTi mosazrebiT, rom saqarTvelosTan gaerTianebiT 

misi saxelmwifo SeiZleba sabolood gaqarTveldes. mkiTxvels 

ebadeba kiTxva, Tu rogor ver SeZlo misi xalxisaTvis damuqrebul 

aseT momakvdinebel safrTxes mixvedriliyo ori aTwleuliT 

adre egzom `Wkviani, energiuli~, `saxelganTqmuli~, `gamoCenili


taoeli mmarTveli~ (tokarskis gansazRvrebebia), rogoric daviT 

kurapalati iyo. Tumca aq Cven gvaqvs is iSviaTi SemTxveva, roca tokarskis 

faqtebi mohyavs Tavisi debulebis dasasabuTeblad. ai, ras 

gvamcnobs igi sakuTari Tezisis dasamtkiceblad: `taos kurapalatis 

gansakuTrebulma mdgomareobam asaxvac ki hpova mis monetebSi, 

romelTa erT-erTi iSviaTi egzemplari leningradSi, saxelmwifo 

ermitaJSi inaxeba. im dros, rodesac bagrat III-is monetebi saqarTveloSi 

mimoqcevaSi myof dirhemebs hbaZavs arabuli legendebis aRdgeniTac 

ki, daviTis monetebis pirs aqvs warwera `qriste, Seiwyale 

daviTi~, zurgs ki _ jvris gamosaxuleba mis Stoebs Soris asoebiT, 

romlebic ikiTxeba, rogorc sityva `kurapalati~ (gv. 201). sul 

esaa, oRond Tavs nebas mivcemT am faqtebs erTic mivumatoT, tokarskisgan 

miCumaTebuli: warwerebi daviT kurapalatis monetebze (da 

ara mxolod monetebze) qarTuladaa gakeTebuli. amgvarad, tokarskis 

mixedviT, daviT kurapalatis monetebi, originaluri nimuSis 

monetebi, qristianuli emblemiTa da qarTuli warwerebiT, davi- 

Tis antiqarTul ganwyobebs mowmobs, misi memkvidris bagrat III-is, 

gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefis monetebi ki, Seqmnili arabuli 

monetebis mibaZviT da arabuli warwerebis mqone _ sapirispiros 

mowmobs. Tu tokarskis es msjeloba fundamenturobiT ar gamoirCeva, 

samagierod ueWvelad originaluria. 

kultura. mTeli es Zaldataneba sayovelTaod cnobil faqtebze, 

maTi saocrad damaxinjebuli saxiT warmodgena tokarskis sWirdeba 

damatebiTi miznebisaTvis, romlebsac mecnierebasTan araferi 

aqvs saerTo. aqamde iTvleboda, rom tao-klarjeTis arqiteqtura 

aris qarTuli arqiteqturis organuli nawili, tokarski cdilobs 

ukuagdos mecnierebaSi mtkiced damkvidrebuli warmodgena; Tumca 

aq gabeduleba Ralatobs, TiTqmis sul laparakobs mecnieri mu- 

SakisaTvis uRirsad _ gadakvriTa da qaragmulad, magram mkiTxvels 

momabezreblad unergavs savsebiT garkveul azrs. 

roca tao-klarjeTis arqiteqturis originalobis yalb damcvelad 

gamodis (`...saxelovani taos kurapalatis mfarvelobiT mis 

samflobeloebSi X saukuneSi Seiqmna TviTmyofadi arqiteqturuli 

skola, romelmac TvalsaCino xuroTmoZRvrebi mogvca~, an `somxeTisa 

da saqarTvelos arqiteqturis Seswavlisas ar SeiZleba arc 

CvenTvis saintereso mxareTa Zeglebis ignorireba, arc erT-erTi 

am qveynis arqiteqturisaTvis miwera mxolod saxelmwifo kuTvnilebis 

faqtis mixedviT~ (gv. 202-203), TandaTanobiT ikrebs ra 

gabedulebis raRac elementebs, tokarski Wris mis mierve mogonili 

tao-klarjeTis arqiteqturis TviTmyofadobis fesvebs da Tavisi


93 

saqmis dasrulebas crumecnierebis momaval msaxurT andobs, romlebmac 

tokarskis damowmebisas, piradad TavianTi mxridanac unda 

daumaton raime. 

203-e gverdze tokarski wers: ìq, iSxanSi, VII saukuneSi somxur 

garemoSi Caisaxa da pirvelad ganxorcielda zvartnocis, somex 

xuroTmoZRvarTa erT-erTi saukeTeso qmnilebis, idea~. TviT iSxanis 

taZris Taobaze ambobs: `taZari iSxanSi, agebuli VII saukuneSi 

somexi kaTalikosis nerses aRmaSeneblis mier somxur sapatriarqo 

taxtze mis aRsaydrebamde, pirvelad ganaxlda IX saukuneSi cnobili 

qarTveli moRvawis grigol xanZTelis mowafis, sabas (sabanis) 

mier. safuZveli ara gvaqvs sabas RonisZiebebSi iseTi Zirfesviani 

gadakeTeba davinaxoT, ris Sedegadac mrgvali taZari Cvens dReebamde 

Semonaxul jvrisebr taZrad gadaqceuliyo... sabas dros iSxanSi 

samSeneblo samuSaoebis mizani iyo mxolod taZris iseT mdgomareobaSi 

moyvana, rom masSi RvTismsaxureba SeZlebodaT. X saukunis Sua 

wlebisaTvis nerses nageboba ukve imdenad iyo dangreuli, rom azri 

ar hqonda mis aRdgenas, da daviTis dros mis adgilze axali taZari 

aSenda... romlis sakurTxevelSi Zveli afsidis kolonada Sevida~ 

(gv. 205-206)... da rom am axali mSeneblobis amocana TiTqos is iyo, 

rom òSkis tipis safuZvelze axali taZari aSenebuliyo, amave dros 

SenarCunebuliyo Zveli afsida~ (gv. 207)... banis saxelganTqmul 

taZarze, romelic, tokarskis aRiarebiT, qarTveli mefis adarnase 

II-is mier iyo agebuli (g. n. CubinaSvili am Zegls VII saukunes miawers), 

ufro adre iTqva, rom is ZiriTadad imeorebs zvartnocis 

sqemas swored imave Zveli iSxanis eklesiis mibaZviT, saidanac gamomdinareobs 

zogadi debuleba: `yvela safuZveli gvaqvs vifiqroT, 

rom ukve iSxanSi Caeyara saZirkveli erTi-ori aTwleuliT gvian 

zvartnocSi ganmeorebul im axal gabedul kompozicias, romlis Seqmnis 

pativi uciloblad nersesTan momuSave somex xuroTmoZRvrebs 

ekuTvnis~ (gv. 98-99), ese igi, Tu ufro garkveviT vityviT, es nersesTan, 

taos mkvidrTan momuSave somex xuroTmoZRvrebs SeuqmniaT aq, 

iSxanSi, VII saukunis dasawyisSi, axali gabeduli arqiteqturuli 

kompozicia. xaxulis saxelganTqmuli taZris Sida kedlebis sufTa 

Tlis faqtTan dakavSirebiT, tokarskis uCndeba SekiTxva: `xom ar 

iyo xaxulis eklesia aSenebuli Tavdapirvelad (mainc rodis? xaxuli 

xom, TviT tokarskis gancxadebiT, X saukunis bolosaa agebuli 

_ s. j.) im antiqalkedonel somexTaTvis, romlebic ar cnobdnen 

xatebsa da, maSasadame, moxatulobas, msgavsad imisa, Tu rogor 

Sendeboda somxeTSi qalkedonuri eklesiebi~ (?! _ s. j.), (gv. 212). 

amrigad, taoSi somex-qalkedonelTa garda, kidev aRmoCndebian so-


mexi antiqalkedonelebi, ese igi iseTive somxebi, rogoric TviT 

somxeTSi cxovrobdnen. tokarski aq sdums imaze, rom taZrebi Sida 

kedlebis sufTa TliT saqarTvelos mraval sxva raionSic moiZeveba. 

yvelafer amas Semdegi mtkicebebi agvirgvinebs: `...ZiriTadi 

mimarTulebebi, romlebiTac xdeboda arqiteqturuli azris ganviTareba 

saqarTvelosken mswrafi daviTis samflobeloebsa da 

bagratidTa samefoSi, erTmaneTs emTxveoda; maTi ostatebi, albaT, 

megobrulad, mxardamxar muSaobdnen. kedlebisa da gumbaTebis 

morTulobaSi mTavar rols asrulebs naxevarsvetebi da TaRebiani 

pilastrebi, romelTa istoria jer kidev nersesis nagebobebidan 

iwyeba. erTnairia fanjrebis Semkulobis xerxebic... imavdroulad 

Cndeba afrebis Taviseburi mopirkeTeba... X saukunis meore naxevris 

taos arqiteqturuli skola Seiqmna im pirobebSi, roca somexi mosaxleobis 

didi jgufi aRniSnuli mizezebiT sabolood Camoyalibda 

damoukidebel saxelmwifo organizmad; da, Tumca is mkvidri 

mosaxleobis gaqarTvelebis mimdinare procesis gamo ukve miiltvoda 

Camoyalibebis gzaze damdgari gaerTianebuli qarTuli saxelmwifosaken, 

mosaxleobis ZiriTadi masa, miuxedavad sarwmunoebrivi 

gansxvavebisa, jer kidev mravali ZafiT ukavSirdeboda Tavis Tanamemamuleebs~ 

(gv. 213). 

aq mkiTxvelma jer yuradReba unda miaqcios imas, rom `bagratidebis 

samefo~ tokarskisTan aRniSnavs sakuTriv somxeTs,Semdeg 

erT logikur jaWvad unda Sekras Cven mier wina or abzacSi amowerili 

tokarskis gamonaTqvamebi da misTvis sruliad aSkara gaxdeba 

maRalprincipul mecnierebaSi istoriuli simarTlis damaxinjebis 

es uprecedento SemTxveva _ mcdeloba, erTi erovnuli kulturis 

ZeglTa didi kompleqsi meore erovnuli kulturis Zeglebad gaasa- 

Ros. 

ar SeiZleba gverdi avuaroT tokarskis varaudebis da mosazrebaTa 

am TavSesaqcev gardaqmnebs. adre gvimtkicebdnen, rom taoklarjeTis 

mosaxleobas saqarTvelosTan mxolod sarwmunoeba akavSirebda 

_ aRmosavluri marTlmadideblobis saerTo erTguleba; 

rom rjulis es erTianoba tao-klarjeTis somxobas denacionalizaciis 

procesis gaZlierebiTa da daCqarebiT emuqreboda; rom 

am safrTxis sapirispirod daviT kurapalatma TiTqos xeli aiRo 

Tavdapirvel ganzraxvaze, Tavisi samflobeloebi bagrat III-Tvis gadaeca, 

romelic TviTonve gamoacxada gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos 

mefed; rom sarwmunoebaSi gansxvaveba xels uSlida tao-klarje- 

Tis somxebs erT saxelmwifoSi ecxovraT danarCen somxebTan erTad. 

axla ki irkveva, rom `daviTis samflobeloebi mainc miiltvodnen


95 

saqarTvelosken~ da eg ki ara, `miiltvodnen Camoyalibebis gzaze 

mdgari gaerTianebuli qarTuli saxelmwifosaken~, raime sxva mizeziT 

ki ara, aramed swored `mkvidri mosaxleobis gaqarTvelebis 

procesis gamo~; rom tao-klarjeTis `ZiriTadi masa~, somxuri masa, 

romelic sarwmunoebrivma gansxvavebam aiZula `sabolood gamoyofiliyo 

damoukidebel saxelmwifo organizmad~, mainc, `miuxedavad 

sarwmunoebaSi gansxvavebisa, kvlav mravali ZafiT iyo dakavSirebuli 

Tavis TanamemamuleebTan~, da dakavSirebuli iyo ise magrad, rom 

magaliTad, taZrebis tao-klarjeli da sakuTriv somexi mSeneblebi, 

im taZrebisa, romlebsac yvelaze axlo damokidebuleba swored 

rjulis sakiTxebTan hqondaT, muSaobdnen megobrulad, xelixel- 

Cakidebulni, maSin roca erTmorwmune saqarTvelos ostatebTan, 

saqarTvelosi, romliskenac maTi samSoblo miiltvoda kidec, maT 

ar hqondaT Sexebis araviTari wertilebi; rom, dabolos, taoklarjeTis 

somxebs SeeZloT, kacma rom Tqvas, arc gamoyofiliyvnen 

damoukidebel saxelmwifo organizmad, radgan sarwmunoebaSi maTi 

gansxvaveba aq erTob SezRudulad unda gavigoT, ramdenadac taoklarjeTis 

mosaxleobis SemadgenlobaSi tokarskim gamoaaSkarava 

rjulis TvalsazrisiT ukve wminda somxuri mZlavri fenebi, romlebic 

aranairad ar gansxvavdebian somxeTis centraluri raionebis 

mosaxleobisagan _ somex-antiqalkedonelebisagan, romelTaTvisac, 

Turme, Sendeboda kidec tao-klarjeTis udidesi da saukeTeso eklesiebi; 

oRond avtoris ZiriTadi idea aq ukve srulad aris gamoxatuli. 

ai, risTvis iyo saWiro es dausrulebeli gabmuli saubari 

tao-klarjeTis teritoriul da eTnikur kuTvnilebaze. amisTvisve 

iyo kidec saWiro eqvsidan erTi Tavi wignisa `Zveli somxeTis arqiteqtura~ 

miZRvniliyo specialurad `X saukunis taos arqiteqturuli 

skolisaTvis!~. 

amis Semdeg rogorRa unda gaismas mkiTxvelisaTvis tokarskis 

Semdegi fraza, damaboloebeli Tavisa `X saukunis taos arqiteqturuli 

skola~, romlis bolo abzacebi zemoT iyo citirebuli; 

ìmisaTvis, rom sworad gavigoT X da XI saukuneebis amierkavkasiis 

arqiteqturuli formebis ganviTarebis gzebi, saWiroa siyvaruliT, 

winaswar akviatebuli mizandasaxulobis gareSe, gavyveT yvela im 

Zvirfas Zafs, romelTaganac Seiskvna Woroxis auzSi `saerTo kavkasiuri 

interesebis gauxsneli kvanZi~ (mari)~, (gv. 214). gana SeiZleba 

warmovidginoT ufro araswori, ufro boroti, ufro winaswar akviatebuli 

da calmxrivi gaxsna am ybadaRebuli `gauxsneli kvanZisa~? 

im araspecialisti mkiTxvelis pativiscemidan gamomdinare, vinc 

moklebulia specialuri traqtatebis kiTxvis SesaZleblobas, Tva-


li gavadevnoT zogierT, WeSmaritad Zvirfas faqts tao-klatjeTis 

mxaris arqiteqturisa da, mTlianad, kulturis istoriidan. yvela 

qveynisa da xalxis arqiteqturis ZeglTa mkvlevarebi TavianTi masalis 

erT-erT mniSvnelovan nawils Zvel nagebobaTa warwerebSi 

xedaven.es warwerebi istoriis dokumentur wyaroebs miekuTvneba; 

isini Zalian xSirad gvatyobineben Senobebis aRmarTvis drois, 

pirovnebis, sazogadoebriv-politikuri mdgomareobisa da mSenebelTa 

ganzraxvis Sesaxeb, iZlevian miTiTebebs im kulturul wreze, 

romelsac mocemuli Zegli miekuTvneba da ase Semdeg. tokarski 

yrud axsenebs tao-klarjeTis ZeglTa warwerebs, saerTod ar iyenebs 

maT, da mxolod oSkis warwerebze laparakobs gakvriT, Tan mis 

Sinaarss arazustad gadmogvcems. 37 

miuxedavad mxaris tragikuli istoriisa, romelic ager ukve 

oTx aswleulze metia, rac Turqebis xelSia, tao-klarjeTis Zeglebma 

Cvens dromde cota Zveli warwera rodi Semogvinaxes. maTi 

Sekreba jer kidev XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi daiwyo, roca cnobilma 

somexma geografma aliSanma qarTulwarweriani didi eklesia 

aRwera CanglSi (Cildiris raioni). Semdeg am saqmis erT-erT pionerad 

mogvevlina swavluli somexi beri, veneciaSi mxiTaristTa 

saZmos wevri, nerses sargisiani. igi Tavis amocanas, tokarskisagan 

gansxvavebiT, marTlac rom gulianad mohkidebia. sargisiani darwmunda, 

rom mis mier aTi wlis (1843-1853 wlebi) ganmavlobaSi Segrovebuli 

yvela warwera Sesrulebulia qarTul enaze, romelsac 

arasakmarisad flobda. swavlulma berma, imave aliSanis daxmarebiT, 

Tavisi masala peterburgSi gaugzavna im drois cnobil qarTvelologs 

akademikos broses, sakuTari ZalebiT gamoaqveyna warwerebis 

aslebi JurnalSi `bazmavepi~ (1863-64 wlebi). broses gamocemis garda, 

Cven axla xelTa gvaqvs tao-klarjeTis epigrafikuli masalis 

sxva publikaciebic _ akademikos n. marisa, 38 da profesor e. TayaiSvilisa 

39 da sxvaTa. 

banaSi saxelganTqmuli taZris qarTul warwerebzec rom 

araferi vTqvaT, taZrisa, romelic, cnobili germaneli mecnieris 

koxis sityvebiT, aia-sofias Semdeg saukeTeso nagebobaa mTels axlo 

aRmosavleTSi da TviT tokarskis mierac qarTveli mefis naSenebad 

aris aRiarebuli (sayuradReboa, rom banas Sida kedlebze, baTqa- 

Sis Camoqcevis Semdeg, aRmoCnda damatebiTi lapidaruli qarTuli 

warwerebi da aq calkeul qvebsac ki ostatTa niSnebi azis qarTuli 

asoebis saxiT), mis mier dasaxelebul yvela danarCen Zeglzec mxolod 

qarTuli warwerebia. isini mogviTxroben, rom es didebuli 

Senobebi qarTvel mSenebelTa mieraa aRmarTuli qarTuli mrev-


97 

lisaTvis. igive warwerebi Zalze mniSvnelovan, xSirad _ pirdapir 

qronologiur miniSnebebs gvawvdis mSeneblobis droze. 

ase magaliTad, oSkis mSvenieri warwera gvamcnobs, rom es taZari 

agebulia adarnase kurapalatis mefobisas, misive saxsrebiTa 

da erisTavT-erisTav bagratisa da magistros daviTis TaosnobiTa 

da zrunviT. akademikosi brose fiqrobs, rom eseni arian adarnase 

II da misi Zeni, _ maSin nageboba TariRdeba 888-923 wlebiT. akademikos 

javaxiSvilis azriT ki, warwera gulisxmobs adarnase III-sa 

da mis Svilebs, da maSin oSkis aSenebis dro 958-961 wlebs miewereba 

(amJamad axali epigrafikuli masalis aRmoCenis safuZvelze oSkis 

taZris mSeneblobis wlebi zustad aris gansazRvruli: 963-973 ww. 

_ mTg.). unda mivuTiToT, rom warwera xuroTmoZRvar grigolsac 

asaxelebs, romlis reliefuri gamosaxuleba, profesor TayaiSvilis 

cnobiT, agreTve Semonaxulia. 40 

xaxuli aris daviT kurapalatis mier aSenebuli nageboba, misi 

saxeli, rogorc Cans, moixsenieba kidec am Zeglis cudad Semonaxul 

qarTul warwerebSi. 41 

iSxanis warwerebi mowmobs, rom am didi arqiteqturuli ansamblis 

aSenebasa da gadakeTebaSi monawileobdnen: 1006 wels mefeTmefe 

gurgeni, daviT kurapalatis gare biZaSvili da memkvidre taos 

mflobelis saxiT. iSxanis mTavarepiskoposi antoni, mTavari taZris 

sruli restavraciis iniciatori 1032 wels, gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos 

mefisa da zemoxsenebuli gurgenis SvilTaSvilis bagrat 

IV mefobaSi, ostati ivane morCais Ze da sxvani: Tu tokarski iSxanisa 

da quTaisis taZrebs Soris saerTo Tvisebebs naxulobs, amaSi 

araferia araCveulebrivi: garda imisa, rom es erTi da igive kulturis 

Zeglebia, taZrebi erTsa da imave drosaa aSenebuli (quTaisis 

taZris iataki 1003 welsaa dagebuli), erTi da imave saxlis warmomadgenelTa 

mier. 

tbeTis eklesiis mravalricxovani warwerebi axsenebs, sxvaTa Soris 

xuroTmoZRvar Saxbuza TaTuxaZes. 

warwerebiT aranakleb mdidaria forTa (Satberdi). am warwereb- 

Si naxsenebia xuroTmoZRvari abesalma kldeli amxanagebTan erTad. 

opizaSi moixsenieba misi meore mSenebeli aSot kurapalati, romlis 

reliefuri gamosaxuleba, agreTve, Semonaxulia. 42 tokarskis 

gancxadeba, TiTqos opiza da forTa aSenebulia àlbaT, ukve davi- 

Tis sikvdilis Semdeg~ (1001 weli), monagonia, aucilebeli imisaTvis, 

rom Taviseburad daasabuTos momdevno aswleulSi marmaSensa 

da xckonqSi agebuli somxuri eklesiebidan `qolgisebri~ saxuravis 

sesxebis faqti. mxaris sxva nagebobaTa umravlesoba, agreTve,


dafarulia qarTuli da mxolod qarTuli warwerebiT. 

sakiTxavia, gana SeiZleba iseTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxis gadaWrisas, 

rogoric aris mTeli arqiteqturuli skolis erovnuli kuTvnilebis 

sakiTxi, angariSi ar gaewios xalxis sulieri cxovrebis 

sxva mxareebs, misi SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis yvela danarCen 

Zegls? amasTan, kargad aris cnobili, rom IX-X saukuneebis taoklarjeTi 

saerTod gaxldaT qarTuli ganaTlebis, literaturisa 

da xelovnebis gavrcelebis mTavari kera. tao-klarjeTis udides 

kulturul centrebs Soris davasaxeloT: opiza, _ aq iRvwodnen 

cnobili moRvaweni miqel parexeli, giorgi mawyvereli da sxvani, 

aqve, 913 wels Sesrulda oTxTavis qarTuli Targmanis erT-erTi 

mniSvnelovani nusxa; Satberdi, _ aq, daaxloebiT 973 wels, gadaiwera 

erT-erTi uZvirfasesi Zveli qarTuli manuskriptuli krebuli, 

egreT wodebuli `Satberdis krebuli~, aqve gakeTda oTxTavis qar- 

Tuli Targmanis nusxebi: egreT wodebuli adiSisa, 897 weli; egreT 

wodebuli jruWisa, 936 weli; egreT wodebuli parxalisa, ioane 

berasi, 973 weli da sxvani; oSkSi, 978 wels, gadawerilia Zveli qarTuli 

literaturis fasdaudebeli Zegli, bibliis qarTuli Targmanis 

sruli teqsti (egreT wodebuli òSkis kodeqsi~), 977 wliT 

daTariRebuli ramdenime mniSvnelovani xelnaweri, da sxvebi; tbeT- 

Si moRvaweobda X saukunis pirveli meoTxedis cnobili mwerali 

stefane mtbevari da bevri sxvac; xaxulis moRvaweTagan cnobilia 

ioane xaxuleli, òqropirad~ wodebuli; parxalSia gadawerili 

`mravalTavi~ da sxvebi; iSxanSi muSaobdnen ilarion iSxneli da sxvebi, 

aq duRda da gadmoduRda literaturuli muSaoba, iseve, rogorc 

xanZTaSi, wyarosTavSi da sxvagan. tyuilad ki ar iwodeboda 

im xanebSi es mxare `qarTul sinad~; aq cxovrobdnen da Sromobdnen 

qarTuli feodaluri sazogadoebriobisa da kulturis gamoCenili 

warmomadgenlebi _ grigol xanZTeli (VIII saukune _ IX saukunis 

pirveli naxevari), serapion da basil zarzmelebi, giorgi merCule, 

arsen safareli, daCi, grigol oSkeli, cnobili himnografebi ioane 

mtbevari, miqel modrekili (oSkidan), ioane qonqozis Ze da sxvebi, 

aqedan iyvnen warmoSobiT aTonis qarTuli lavris saxelganTqmuli 

moRvaweni _ barda skliarosis dammarcxebeli Tornike, ioane da 

ukanasknelis vaJi, Zveli saqarTvelos erT-erTi yvelaze gamoCenili 

warmomadgeneli efTvime iberieli, an aToneli. aq Seiqmna Zveli 

qarTuli saeklesio mwerlobis iseTi brwyinvale Zeglebi, rogoric 

aris `serapion zarzmelis cxovreba~, `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~, 

`gobron-miqelis cxovreba~ da sxvaTa. daviT III kurapalati 

gaxldaT erT-erTi yvelaze ganaTlebuli da guluxvi mfarveli


99 

mTeli am kulturuli moRvaweobisa. Cven axla viciT erTi SesaniSnavi 

qarTveli oqromWedlis, daviTTanve momuSave asaTis saxelic; 

aqedanaa gamosuli cnobili cageris jvaric qarTuli warwerebiT, 

romelic iSxanisaTvis SeukveTia ilarion iSxnels da ase Semdeg 

da ase Semdeg. ar aris araviTari monacemebi, romlebic saSualebas 

iZleodes IX-X saukuneebis tao-klarjeTis qarTuli kulturis 

moRvaweTa am brwyinvale pleadas davupirispiroT romelime sxva 

erovnul-kulturuli wris adgilobrivi warmomadgenlis Tundac 

erTi saxeli! 

SeiZleboda Tu ara gvqonoda tokarskis obieqturobis imedi 

kavkasiaSi arsebuli urTierTobebis sakiTxSi, Tundac im Semdgomi 

epoqisaTvis, roca, misi sityvebiT, `somxeTi Sevida ganviTarebis 

axal stadiaSi saqarTvelos TiTqmis nominaluri mfarvelobiT, 

romelsac axorcielebdnen axalgazrda somxuri Tavaduri gvaris 

warmomadgenlebi, Zmebi ivane da zaqaria dolgorukebi (qarT. `mxargrZelebi~ 

_ mTg.), romlebsac qarTul samefoSi maRali saxelmwifo 

Tanamdebobebi ekavaT~ (gv. 219). am òbieqturobis~ dasaxasiaTeblad 

sakmarisia CavukvirdeT mxolod erT, axlaxan citirebul frazas, 

romliTac lamoben im drois ara marto politikur urTierTobaTa 

gamoxatvas. amgvarad, saqarTveloze somxeTis damokidebuleba amoiwureba 

`TiTqmis nominaluri mfarvelobiT~, da am mfarvelobas àxorcielebs~ 

dolgorukebis àxalgazrda somxuri Tavaduri gvari~. 

cxadia, agreTve, rom, tokarskis azriT, am somexma Tavadebma, ese 

igi somxeTis mmarTvelebma, 43 `visac qarTul samefoSi maRali saxelmwifo 

Tanamdebobebi ekavaT~, ese igi TviT qarTuli saxelmwifos 

Sinaur saqmeebze didi faqtobrivi gavlena hqondaT, somxeTze saqarTvelos 

gavlena, kacma ar icis, rogor, `TiTqmis nominalurad~ 

unda eqciao. Cven rom ar vaWarbebT, es SeiZleba davinaxoT somxeTis 

ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis imave istoriis institutis sxva 

gamocemidanac `somexi xalxis istoriidan~ (erevani, 1944 weli), 

sadac vkiTxulobT: `sargis zaqarianis (tokarskisTan dolgoruks 

Seesabameba _ s. j.), erT-erT Zes, zaqares, Tamaris dros amirspasalaris, 

ese igi saqarTvelosa da somxeTis jarebis mTavarsardlis 

Tanamdeboba eWira, meore Zes, ivanes ki _ aTabagis, anu saxelmwifo 

meurvisa~ (gv. 174), (xazgasma Cvenia. _ s. j.), amrigad, TviT qarTuli 

saxelmwifo aRmoCnda mTavarTa dolgorukTa meurveobisa da mfarvelobis 

qveS. 

uwinares yovlisa, «Долгорукие»-bis Sesaxeb (mxolod ase iwodebian 

isini tokarskis wignSi, _ s. j.). Zmebi zaqaria da ivane 

(ukanaskneli umcrosi gaxldaT) im qarTuli aznauruli dinastiis


warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, romelic mxargrZelis sagvareulo saxels 

Taobidan TaobaSi atarebda. es wminda qarTuli saxeli rusul TargmanSi 

marTlac «Долгорукий»-s niSnavs, magram is ar unda iTargmnos 

iseve, rogorc ar SeiZleba iTargmnos, vTqvaT, rusuli sagvareulo 

saxelebi «Долгоруков da Толстой». mxargZelis saxels Cven 

vxedavT ramdenime somxur warweraSi, magaliTad, 1285 wlis ariWis 

warweraSi, 1300 wlis axpatis warweraSi da sxvebSi. oZunis somxur 

warweraSi vkiTxulobT: `RvTis nebiT me, sumbatma, poRos Corencis 

vaJma, monam (aq, rasakvirvelia, `vasalis~ azriT, _ s. j.) didi ivane 

mxargrZelisa~ 44 da sxv. amgvarad, «Долгорукий» _ gamogonili formaa, 

zaqariani ki _ ubralod kuriozi. 

zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebisa da maTi STamomavlebis samflobeloebi 

somxeTSi _ es iyo Cveulebrivi feodaluri nawyalobevi 

miwebi, im qarTvel mefeTagan miRebuli, romlebmac somxuri miwebi 

brZoliT daibrunes gadamTiel dampyrobelTagan, ZiriTadad 

_ TurqTagan. mxargrZelTa sakuTari samamulo samflobeloebi 

saqarTveloSi mdebareobda. mxagrZelebis erovnuli TviTSegneba, 

agreTve, udavod aris damowmebuli pirvelwyaroebiT, romlebic 

aqac kvaldakval asdevnebia Cvens marcxian avtors. qarTuli cnobebi 

gverdze gadavdoT da yuradReba mivapyroT sruliad obieqturi 

mowmis _ safrangeTis mefis ludoviko IX-is elCis, rubrukvisis 

Cvenebas. monRolTa yaenisagan dabrunebisas, 1255 wels, rubrukvisma 

gzad Seiara SanSe mxargrZelTan, zaqarias ZesTan, mis erT-erT 

mamulSi, centralur somxur raionSi. am vizitis aRwerisas da 

SanSesTan Tavisi saubrebis Sinaarsis gadmocemisas, rubrukvisi axasiaTebs 

maspinZels, rogorc òdesRac erT-erT yvelaze Zlevamosil 

qarTvels, axla TaTrebis moxarkes. mamamisma, saxelad zaqariam, 

SeiZina somexTa es miwa, daixsna ra isini sarkinozebisagan~. 

politikur urTierTobaTa xasiaTSi gasarkvevad, isev da isev 

dokumentur masalas mivmarToT, amjerad ukve somxeTis centraluri 

raionebidan. cnobilia, rom XIII saukunis ocdaaTiani wlebis 

miwurulisaTvis monRolebma moaswres qarTuli samefos mTels 

aRmosavleT nawilze gabatoneba, kerZod, ra Tqma unda, sakuTriv 

somxur teritoriebzec. TiTqosda, axal pirobebSi adgilobriv 

somex mflobel mTavrebs, oRond Tuki isini saerTod iyvnen, Sei- 

Zleba gasCenodaT midrekileba uSualod yofiliyvnen damokidebuli 

monRolTa yaenze, rasac yaenis mxriv mxolod TanagrZnoba da 

mxardaWera unda daxvedroda. sinamdvileSi ki Cven sruliad sapirispiro 

tendencias vamCnevT: somxeTi agrZelebs saqarTvelosken 

ltolvas da Zveli kavSirebi saukuneebs uZlebs. rogori iyo es ka-


101 

vSirebi? 

ukve XI saukunis dasawyisSi obieqturad Seqmnili araerTi istoriuli 

garemoebis ZaliT, somxeTi erTob mZime mdgomareobaSi 

imyofeboda did saSiSroebaTa winaSe _ sul ufro mzardi bizantiuri 

agresia, erTi mxriv, da moaxloebuli Turq-seljukTa Semosevebi, 

meore mxriv, _ mravalricxovanma wvril-wvrilma somxurma 

samefoebma da samTavroebma aramcTu ver SeZles gaerTianeba, aramed 

daqucmacebas ganagrZobdnen; ase magaliTad, ociani wlebis dasawyisSi 

moxda Sirakis samefos (dedaqalaqiT anisSi) _ am saerTo somxuri 

sazogadoebriv-politikuri da kulturuli cxovrebis Suagulis 

_ axali dayofa. momdevno or aTwleulSi somxur saxelmwifo 

warmonaqmnTa umravlesobam, maT ricxvSi somex bagratid-bagratun- 

Ta anisis samefom, samudamod Sewyvita arseboba. somxuri raionebis 

didi umetesoba bizantiis imperiis xelSi gadavida. 

am politikur katastrofas Tan axlda somxebis masobrivi gadasaxleba 

mSobliuri qveynidan. emigraciaSi wasvlis SesaZlebloba 

hqondaT da, faqtobrivad, midiodnen kidec, rasakvirvelia, 

umTavresad somexi xalxis zeda fenebis warmomadgenlebi. amgvarad, 

es feodaluri sazogadoeba xelovnurad rCeboda Tavis bunebrivad 

Camoyalibebul moTaveTa gareSe da, risi sagangebo aRniSvnac mniSvnelovania, 

ganviTarebis am etapze, jer kidev ver moaswro aRmoceneba 

feodaluri klasis istoriulma memkvidrem. imave ormocian 

wlebSi somxeTSi Semoseulma TurqTa urdoebma daasrules 

somxeTis politikuri da sameurneo ganadgurebis saqme. 

am dros ki, gverdiT arsebobda socialuri da sulieri kulturiT 

maxlobeli gaerTianebuli qarTuli samefo, romelmac, 

marTalia, XI saukuneSi ramdenime mZlavri Tavzardamcemi dartyma 

gadaitana da gvarianadac Seelaxa erovnuli sazRvrebi, magram 

mainc sakmaod Zlieri iyo imisaTvis, rom gadamwyveti winaaRmdegoba 

gaewia, jer kidev bagrat IV (1027-1072) dros, TurqTa razmebis 

pirveli grigaliseburi TavdasxmebisaTvis TviT sulTan alf-arslanis 

meTaurobiT. 

XI saukunis Sua xanebSi gaCaRebul amierkavkasiis xalxTa Seupovar 

brZolas, Turquli monobis winaaRmdeg, saTaveSi saqarTvelo 

Caudga. jer kidev bagrat IV daikava, mcire xniT, somxeTis dedaqalaqi 

anisi, sadac igi TviT qalaqis uxucesebma miiwvies, Tumca, qalaqi 

saqarTvelom mtkiced daiWira bagrat IV saxelganTqmuli SviliSvilis 

daviT aRmaSeneblis (1089-1125) dros. amis Semdeg, TiTqmis 

mTel aswleuls gagrZelebuli sisxlismRvreli omebis Sedegad, qarTulma 

jarebma somexi mosaxleobis qmediTi daxmarebiTa da sruli


TanagrZnobiT, Turqebi vrceli somxuri miwis lamis yvela teritoriidan 

gandevnes da is qarTuli saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi moaqcies. 

amieridan, qarTveli mefe somexTa mefec xdeba, rac kanonier 

gamoxatulebas hpovebs mis titulaturaSic. mxargrZelTa dros am 

mxriv arsebiTad araferi axali ar momxdara. mxargrZelebis sagvareulo 

somxeTs moevlina im feodalur mpyrobelTagan erT-erTis 

saxiT, romelTac miwa pirobiT mflobelobaSi miiRes qarTveli 

mefisagan. mxargrZelebTan erTad somxeTSi sxva feodali-miwaTmflobelebic 

iyvnen. tokarskis mier ganxiluli mravalricxovani 

somxuri warwerebi somxuri arqiteqturis Zeglebze swored zemoT 

aRweril urTierTobebs mowmobs da sxvas arafers. 

ai, politikuri formulebi, romlebic axlavs somxur lapidarul 

warwerebs Semdegi punqtebidan: 1. axpati (alaverdis raioni), 

1121 weli: `Jamsa mefisa TviTmpyrobelisa daviT RvTismosavisa da 

Zlevamosilisa (daviT aRmaSenebeli, 1089-1125), giorgis Zisa, bagratis 

Zisa, romelic mefobda am mxaresa da am xalxsa zeda~. 2. qeCaruki 

(axtis raioni), 1181-3 wlebi: `qarTvelTa zeda giorgis mefobisas, 

agreTve, Cveni mpyrobelisac~... (giorgi III, 1156-1184). 3. 

ariWi (artikis raioni), 1201 weli: `me, zaqarem, mandaturT-uxucesma 

amir-spasalarma somexTa da qarTvelTa (ZRveni mivarTvi ariWs) 

Cemi dedoflis, Tamar mefis (1184-1213) dRegrZelobad~. 4. hovanavanqi 

(aStarakis raioni), 1201 weli: `paron~ (ese igi, patroni _ 

s. j.) ddopal (qarTuli sityva `dedofali~, `mefis~ mniSvnelobiT 

_ s. j.), `Tamaris batonobisas~... 5. axpati, 1210 weli: `mefeT-mefe 

giorgis RvTiT mironcxebuli asulis, didi mefis Tamaris Jams me, 

mandaturTa-xucesma, amirspasalarma SahinSahma _ zaqariam, sargisis 

Zem... mefis dRegrZelobad da janmrTelobad da xsenebad~ 

(Semwirvelisa da misi Sinaurebisa). 6. marmeti, 1206 weli: `laSas 

mefobaSi (laSa giorgi, Ze, TanammarTveli da memkvire Tamarisa), zaqarias 

amirspasalarobaSi~... 7. oromairi (alaverdis raioni), 1216 

weli: `laSas mefobaSi, zaqarias amirspasalarobaSi~... 8. dseRi 

(alaverdis raioni), 1221 weli: `giorgis, Tamaris Zis mefobaSi, aTabeg 

ivanes mTavrobaSi~... 9. noravanqi (miqoianis raioni), 1223 weli: 

`Tamaris Zis, laSas mefobaSi, somexTa da qarTvelTa zeda SahinSahis 

amirspasalarobaSi da biZamisis ivanes aTabegobaSi, movedi me... 

TavadTa Tavadi bupaki~ (noravanqSi da movitane ZRveni). 10. qalaqi 

yarsi, 1234 weli: `rusudanis mefobaSi (Tamaris asuli, laSa giorgis 

memkvidre, 1222-1245), ivanes aTabegobaSi~. 11. yarsi, 1234 weli... 

`wyalobiTa mefisa Cvenisa rusudanisa Cven, yarselma qristianebma, 

avaSeneT es koSkebi samaxsovrod Cuenda da patronisa Cuenisa~. 12.


103 

yarsi, 1236 weli: ...`mefeTa mefisa TviTmpyrobelisa rusudanisa~... 

13. oromosi, 1246 weli: `somexTa da qarTvelTa zeda mefobaSi daviTisa 

(daviT VI, narini, Ze, TanammarTveli da memkvidre mefe rusudanisa, 

1230-1293) da spasalarobaSi SahinSahisa, Zisa didi zaqariasi~... 

14. xorakerti, 1252 weli: `mefobaSi daviTisa~ (daviT VII, 

ulu, Ze laSa giorgisa, daviT narinis TanammarTveli 1247 wlidan). 

15. getiq-goSavanqi (diliJanis raioni), 1283 weli: `me, Cari, Ze patronisa 

umekisa, SviliSvili Carisa, warmomavlobiT manackertidan 

(mivarTvi ZRveni getiqs), gamgeblobaSi garanusi (arRuni, ilxani, 

iranis monRoli mbrZanebeli) da qarTvelebze mefobaSi demetre 

bagratidisa~ (ulu daviTis Ze, 1271-1289). 16. ariWi (aStarakis 

raioni), 1285 weli: `fadiSahobaSi arRun-yaenisa (ilxani, iranis 

monRoli mbrZanebeli), mefobaSi demetresi, patronobaSi spasalar 

mxargrZelisa, Zmisa ivanesi, Zisa didi SahinSahisa, me, makli, 

Ze aRa-xusanisa, Camovedi mamaCemis mier monagar sofelSi aruWSi. 

17. marZi, 1285 weli: `jvari ese aRmarTulia TaTarTagan Seviwroebebisa 

da simwris dReebSi, mefobaSi demetresi, daviTis Zisa, patriarqobaSi 

batoni oganesisa~ (mRvdlis Tomas da misi Zmis tiracus 

mier). 18. avani (kotaiqis raioni), 1285 weli: `gamgeblobaSi mefeT 

mefisa arRuTisa (ilxani, iranis monRoli mbrZanebeli), mefobaSi 

qarTvelebsa da somxebzeda demetresi~... 19.surb-kiraki, 1286 weli: 

`(gamgeblobaSi) arRunisa, mefobaSi demetresi~ 45 ... 

Cven, ra Tqma unda, aq viZleviT amonawerebs mxolod zogierTi 

somxuri warweridan, magram maTi Cvenebebic savsebiT sakmarisia 

saqmis arsis gasarkvevad. ufro dawvrilebiT gavCerdeT gviandeli 

monRoluri periodiT (1285 weli) daTariRebul, aruWis warweris 

cnobebze. irkveva, rom am dros aruWi ekuTvnoda wvril miwaTmflobels, 

vinme maklis, aRa xusanis vaJs. Turquli epiTeti àRa~ (batoni) 

aq sruliad garkveul niSnad warmodgeba da safuZvlianad 

gvinergavs im azrs, rom xusani da makli ara marto kerZo miwis mesakuTreni 

iyvnen, aramed feodaluri batonebic, seniorebi, an Tu vixmarT 

maSindel somxeTSi esoden gavrcelebul gasomxebul laTinur 

termins, aruWis mosaxleobis `paronebi~. meore mxriv, TviT maklis 

uSualo paronad, anu `patronad~ warwera mxargrZels asaxelebs, 

riTac, uwinares yovlisa, isev da isev sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs 

exeba; magram warwera senior mxargrZelis yofis kidev erT gansakuTrebulebas 

aRniSnavs: igi ara marto feodalia, aramed Tanamdebobis 

piric _ `spasalari~, ra Tqma unda, qarTuli samefosi, 

Cven es sxva wyaroebidan viciT. aq Cven SevdivarT ukve politikur 

sferoSi da, roca ariWis Zegli somxeTis sinamdvilis am mxareze


Tavis cnobebs aviTarebs, marTlac gvimowmebs, rom somexTa mefed 

gvevlineba qarTveli mefe, rom miuxedavad qveynis mier gadatanili 

yvela mniSvnelovani peripetiisa da am droisaTvis Seqmnili sruliad 

axali istoriuli viTarebisa, somxeTi kvlav rCeba qarTuli 

samefos nawilad. Semdeg, somexi xalxis arsebobis politikur pirobebSi 

es siaxle asaxvas hpovebs, agreTve, sxva warweraSi: qarTvel 

mefes bagratids (xom ase moixseniebs demetres zemoT moyvanili 

goSavanqis warwera 1283 wlisa) hyavs kidev umaRlesi suzereniiranis 

fadiSahi Cingisidi. somxeTSi monRolur epoqaSi arsebuli 

yvela kavSirisa da urTierTobis ufro naTlad da ufro zustad 

gamoxatva Zneli iqneboda. 

damoukidebel wyarosa da monRolur oficialur Tvalsazriss 

Cven ukve sparsul warweraSi vxvdebiT egreT wodebul manuCes meCe- 

Tis kedelze, somxeTis Zvel dedaqalaq anisSi. yaenis brZanebis (iarliyis) 

Semcveli es warwera iranis monRoli mbrZaneblis abu-saidbaxadur-xanis 

gankargulebiT amoikveTa 1319-1335 wlebs Soris da 

am periodis ufro meore naxevarSi, rogorc varaudobs warweris 

mecnieri gamomcemeli, akademikosi v. bartoldi. maSasadame, anisis 

sparsuli warwera aruWis somxur warweraze ramdenime aTwleuliT 

umcrosia. ukanono mZime gadasaxadebisagan mosaxleobis dasacavad 

gamocemuli es brZaneba, sxvaTa Soris, acxadebs: `dae, baJisa da 

samarTliani gadasaxadis garda, sxva araferi aiRon, da arc erTi 

adamianisagan (gamosaRebebis) sababiT yalani, nemeri, Tarxi da arc 

sxva araferi ar moiTxovon, rogorc manamde qalaq anisSi da saqarTvelos 

sxva mxareebSi yalanis, nemeris, ukanono Tanxebis da Tarxis 

gadasaxadebis aRricxvas eweodnen da Zaladobas iyenebdnen~... 46 

(xazi Cvenia, _ s. j.). maSasadame, XIV saukunis ocian wlebSic ki, 

TviT monRolebi ganixilavdnen anissa da somxeTs rogorc saqarTvelos 

erT-erT mxares. 

anisis erT-erTi somxuri warweraTagani _ warwera (rogorc 

Cans, kidev ufro gviandeli) qalaqis pirveli kedlis Sua karis 

zemoT, Seicavs axal Zalze mniSvnelovan miTiTebas: _ `RvTiT movlenili 

mefis, fadiSahisa da RvTiT brZeni erisTavT erisTavis... am 

qveyanasa zeda qarTvelTa mefobaSi. roca dedaqalaqi anisi xasinjud 

iqca, da qalaqisa amis... patronebis aRa grigolisa da ovanisis 

mmarTvelobaSi da meufe hovanisis episkoposobaSi~ 47 ... ese igi aniseli 

somxebi Tavis qalaqs, iseve rogorc mTels qveyanas, kvlav 

qarTuli saxelmwifos nawilad miiCneven im gviandel-monRolur periodSic 

ki, rodesac anisi ukve yaenis (an romelime monRoli princis) 

uSualo daqvemdebarebaSi imyofeba, rac aq aRniSnulia kidec


105 

cnobili terminiT `xasinju~. 

sakiTxis ideologiuri da fsiqologiuri mxarec ki imaSi mdgomareobs, 

rom somexi mosaxleoba qarTul saxelmwifoebriobas 

mTeli misi marTvis aparatiT aRiqvamda, rogorc mSobliur saxelmwifoebriobas 

da saerTosaxelmwifoebriv institutebs. Sesabamisma 

Segnebam Tavisi asaxva hpova zemoT ganxiluli somxuri warwerebis 

iseT formulebSi, rogorc qarTvelTa da somexTa mefe, mandaturTxucesi, 

amir-spasalari, qarTvelTa da somexTa aTabagi da ase Semdeg. 

am Segnebam saukuneebi gamoiara. gavixsenoT, ras ambobs XV saukunis 

somxuri sazogadoebrivi azrisa da istoriografiis udidesi 

warmomadgeneli Toma mewofeci im damarcxebis gamo, romelic qarTvelebma 

1440 wels iwvnies `Tavrizis mefisa da mpyrobelis~ jahan-Sahisagan: 

àmitomac (ese igi, qarTvelTa damarcxebis Sedegad. 

_ s.j.) Cven (ese igi, somxebi. _ s. j.), romlebic, urwmunoTa Soris 

yofnisas, yovelTvis vamayobdiT imiT, rom Cvens imedebs qarTvelebze 

vamyarebT, amieridan sasowarkveTilebaSi CavvardiT da urwmunoTa 

winaSe ena ver dagviZravs~. 48 gavixsenoT, Tu jer kidev XVIII 

saukunis bolos cxra mTas iqiT, Soreul indoeTSi gadakarguli 

somxebi rogor axseneben Tavis mefed erekle II-es, qarTl-kaxeTis 

mefes! 

rogor gamoiyureba am udavo faqtebis Suqze gansaxilveli gamocemis 

mecnieruloba. Tumca ai, kidev ukve ara marto `mecnierulobis~, 

aramed tokarskis sazogadoebrivi poziciebis damaxasiaTebeli 

Strixi. igi aucileblad Tvlis rusulad mogvawodos somxur geografiul 

saxelwodebaTa transkrifcia: 

Аван, Агарцин, Айгестан, Таргманчац-ванк, Айриванк, Аршаруник, 

Быджни, Джрвеж, Ереруйк, Имирзик, Птгни, Хцконт da sxvani. aq Senar- 

Cunebulia, sxvaTa Soris, mravlobiTi ricxvis saxelobiTi brunvis 

niSanic к _ q (red.), Tumca TviT somxur enaSi is warmavalia da 

yvela irib brunvaSi qreba. amave formiT xmarobs tokarski, Zalian 

bevr SemTxvevaSi, saxelwodebasac «Тайк», Tumca mis qarTul formas 

`tao~ udavo upiratesoba aqvs, ramdenadac saxelis sufTa fuZes 

warmoadgens da qsenofontesTan aris damowmebuli jer kidev 401 

wels Cvens eramde; oRond igive principi irRveva, roca saqme exeba 

ramdenime erTob mniSvnelovan qarTul geografiul saxelwodebas. 

dauSva ra, raRacnairi daudevrobiT, or SemTxvevaSi, misTvis 

saintereso mxaris qarTuli dasaxeleba `tao-klarjeTi~ (rusul 

literaturaSi Cveulebriv _ Тао-Кларджетия), tokarskim mas xelovnuri 

evolucia moaxvia: pirveli etapi _ «Тао-Кларджет» (gv. 

109), meore etapi _ «Тао-Кларджия» (gv. 146). _ aq gamoiricxeba ara


marto sufiqsi _ i, aramed fuZesTan organulad dakavSirebuli infiqsic 

_ eT. 

ueWvelia, tokarski akademikos marisken gaiSvers xels, _ aqao 

da, es formebi man SemoiRoo. marTlac, Tavisi moRvaweobis meore 

periodSi marma aseTi marTlwera SemoiRo; oRond, jer erTi, mari 

principuli gaxldaT: `klarjias~ gverdiT igi ar werda `taiqs~, 

rogorc amas Cadis sruliad uprincipo tokarski, aramed _ `taos~ 

an `taias~, meorec, cxovrebam da mecnierebam ukuagdo es xelovnuri 

formebi: saRad moazrovneTagan vis mouva TavSi axla weros `mcxia~, 

`duSia~, `karalia~, òsia~ _ `mcxeTis~, `duSeTis~, `karaleTis~, 

òseTis~ nacvlad. arada, tokarski mkvdreTiT aRadgens am didi 

xnis miviwyebul mcdar dawerilobebs, roca uerTdeba maT ricxvs, 

vinc did mecnierTagan mxolod Secdomebs iTvisebs; raRa maincdamainc 

tokarskis gauwia gulma am formebisaken? am kiTxvaze pasuxs 

Cven iq vnaxulobT, sadac vkiTxulobT: àr SeiZleba... somxeTisa 

da saqarTvelos arqiteqturis Seswavlisas arc CvenTvis saintereso 

teritoriebze ZeglTa ignorireba, arc maTi mierTeba erT-erTi am 

qveynis arqiteqturasTan mxolod saxelmwifo kuTvnilebis faqtis 

mixedviT, rogorc arasworad iqceva v. beriZe samxreT-oseTisa da 

svaniis mimarT, mxolod im safuZvelze, rom isini saqarTvelos 

Semadgeneli nawilebi arian~. uwinares yovlisa, aRvniSnoT, rom qarTuli 

arqiteqturis Zeglebi gvxvdeba ara mxolod kavkasionis qedis 

samxreTiT dasaxelebul raionebSi, aramed mis CrdiloeTiTac; 

Semdeg mivuTiToT, rom saxelSi òseTi~ tokarski ver gaumklavda 

infiqss èT~: am dasaxelebiT amJamad mTelma msofliom icis erTi 

sabWoTa avtonomiuri respublika da meore avtonomiuri olqi. samagierod 

igi sxva wodebaSi gaumklavda infiqss, _ yvela mkiTxveli 

SeiZleba verc mixvdes, rom tokarskis svania aris svaneTi 

yvela sabWoTa moqalaqisa da msoflio istoriuli, geografiuli, 

eTnografiuli literaturis enaze. tokarskim ver gaiTvaliswina 

mxolod, rom forma `svaneTic~ ganmtkicebulia sabWoTa konstituciiT. 

mTavari mainc isaa, rom qarTuli erovnul-kulturuli koleqtivis 

iseTi ganuyofeli nawili, rogoric aris mTels danarCen 

saqarTvelosTan saukuneobiT erTiani cxovrebiT mcxovrebi svaneTi, 

tokarskis wignSi gamocxadebulia misTvis ucxo elementad, raRac 

calke samyarod Tavisi sakuTari kulturiT; am abdaubdis dasasabuTeblad 

ki yvelaze damajerebel saSualebad miamiturad miCneulia 

mxaris saxelis xelovnuri Secvla, misgan yovelive specifikurad 

adgilobrivis, xalxuris amoReba. ase dadga saqarTvelos samxreT 

provinciebis Semdeg misi CrdiloeT raionebis rigi!


107 

rogorc yovelTvis msgavs SemTxvevebSi, aqac garkveuli praqtikis 

ukan dgas garkveuli `Teoria~. amaod daviwyebdiT tokarskis 

wignSi istoriuli procesis mecnieruli gagebis Zebnas. gavixsenoT 

Tundac is, Tu rogor xsnis avtori feodaluri saxelmwifo warmonaqmnebis 

aRmocenebas amierkavkasiaSi. tao-klarjeTi damoukidebel 

saxelmwifo organizmad gamoiyofa im erTaderTi mizeziT, rom 

somxebs, romlebic aq viTomcda mosaxleobis umravlesobas Seadgendnen, 

ar surdaT àRorZinebul somxur samefoSi Sesvla~ religiur 

uTanxmoebaTa gamo, Tumca inarCunebdnen mraval sxva kavSirs 

TavianT TanamemamulebTan; xolo gaerTianebul qarTul saxelmwifoSi 

maT ar undodaT Sesvla mxolod da mxolod gansxvavebuli 

warmomavlobis gamo, raki denacionalizaciis, gaqarTvelebis procesebis 

gaZlierebisa da aCqarebisa eSinodaT; Semdeg tao-klarjeTma 

mainc iwyo swrafva `Camoyalibebuli qarTuli saxelmwifosaken~ 

ara romlime sxva mizeziT, aramed mxolod da mxolod `mkvidri 

mosaxleobis gaqarTvelebis procesis gamo~. amgvarad, esoden didi 

sakiTxis gaSuqebaSi Cven ver vipoviT verc erT sityvas adamianebisa 

da sazogadoebis arsebobis materialuri pirobebis Sesaxeb, im 

sameurneo da socialuri kavSirebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac ubiZga maT 

bunebriv-istoriul gaerTianebebTan Serwymisaken, sazogadoebrivi 

warmoebisa da gacvla-gamocvlis gzebisaken! 

avtoris zogadi meTodologiis mTeli ubadrukoba iolad Sei- 

Zleba gamovaCinoT TviT somxeTis istoriis konkretuli faqtebiT; 

ratom iwyebs daqsaqsvas TviTon es aRorZinebuli somxuri samefo 

Tavisi warmoSobidan ukve ramdenime aTwleulis Semdeg? ratom gamoeyvnen 

mas yarsisa da lores samTavroebi? ratom xdeba anisis samefos 

axali dayofa jer kidev 1020-ian wlebSi? ratom ar iltvian 

anisisaken vaspurakani, sisakani da sxvani? xom cxovrobdnen aq, rac, 

ra Tqma unda, ar eeWveba tokarskis, mxolod religiuri Tanamoazreni 

da Tanatomelni! 

XII-XIV saukuneebis somxur arqiteqturaze tokarskis msjelobebs 

rom ecnoba, mkiTxvelma Tavidan SeiZleba ifiqros, rom aq ukve 

mas sTavazoben mxatvrul movlenaTa axal gagebas: `gansaxilveli 

dro xasiaTdeba qalaquri cxovrebis ganviTarebiT wina aziis qveynebSi. 

qalaqebis erovnuli SemadgenlobiT Wreli mosaxleoba saer- 

To cxovrebiT cxovrobda da erovnuli an sarwmunoebrivi gansxvavebebi 

ki ar gansazRvravda im dros ama Tu im formaTa gamoCenas, 

aramed, rogorc TviT nivTieri Zeglebi gviCvenebs, pirvel rigSi, 

progresirebadi socialuri danawevreba mosaxleobis sxvadasxva 

jgufebisa~ (gv. 217).


nuras ukacravad! somxeTis udidesi qalaqis _ misi dedalaqis 

anisis arqiteqturaze saubrisas tokarski wers: `XIII-XIV saukuneebis 

anisis mmarTvelTa saintereso daxasiaTebas gvaZlevs n. i. 

mari: ànisis mmarTvelebi, Tumca warmoSobiT somxebi, erovnul 

principebSi arcTu ise mtkiceni iyvnen. maTi nacionalizmi eklesiis 

zRurbls ar scildeboda. eklesiaSi da eklesiaze (warwerebSi) maT- 

Tvis savaldebulo wminda somxuri ena realur cxovrebaSi hkargavda 

Tavis mimzidvel Zalas. arabuli, zogjer sparsuli warwera, magram 

arasodes arc erTi somxuri aso saucxoo WurWelze, romelic 

ueWvelad ekuTvnoda anisis ukanasknel mpyrobelebs, sarwmunoebiT 

qristianebs, erovnebiT somxebs. aramcTu damwerloba, aramed, 

etyoba, siuJetebic arCeuli da gaazrebulia saeklesio somxuri 

tradiciebis, Zveli somxuri saeklesio mxatvrobis gareSe. arsad 

miniSnebac ar Cans raime somxur xalxur yofiT niSnebze~ (gv. 295) 

... TiTqosda, maris mier daxatuli suraTi savsebiT Seesabameba zemoT 

citirebul tokarskis zogad debulebas `seljukTa epoqis~ qalaquri 

kulturis xasiaTis Sesaxeb. ara, tokarski aucileblad miiCnevs, 

rom Soreul winaprebs dagvianebuli Wkuis swavleba dauwyos 

nacionalizmis uqonlobis gamo, imis nacvlad, rom mSvidad, istoriulad 

ganixilos nacionalizmis uqonloba erTisTvis da qona 

meorisaTvis, garkveul xalxTa sxva xalxebze kulturuli zemoqmedebis 

mizezebi da pirobebi; roca mogviTxrobs, Tu vinme paroni 

sahmadini mrenSi Tavisi sasaxlisaTvis rogor ìRebs nimuSad ara 

paronis anisis sasaxles an sastumros, aramed yaraman-kapusus 

meCeTs koniaSi~, tokarski wers: `paroni sahmadini ar ufiqrdeboda 

imas, rom saukunis dasawyisSi somexi xuroTmoZRvrebis damuSavebuli 

mSobliuri formebis safuZvelze Seeqmna raime axali... somexi 

sazogadoebis saTaveSi mdgomTa nacionalizmi, marTlac àr scildeboda 

eklesiis zRurbls~, vinaidan portalis aseTma mopirkeTebam 

Tavisi adgili hpova ara marto sasaxleebSi, qarvaslebSi (selimi) 

da karibWeebSi (tamjirlu), aramed TviT eklesiebzec, rogorc es 

SeiZleba vnaxoT, magaliTad, eRvardSi~ (gv. 296-297)... 

adamianTa Segnebisa da Semoqmedebis erovnul formebze, erovnul 

kulturebze, erovnebaTa Camoyalibebis processa da nacionalizmze 

amdeni laparakisas tokarskis winaswar akviatebuli, aCemebuli ideebi 

xels uSlis obieqturi, mecnieruli TvaliT Sexedos istoriul 

movlenebs. mas absoluturad araviTari ufleba ara aqvs, rogorc 

Cven es zemoT vaCveneT, tao-klarjeTis mosaxleoba Tavisi kulturiT 

somxur erovnul-kulturul samyaros miuerTos, amasTanave, svanebi 

da svaneTi gamoricxos qarTuli erovnul-kulturul koleqtividan;


109 

es, miuxedavad imisa, rom svanebi qarTuli tomia, romelic didi xania 

Serwymulia qarTveli eris SemadgenlobasTan, rom svanebi saerToqarTuli 

erovnuli TviTSegnebis matareblebi arian, rom qarTuli ena 

maTTvis damwerlobisa da kulturis erTaderTi enaa. tokarskis ar 

aSinebs is, rom misi gamoxdoma kolonizatorTa da imperialistTa 

Zvel laTaias warmoadgens, verc ki ityvi, axal hangzeo! 

tokarski fiqrobs, rom somxebi aseTebadve rCebian, Tundac qar- 

Tul marTlmadideblur eklesias miekuTvnebodnen. rasakvirvelia, 

oden erTi sarwmunoebrivi niSani ver wyvets erovnuli kuTvnilebis 

sakiTxs; magram tokarskis isic hgonia, rom yvela, vinc ki somxurgrigorianul 

eklesias miekuTvneboda, ukve marto am niSniT unda 

ganvixiloT, rogorc somexi. sxvagvarad ra safuZveli arsebobs zaqaria 

mxargrZelis somxad miCnevisa? tokarski ver mimxvdara, rom 

jer kidev Sua saukuneebSi, Camoyalibebuli erovnebebi Sedgebodnen 

eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT sxvadasxvanairi elementebisagan, rom erTi 

erovnebidan meoreSi gadasasvlelad adamianebs sulac ar sWirdebaT 

aswleulebi. 

Cven ganvixileT araerTi gamonagoni, usafuZvlo da viTom safu- 

Zvlianic ki, ganvixileT araerTi uxeSi meTodologiuri da faqtobrivi 

Secdoma tokarskis wignisa. amgvarma Secdomebma iqamde 

migviyvana, rom mniSvnelovani, saWirboroto amocana _ mocemuliyo 

somexi xalxis mdidari erovnuli arqiteqtura, gadauWreli darCa 

da is seriozul, momzadebul specialistebs elodeba. 

Cven, agreTve vuCveneT, am wignSi mecnieruli uprincipobis gverdiT 

Tavs rogor iCens uCveulo, istoriis pirdapir falsifikaciamde 

mimyvani sazogadoebrivi `principebi~, romlebic mTeli simkacriT 

gakicxvis Rirsia. istoriuli mecniereba ganviTarebas ver SeZlebs, 

Tuki gadaWriT ar gaemijneba yvela msgavs antisazogadoebriv da crumecnierul 

tendenciebs. wyalgamyofi xazi aq romelime teritoriul 

sazRvrebze ki ar gaivleba, _ istoriuli mecniereba erTiania, is 

gadis mkacr mecnierul Tvasazrissa da uimedod dromoWmul sqolastikas 

Soris, erTi mxriv, konkretuli masalis keTilsindisieri, 

obieqturi Seswavlis, istoriuli sinamdvilis marTali asaxvisa da 

meore mxriv, am sinamdvilis tendenciur damaxinjebas Soris. 

noemberi, 1946 w.


damowmebuli samecniero literatura da wyaroebi: 

1. ...`6045 wlebamde nagebobis dasrulebaze laparakic ki zedmetia. 

qronikebis damowmebebi da Semkulobis xasiaTi uflebas gva- 

Zlevs misi damTavrebis TariRi VII saukunis ocdaaTian wlebamde 

gadavwioT...~ wers tokarski 92-e gverdze. 

2. matiane qvebze Seadgina k. konstaniancma, sankt-peterburgi, gv. 

58 (somxur enaze). 

3. s. janaSia, ìberiis (qarTlis) samefos politikuri geog r- 

a fiisaTvis uZveles periodSi~, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis 

moambe, 1942, #7. 

4. Annales, XIII, 37. 

5. De bello Gothico, VIII, 2. 

6. konstantine porfirogenetis Txzulebani: `TemTa Sesaxeb~ (De 

thematibus) da `xalxTa Sesaxeb~ (De administrando imperio), g. laskinis 

winasityvaobiT, moskovi, 1899. Tavi 45, gverdi 167; iqve, gverdi 168. 

7. `geografiis~ teqsti warmodgenilia ramdenime redaqciiT. ix. 

magaliTad `somxeTis geografia~ VII saukunisa qristes dabadebidan 

(miewereba m. xorenacs). teqsti da Targmani q. patkanovis gamocema, 

sankt-peterburgi, 1877, gv. 38-40 da 16-17 (teqsti); Géographie 

de Moïs de Gorène d’après Ptolémée, ed. p. A. Soukry, Ven., 1881, p.p. 37-39. 

8. somxeTis didi vardapetis Revondis istoria, sankt-peterburgi, 

1887, gv. 168 (somx. enaze). 

9. iqve. 

10. movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, axali Targmani m. eminisa, 

moskovi, 1893, gv, 133. 

11. n. adonci, `somxeTi iustinianes epoqaSi~, sankt-peterburgi, 

1908, gv. 402-404 (rus. enaze). 

12. movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, axali Targmani m. eminisa, 

moskovi, 1893, gv. 36-37; movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 

1913, gv. 89 da 108. 

13. iqve, axali Targ. gv. 89 da 108. 

14. iqve, wigni II, Tavi 3; somx. teqsti, cit. gamoc. gv. 104-105. 

15. giorgi merCule, `cxovreba wm. giorgi xanZTelisa~, akad. n. 

maris gamocema, sankt-peterburgi, gv. 96 _ n. maris mier am adgilis 

Sesrulebuli rusuli Targmani naklebad zustia. 

16. merCule, gv. ib da 92. 

17. merCule, gv. 148-149. 

18. dasax. gamoc. gv. 155-157. 

19. ioane kaTalikosi drasxanakerteci, somxeTis istoria, 1912,


111 

gv. 144-310 (somx. enaze). 

20. iqve, gv. 185 (somx. enaze). 

21. iqve, gv. 207-208. 

22. iqve, gv. 214-215. 

23. iqve, gv. 297-316. 

24. konstantine porfirogenetis dasx. gamoc. gv. 172. 

25. iqve, gv. 164-165. 

26. M. Brosset, Ìnscriptions géorgiennes...~ sankt-peterburgi, 1864, gv. 7. 

27. T. Jordania, `qronikebi~... I, 95. 

28. msoflio istoria, sankt-peterburgi, 1885, gv. 275. 

29. istoria, 1912, gv. 19, 3, 22 (somx. enaze) _ Tumca stefanos 

taroneci daviTs, Cveulebriv, `taos kurapalats~ an `did kurapalats~ 

uwodebs, magram araviTari eWvs ar badebs, rom daviTi swored 

qarTveli mTavaria. stefanosi, magaliTad, rodesac daviTis omebze 

amdens mogviTxrobs, mis jarebs moixseniebs, rogorc mxolod `qarTul 

jars~ da Tanac mravaljer. erT SemTxvevaSi (wigni III, Tavi 

XI), stefanosi xlaTis kedlebTan (vanis tbis piras) momxdar incidentze 

yveba, roca am qalaqis moalye daviT kurapalatis jarma 

somxuri eklesiebi da arqiepiskoposis sasaxle gaixada Tavlebad 

da sadgomebad. tajikebi qalaqis kedlebidan yvirodnen: `Tqven, 

qristianebi, ase eqceviT qristianul salocavs?~ qarTvelebi pasuxobdnen: 

`Cven erTnairad vepyrobiT somxur eklesias da Tqvens 

meCeTs!~ stefanosi fiqrobs, rom amis gamo qarTvelebs RvTis risxva 

daatydaT: isini musulmanebTan damarcxdnen (dasx. gamocema, gv. 268). 

30. Migne, II, col. 164. 

31. Epit, hist, I, lib. XVII cap. VII. 

32. M. Brosset, Àdditions et éclaircissemens...~ gv. 176. 

33. `qronikebi~, I, gv. 107-108. 

34. dasx. gamocema, gverdi 192-193: `...basilim, berZenTa mefem, 

gamoiZaxa mxedarTmTavari Tornike, warmoSobiT qarTveli, beri 

wminda mTidan (aToni), da taos kurapalat daviTTan gagzavna; da dapirda 

qaldoi-ariais micemas (klisurTan) erTad, Cormairs, karins, 

basians da cixe sevuks, _ rac misca kidevac, _ Tu daviTi dasaxmareblad 

jars gamougzavnida. daviTma, Seyara ra qarTuli jari 

erisTavT erisTavis jojikis winamZRolobiT, Tornikes kvaldakval 

gagzavna tiran bardasTan SesabrZoleblad. taos sazRvrebidan dawyebuli, 

maT aoxreba dauwyes tiranis morCil berZenTa qveyanas... 

(imperatorma basilim misca fokes) mTeli dasavluri berZnuli 

armia da qarTul jarTan erTad orive banaki tiran bardas winaaRmdeg 

mimarTa~... ix. agreTve `The Cambridge Medieval History~, IV, 86 da


g. gelceri, `bizantiis politikuri istoriis narkvevi~, 100. 

35. e. TayaiSvili, àrqeologiuri eqskursiebi~, I, 18. 

36. v. rozeni, ìmperatori basil bulgarTmmusvreli~, 27 (rus. enaze). 

37. tokarskis dumili tao-klarjeTis epigrafikaze winaswar gan 

zraxulad unda CavTvaloT, ramdenadac igi, misive cnobiT, ukve namyofia 

am mxareSi da dawvrilebiTac ki gamoukvlevia iSxanis taZari 

1915 wels. maSasadame, SemTxveva miscemia piradad darwmunebuliyo 

imaSi, Tu ras warmoadgens warwerebi tao-klarjeTis Zeglebze. 

38. dasx. gamocema. `cxovreba grigol xanZTelisa~. 

39. am mecnieris mravalricxovan publikaciebSi, romelmac piradad 

gamoikvlia tao-klarjeTis Zeglebi mis mier organizebuli 

eqspediciis ganmavlobaSi (1903, 1907 da 1917 wlebi). 

40. safuZvels moklebulia tokarskis mtkiceba, TiTqos oSkis 

warwera Seicavs pirdapir miTiTebas imaze, rom es taZari daviTis 

aSenebulia (gv. 201-202). daviT III aq mesame adgilzea moxseniebuli 

oSkis mSenebelTa Soris. 

41. tokarskis isev da isev dausabuTebeli gancxadebis sapirispirod, 

TiTqosda `Zveli avtorebis cnobebi da Zeglebze warwerebi oSkis 

gamoklebiT, ar gvaZlevs pirdapir pasuxs kiTxvaze, Tu saxeldobr ra 

iyo aSenebuli~ daviTis mier, Cven xazi unda gavusvaT, rom `qarTlis matiane~ 

(XI saukune) xaxulis nagebobas kategoriulad miawers daviTs. 

42. amgvarad, swori ar aris tokarskis mtkiceba, TiTqos àrapirdapiri 

monacemebis SejerebiT sarwmunod dgindeba, rom (taoklarjeTis 

_ s. j.) yvelaze SesaniSnavi nagebobani daviTis mmarTvelobis 

dros da, maSasadame, misi dakveTiT aRimarTnen~ (gv. 202). 

43. 294-e gverdze tokarski wers: `xelisuflebaSi dolgorukebis 

mosvlis momentisaTvis Seqmnili mdgomareoba somex xuroTmoZRvrebs 

sulac ar agulianebda sazRvargareTuli nimuSebis ubralod misaba- 

Zad... axali erovnuli didgvarovnobis Camoyalibebis pirobebSi~ da 

a. S. 303-e gverdze ki naTqvamia: `zaqaria da ivane dolgorukTa mmarTvelobis 

dro aRiniSneba anisSi Cinebuli saero Senobebis aRmarTviT. 

44. k. konstanianci, matiane qvebze, gv. 250 (somx. enaze). 

45. ix. k. konstaniancis dasx. gamocema; agreTve: m. emini `somxuri 

warwerebi yarsSi, anisSi da mis midamoebSi~, moskovi, 1881. 

46. v. bartoldi, `sparsuli warwera anisis meCeTze manuCze~, 

sankt-peterburgi, 1911, gv. 7 (rus. enaze). 

47. m. emini, dasx. gamocema, 7. Cven aq sakuTar Targmans viZleviT, 

radganac eminis Targmani uzustoa (s. j.). 

48. moaqvs prof. l. melqiseT-begovis gamocemis mixedviT: `Toma 

mewofeli~, tfilisi, 1937, gv. 9.

akad. simon janaSia istoriuli simarTlis damaxinjebis erTi magaliTis ...

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