Jurnali #6.indd

vaxtang beriZe 

niko firosmanaSvili 

1862 -1918 

did mxatvarze dawerili monografiis avtori akad. v. beriZe 

(1914-2000) TviT iyo qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis didi mkvlevari 

da Rirseuli mamuliSvili. amdenad niko firosmanis Semoqmedebaze 

mecnieris mravalwliani dakvirvebisa da kvlevis Sedegad momzade- 

buli naSromi qarTuli xelovnebaTmcodneobisTvis mniSvnelovani 

SenaZenia. igi rusulad daiwera (1983 w.), Semdeg wigni qarTul, 

rusul da inglisur enebze gamosacemad moamzada g. marsagiSvilma 

(1988 w.), magram misi gamocema mxolod 2007 wels, Cveni kulturis 

didi mecenatis, b-ni biZina ivaniSvilis wyalobiT ganxorcielda. 

ramdenadac wigni male gavrcelda, vifiqreT, rom niko firosmanaS- 

vilis saiubileo TariRisTvis Cvens mkiTxvels ukeTes monografias 

verc SevTavazebdiT, radgan igi marTlac sasiamovno sakiTxavia. 

teqstsa da ilustraciebs vbeWdavT avtoris memkvidris, q-n 

maia beriZis Tavaziani nebarTviT. masTan erTad madlobas movaxsenebT 

saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumis direq- 

tors, b-n giorgi marsagiSvils, gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis. amjerad 

gTavazobT monografiis pirvel nawils; rac Seexeba meore nawils, 

igi Cveni Jurnalis momdevno nomerSi daibeWdeba. 

nawili pirveli 

I. niko firosmanaSvilis-firosmanis gardacvalebidan sa- 

mocdaaTi weli gavida; 1 

cota xnis winaT jer kidev cocxali iyvnen 

adamianebi, romlebic piradad icnobdnen mas; magram misi cxovrebis 

 

naSromis qarTuli teqsti dawerilia 1987–88 wlebSi (g. m.).


17 

Sesaxeb dokumenturad dadasturebuli faqtebi TiTqmis ar gagvaC- 

nia (gamonaklisi erTi-oria); misi dabadebis utyuari TariRic ki 

ar viciT; firosmans tragikuli bedi xvda wilad, mZime cxovreba 

hqonda, uWirda, wlebis manZilze, arsebiTad, miusafari iyo. ro- 

gorc mxatvari igi „aRmoaCines“ gardacvalebamde cota xniT adre, 

scades misTvis daxmarebis xeli gaewodebinaT, magram sxvadasxva 

mizezis gamo am cdas arsebiTi Sedegi ar gamouRia. firosmani mar- 

tod darCenili gardaicvala da misi saflavic daikarga. 

pirveli cnobebi mis Sesaxeb Tbilisis presaSi 1912 da 1913 wleb- 

Si gamoCnda, maSin, rodesac igi daaxloebiT ormocdaaTi wlisa 

iqneboda, amis Semdeg, samwuxarod, igi maleve gardaicvala (1918 

w.). misma namuSevrebma axalgazrda mxatvrebisa da mwerlebis yuradReba 

miipyro. iwereboda aRfrTovanebuli werilebi – mis suraTebSi 

„bunebis pirvelqmnili saxe warmogvidgebao~. amavdrou- 

lad, imdroindeli presidan vigebT imasac, rom Cvenda gasakvirad, 

TviT mxatvris Sesaxeb TiTqmis aravin araferi icoda: „amboben, ga- 

loTda da sadRac kaxeTSi gardaicvalao~, – werda 1916 wels erTi 

avtori. 

Tu ar CavTvliT poet ilia zdaneviCis dRiuris Canawerebs, sa- 

dac, avtoris STabeWdilebaTa garda, Zalian cota cnobaa mxatvris 

ganvlili cxovrebis Sesaxeb, yvelaferi, rac Cven mis cxovrebaze 

viciT, ramdenime adamianis Sromis Sedegia (maT qvemoT SevexebiT); 

ukve firosmanis gardacvalebis Semdeg, ociani wlebis dasawyis- 

Si, am adamianebma Seagroves firosmanis axloblebis mogonebebi. 

ra Tqma unda, am mogonebebSi bevri rame erTmaneTs ar eTanxmeba; 

roca mTxrobelni firosmans axasiaTeben, bunebrivia, Tavs iCens 

yoveli maTganis pozicia, faqtebis gansxvavebuli interpretacia. 

amas garda, im mxatvarTa da poetTa mogonebebSi, romlebic cocxal 

firosmans icnobdnen da misi xelovnebis pirveli propagandiste- 

bi gaxdnen, zogjer emociur „amaRlebulobasTan“ erTad igrZnoba 

survili misi cxovrebisTvis romantikuli Seferilobis micemisa, 

calkeul SemTxvevaSi ki – aSkara „beletristuli“ TviTnebobac, 

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, „gadaxveva“ prozauli WeSmaritebisagan. 

ocian wlebSi qarTuli presa mudmivad aqveynebda „axal masa- 

lebs firosmanis biografiisTvis“; 1926 wels gamovida pirveli 

mdidrulad dasuraTebuli wigni mis Sesaxeb. es aris mweralTa da 

mxatvarTa werilebis krebuli qarTul, rusul da frangul enebze. 

firosmanis suraTebis mogroveba da gadarCena, misive sicocxlis 

bolo wlebSi dawyebuli, SemdgomSic gagrZelda. moxerxda 200-ze

18 vaxtang beriZe 

meti suraTis Tavmoyra. firosmanis gamofenebi ewyoboda TbilisSi, 

sabWoTa kavSiris qalaqebSi. Semdeg daiwyo firosmanis miCqmalvis 

xana, romelic TiTqmis meoTxedi saukune grZeldeboda. amas ori 

mizezi hqonda: erTi mxriv, mxatvrul kritikaSi dogmatizmisa da 

vulgaruli sociologizmis gabatoneba, meore mxriv – uaryofiTi 

(mtruli!) damokidebuleba im avtorebisadmi, romelTac firos- 

manis Semoqmedeba warmoaCines. 50-iani wlebis dasasrulidan ki 

firosmani kvlav sruli ZaliT „aJRerda“, misi saxeli da popularoba 

sakvirveli siswrafiT izrdeboda ara marto saqarTvelo- 

Si, aramed mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi da mis farglebs gareTac: 1960- 

80-ian wlebSi misi suraTebis gamofenebi moewyo varSavaSi, praRaSi, 

parizSi, nicaSi, venaSi, drezdenSi, aRmosavleT berlinSi, zagrebSi, 

buqarestSi, budapeStSi, solnokSi (ungreTSi), paduaSi, iaponiasa 

da dasavleT berlinSi. igi gaxda qarTveli da rusi dramaturgebis 

piesebis, kinofilmis gmiri. am filmma msoflios ekranebi moiara; 

mas eZRvneba suraTebi, gamoCenil mweralTa moTxrobebi da leqsebi, 

simRerebi, simfoniebi, ramdenime specialuri wigni da narkvevi sx- 

vadasxva enaze (maT Soris aris seriozuli naSromebic); Tbilisis 

erT-erT quCas misi saxeli ewoda, mas Zeglic daudges; saqarTvelos 

xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumSi firosmanis suraTebs calke darbazi 

aqvs daTmobili, misi namuSevrebi aqvT kerZo koleqcionereb- 

sac saqarTveloSi, ruseTSi, safrangeTSi ; mis samSoblo sofelSi 

(mirzaanSi) gaxsnilia memorialur muzeumi. 

firosmanis xelovnebis gansakuTrebulma momxibvlelobam, misma 

tragikulma bedma, iseve rogorc mis Sesaxeb sabuTebis uqonlobam, 

xeli Seuwyo imas, rom mxatvris saxeli TandaTanobiT legendebiT 

Seimosa. saqarTveloSi igi iqca erTgvar poetur simbolod, mxatvris 

maRali Semoqmedebis gansaxierebad. ufleba gvaqvs vilapara- 

koT im gavlenazec, romelic man moaxdina jer Cveni saukunis aTian 

wlebSi asparezze gamosul qarTvel mxatvrebze, Semdeg ki 60-iani 

wlebis Taobazec, Tumca es gavlena pirdapiri ar yofila. 

savsebiT bunebrivia, rom firosmans xSirad adarebdnen „mebaJe 

rusos“, axali drois pirvel „naivur mxatvars“, romelmac didi sax- 

eli moixveWa da TviTnaswavli mxatvrebis erTgvar etalonad iqca. 

es aRniSnulia frangi avtorebis TiTqmis yvela werilSi, romlebic 

gamoqveynda, roca parizSi firosmanis gamofena moewyo . 2 magram es 

safrangeTSi, poet lui aragonis koleqciaSi daculi niko firosmanaSvilis suraTi 

„ar-senalis mTa RamiT“, 2007 wels gaiyida auqcionze (g.m.). 

 

igulisxmeba 1969 wels parizSi, dekoratiuli xelovnebis muzeumSi gamarTuli 

niko firosmanaSvilis gamofena (g. m.).


19 

ori mxatvari mxolod imiT hgavs erTmaneTs, rom arc erTs ar miuRia 

specialuri ganaTleba. hgvanan isini saxviTi enis zogi Tavisebure- 

biTac, rac axasiaTebT imaT, visac saskolo wvrTna ar gauvlia. es 

aris da es. sxva yvelaferi maT ganasxvavebs. rusom miiRo Tumc ki 

daumTavrebeli, magram mainc raRac ganaTleba; mas yovelTvis hqonda 

kontaqtebi „akademiuri“ xelovnebis samyarosTan. sakmarisia gavix- 

senoT misi mudmivi saSvebi luvrSi, luqsemburgisa da sen-Jermenis 

muzeumebSi; aTeuli wlebis manZilze „damoukidebelTa salonis“ 

monawile iyo; misi Tematika „paraleluria“ profesiuli gana- 

Tlebis mqone mxatvarTa Tematikisa, sakmarisad „literaturuli“ 

da kosmopolituria. firosmani, rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT, mTeli 

Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis maZilze „SeubRalavi“ darCa; bevrad 

ufro metad, vidre ruso, igi dakavSirebuli iyo xalxur Semo- 

qmedebasTan da, garkveulwilad, erovnuli xelovnebis saukunovan 

tradiciebTan. 

Tumca profesiuli momzadeba ar gauvlia, niko firosmani mainc 

mxatvari-profesionali iyo. ara marto imitom, rom sakmaod didi 

xnis manZilze mxatvroba warmoadgenda mis erTaderT saarsebo wy- 

aros, aramed imitom (da es aris swored mTavari), rom is mxatvrad 

iyo dabadebuli: Tuki rasme sxvas akeTebda, es iZulebiTi iyo, misi 

survilis winaaRmdeg – misi cxovrebis azrs ki mudam mxolod mxat- 

vroba Seadgenda, romelic gatacebiT uyvarda da romelsac mTeli 

Tavisi sulieri Zalebi miuZRvna. 

II. niko firosmanaSvili daibada kaxeTis sofel mirzaanSi. mama- 

misi aslani da deda Tekle (toklikaSvilis qali) glexebi iyvnen. 

maT kidev sami Svili hyavdaT, erTi vaJi da ori qaliSvili; mxolod 

erTma, fefem, icocxla nikoze didxans. man SeZlo zogi ram moeTxro 

nikos Sesaxeb, Tumca, rogorc Cans, mis naambobSi yvelaferi ar 

Seefereboda sinamdviles. saojaxo, sakmad romantikuli gadmoce- 

miT, nikos papa Tu papis mama lekebs gautacniaT (XVIII saukuneSi es 

xom Cveulebrivi ambavi iyo), magram Tanasoflel mdevrebs gamoux- 

sniaT. 

sakmaod didxans iTvleboda, rom niko daibada 1860 da 1863 

wlebs Sua. sxva TariRebsac asaxelebdnen. ramdenime xnis win aRmoCnda 

„saqme“ 1890 wels nikos samsaxurSi Sesvlis Taobaze – TiTqmis 

erTaderTi gadarCenili saarqivo sabuTi misi cxovrebis Ses- 

axeb. iq aris cnoba, albaT misganve Cawerili, 28 wlisa varo. am 

sabuTis mixedviT misi dabadebis TariRi 1862 weli gamodis. zogi


avtori dabadebis Tvesa da ricxvsac – 5 maiss asaxelebs, magram wy- 

aros miuTiTeblad. am bolo dros ki, sxva sabuTis Tanaxmad, kidev 

erTi TariRi – 1866 weli 1 – dasaxelda. 

cnobebi nikos bavSvobis Sesaxeb erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba: zogi 

monacemiT mamamisi jer kidev sofelSi gardacvlila, deda ki bavS- 

vebianad Tbiliss gadasaxlebula Tavis gaTxovil qaliSvilTan. 

sxva cnobebiT, mSobliuri sofeli mamis meTaurobiT mTelma ojaxma 

datova, magram TbilisSi ki ar gadasaxlebulan, aramed sofel Su- 

laverSi, sadac aslani aznaur qalanTarovebTan damdgara venaxis 

mcvelad. glexis ojaxs, yovelTvis mWidrod dakavSirebuls miwasa 

da sakuTar fesvebTan, mxolod gaWirveba Tu aiZulebda ayriliyo 

mSobliuri kar-midamodan da sxvagan wasuliyo bedis saZieblad. 

magram beds mainc ver ewien: yvela monacemis Tanaxmad, niko jer 

kidev bavSvi yofila, roca mamamisi gardaicvala, aRarc dedasa da 

ufros das ucocxliaT didxans, xolo umcrosi da fefe dabruneb- 

ula mirzaanSi da sicocxlis bolomde iqidan fexi ar moucvlia. 

patara niko ki qalanTarovebTan darCenila, rogorc Cans, mojama- 

gired. 

bedma didi xniT daakavSira niko qalanTarovebis mravalSvil- 

ian ojaxs. qalanTarovebi im somexTaganni iyvnen, romelnic ukve 

didi xania cxovrobdnen saqarTveloSi da romelTaTvisac qar- 

Tuli mSobliur enad iqca. imaT ojaxSi Seiswavla nikom qarTuli 

wera-kiTxva, cota gvian – rusulic. roca qalanTarovebi Tbiliss 

gadasaxldnen, nikoc Tan waiyvanes. cxovrobdnen Zvel qalaqSi, 

mtkvris marjvena napirze, nariyalas ZirSi. gaRma aRmarTuli iyo 

metexis Zveli taZari, winaT, saqarTvelos mefeebis dros, cixesi- 

magris galavniT garSemortymuli, axla ki – cixis SenobebiT. 

es, albaT, samocdaaTiani wlebis Sua xanebSi iyo. 

ras warmoadgenda maSin patara niko, ra mWidrod daukavSird- 

eboda mTeli misi Semdgomi cxovreba, am qalaqs, romelic maSin 

pirvelad naxa, qalaqs misi Zveli ubnebiT, gasaocrad Taviseburi 

yofiT da ganumeorebeli feradovnebiT. miT ufro ver warmoidgenda, 

rom TviTonve gaxdeboda Zveli Tbilisis erT-erTi „RirsSesan- 

iSnaoba“, romlis gareSec (romlis suraTebis gareSe!) dRes verc 

warmovidgenT maSindeli Tbilisis saxes. 

Tbilisi XIX da XX saukuneTa mijnaze – qalaqi, romelSic 

cxovrobda firosmani. odesRac saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi, axla ki 

ruseTis samefisnacvlos centri amierkavkasiaSi. qalaqi Wreli da 

mravalsaxa.


21 

axali xana mis istoriaSi, romlis pirveli safexurebi Soreuli 

saukuneebis burusSi ikargeba, XIX saukunidan (rodesac saqarTvelo 

ruseTis imperias SeuerTda) daiwyo. mas Semdeg, rac (sami sau- 

kunis manZilze mas iZulebiT hqonda mibrunebuli piri muslimanuri 

aRmosavleTisken. gavixsenoT iranisa da TurqeTis Zalmomreoba!) 

saqarTvelo evropuli kulturis wiaRs daubrunda. magram, garda 

politikuri cvlilebebisa (saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis 

dakargva), XIX saukune gardatexis saukune iyo, upirvelesad, 

ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis mxriv. XVIII saukunis 

bolos, iranelTa gamanadgurebuli Semosevis Semdeg, pirvelad 

gamococxlda dacemuli vaWroba, saukunis Sua xanebidan samrewve- 

lo sawarmoebic gaCnda. es procesi didad daCqarda batonymobis 

gauqmebisa da glexTa ganTavisuflebis Semdeg. 60–70-iani wlebidan 

saqarTveloc CaerTo ruseTis imperiis swrafi kapitalistu- 

ri ganviTarebis procesSi. am periodma bevri ram axali moitana: 

aSenda fabrika-qarxnebi, Tbilissa da sxva qarTul qalaqebsa da 

amierkavkasiis zogierT qalaqs Soris rkinigza gaiyvanes (70–80- 

ian wlebSi); mkvidr TbiliselTa „tradiciul“ socialur fenaTa 

– Tavadaznaurebis, glexebis, xelosnebis – gverdiT didad gaizar- 

da vaWar-mrewvelTa xvedriTi wona (maT Soris ukve milionerebic 

Cndebian), gaizarda, agreTve, biurokratiuli aparati da, es dam- 

axasiaTebelia, Camoyalibda proletariati, muSaTa klasi. Tbilisi 

tipur burJuaziul-Cinovnikur qalaqad gadaiqca. 

mkveTrma gardatexam socialursa da ekonomikur, imave dros, 

kulturul ganviTarebaSi, feodalizmis saboloo rRvevam, bune- 

brivia, gavlena moaxdina yofa-cxovrebis wesebzec. feodaluri 

Tbilisis gadaqcevam kapitalisturad xeli Seuwyo „evropis“ 

SeWras „aziaSi“ qalaqis mcxovrebTa, upirvelesad, ra Tqma unda, 

maRali fenebis, da bevrad ufro naklebad – xelosnebis, wvrili 

vaWrebisa da muSebis yofis TvalsazrisiTac. Sendeba axali ubnebi, 

saxazino, sazogadoebrivi Senobebi, saswavleblebi, ufro gvian – 

bankebi, universaluri maRaziebi, fabrika-qarxnebi. magram arc Zve- 

li qalaqi Tmobs Tavis poziciebs. saukunis Sua wlebSi Tbilisis 

rusuli gazeTi „kavkazi“ werda: „tfilisi.... garkveuli Tvalsaz- 

risiT orsaxa ianusia, romelic erTi saxiT azias uyurebs, meoreTi 

ki _ evropas“. 

es daxasiaTeba SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT ufro gvian xanasac, rode- 

sac firosmanma Segnebuli kontaqti daamyara qalaqTan, Tumca 

im dros axali saxlic meti iyo da yurTmajiani vaWrebis gver-


diT ukve evropulad Cacmuli kapitalistebic momravldnen. Zvel 

TbilisSi kidev didxans iarsebebs tradiciuli saxalxo dResas- 

waulebi – „yeenoba“, muSti-krivi, Tumca es yvelaferi mxolod 

„dabali fenebisTvis“ iqneba gankuTvnili. gazeT „droebis“ si- 

tyviT, maRali, „ganaTlebuli“ sazogadoeba ukve ufro metad 

Teatrebsa da klubebs etaneba; iarsebebs Zveli qarvaslebi, gogirdis 

abanoebi (romlebic, imave dros, Tavisebur klubebsac war- 

moadgenda, iq mTel dReebs atarebdnen), Wreli da xmauriani rigebi 

xelosnebisa da wvrili vaWrebis duqnebiT, rigebi, sadac mTeli 

„komercia“ quCaSi iyo gamotanili; didxans iarsebeben kintoebi 

da yaraCoxelebi, romelTa tipebi swored TbilisSi Camoyalibda. 

maTi tansacmeli (SeiZleba iTqvas – „forma“, raki igi ucvleli da 

yvelasTvis savaldebuli iyo), cxovrebis wesi, manerebi, adamian- 

ebTan urTierToba – yvelaferi, yoveli wvrilmani „damuSavebuli“ 

iyo. Zvel Tbiliss hyavda Tavisi poetebi da momRerlebi, romelTa 

Semoqmedeba organulad iyo Serwymuli Zveli ubnebis mkvidrTa 

yoveldRiur yofasTan. zogi maTgani dakavSirebuli iyo aRmosav- 

luri aSuRebis tradiciebTan (magram ara yvela): maT Soris iyvnen 

didad niWiernic, maTi leqsebi da simRerebi Zalian popularulic 

gaxda da qarTuli poeziis saganZurSic Sevida. 

ai, es iyo is samyaro, ianusis is saxe, romelTanac mouxda Sex- 

vedra da romelsac daukavSira Tavisi cxovreba niko firosmanma. 

iyo, agreTve, Rvinis duqnebi, sardafebi, ara marto Zveli qalaqis 

ubnebSi, aramed sadguris mimdebare ubnebSic, im quCebze, romelTac 

maSin Cerqezovisa da malaknebisa erqvaT (malaknebisa axla firosmanis 

saxels atarebs); iyo „mxiaruli“ dawesebulebebi baRebiT mt- 

kvris napiras, orTaWalaSi. es duqnebi da baRebi, maTi muStrebi, 

agreTve, daimkvidreben adgils firosmanis samyaroSi da aisaxe- 

bian mis SemoqmedebaSi. magram Tbilisi marto msxvili da wvrili 

vaWrebis, biurokratiisa da moqeifeTa qalaqi xom ar yofila. es 

iyo, imave dros, XIX saukuneSi Camoyalibebuli inteligenciis qa- 

laqic, qalaqi, sadac intensiuri sulieri cxovreba Rvioda, miT 

ufro, swored 60–70-iani wlebidan, rodesac samoRvaweo asparezze 

gamovidnen didi demokrati mwerlebi, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebe- 

li ideebis damnergavni – ilia, akaki, Semdeg – vaJa-fSavela. maTi 

Semoqmedeba mTeli xalxis sakuTreba iyo, am sityvis sruli mniS- 

vnelobiT; niko icnobda da uyvarda maTi nawerebi, didad afasebda 

maT Rvawls Tavisi xalxis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi; TbilisSi, 

garda saopero da rusuli dramis Teatrebisa, arsebobda qarTuli


23 

dramatuli Teatric, erTaderTi adgili, sadac maSin, erovnuli 

Cagvris dros, kacs SeeZlo gaegona sajarod warmoTqmuli qarTuli 

sityva; mis scenaze, sxva piesebTan erTad, idgmeboda istoriul- 

patriotuli piesebic. firosmanisTvis ucxo ar yofila es Teatri, 

amas mowmobs zogi misi suraTi. 70–80-ian wlebSi ukve arsebobda 

samxatvro da samecniero sazogadoebebi, muzeumebi; ewyoboda samxatvro 

gamofenebi, daarsda qandakebisa da ferweris skolac – ma- 

gram es yvelaferi nikosTvis miuwvdomeli darCa. qalaqis marjvena 

napiri – administraciul dawesebulebaTa, didi maRaziebis, bur- 

Juaziis sacxovrebelTa ubnebi, misTvis, arsebiTad, ucxo iyo. 

firosmanis dabadeba emTxveva glexTa gaTavisuflebas, rac mniS- 

vnelovan mijnas warmoadgenda ruseTis imperiisa da masSi Semavali 

qveynebis ganviTarebaSi; xolo gardacvaleba daemTxva Zveli samyaros 

daRupvas – imperiis damxobas da misi qveynisa da eris cxovrebaSic ax- 

ali eris dasawyiss. firosmanis cxovrebis bolo wlebi – revoluciis 

kviraZalia, misTvis niSandoblivi yvela mniSvnelovani movleniTurT. 

firosmani ar yofila maTi aqtiuri monawile, mxolod mowme iyo, ma- 

gram mowme, romelic ar faravda Tavis damokidebulebas maTdami. 

yvelaferi, rac zemoT iTqva, unda gvaxsovdes, Tu gvsurs 

gavigoT firosmanis samyaro, ara marto is, romelic fizikurad 

ertya mas gars, aramed sulieri samyaroc, romelmac anarekli pova 

mis Tavisebur SemoqmedebaSi. 

III. qalanTarovebis ojaxis wevrebi gulTbilad ekidebodnen 

firosmans. maTi mogonebebi saSualebas gvaZlevs warmovidginoT, 

nawilobriv mainc, rogori iyo Wabuki niko TbilisSi cxovrebis 

pirvel wlebSi. 

`patara niko Zalian gonieri ymawvili iyo. mas uyvarda wignebis 

kiTxva, xatvac.... iseTi patiosani da erTguli iyo, rom Cven mas 

vandobdiT mTels Cvens ojaxs, romelic maSin mdidari iyo... faq- 

izi bunebisa iyo, araCveulebrivi Tavmoyvare da amasTanave iSviaTi 

simarTlis moyvaruli. sawylis Sembrale“... „mas ise Rirseulad 

eWira Tavi, rom veravin gaubedavda rame wyenas da daCagvras...“ 

„nivTieri simdidre ar ainteresebdao“. 

Cven ar viciT, rodis „Seipyro“ firosmani, lui aragonis si- 

tyvebiT rom vTqvaT, „xatvis giJurma Jinma“, magram, axlobelTa 

naambobis mixedviT, es sakmaod adre unda momxdariyo: „misTvis 

arsebobda mxolod xatva da rodesac ki Tavisufali dro hqonda, 

xatvaSi iyo garTuli“... „rodesac vinme groSebs aCuqebda, is maS-


inve gaiqceoda, iyidda fanqars da saRebavebs da daiwyebda xatvas... 

misi oTaxis kedlebi naxSiriT an fanqriT iyo moxatuli... erTxel 

nikom Cveni saxlis saxuravidan daxata mSvenieri suraTi: gaRmiT 

mdebare metexis cixe-eklesia... xatavda portretebsac ise, rom 

cocxal naturas ar iyenebda“. 

„xSirad niko saxlis ezoSi erTi kuTxidan meoreSi dadioda Rrma 

fiqrebiT garTuli. is im dros, albaT, ocnebobda da rodesac ase 

dainaxavda mas Cemi da keke, SeSinebuli metyoda: xedav Cvens nikos, ro- 

gor Cafiqrebuli dadis, Wkuazed ki ar Secdeso“. „axalgazrdobisas 

sruliad ar svamda... xSirad miambobda Zvel qarTul sagmiro zRapre- 

bs (es ojaxis erT-erTi umcrosi warmomadgenlis sityvebia. is maSin 

jer kidev bavSvi iyo da nikosTan megobrobda. v.b.), gasaocari lamazi 

eniT, iseTi xelovnebiT momiTxrobda raindebis, devebis gasaocar sag- 

miro ambebs, rom me mTlad yuradRebad viyavi gadaqceuli. amave dros, 

nikos win edo qaRaldi da fanqari, swrafad, oriode xazis mosmiT 

xatavda im gmirebs, devebs, romlebzedac momiTxrobda zRaprebs... sx- 

vaTa Soris, man Cem Tvalwin daxata wiTeli fanqriT rus-osmaloTa 

omis suraTi 1877 wels...“ (firosmani maSin jer bavSvi iyo! – v.b.).... „me 

axla gaxsenebisas vrwmundebi imaSi, rom niko zogierT zRapars Tvi- 

Tonac Txzavda, radgan mas rac unda bevri hqonoda wakiTxuli, mainc 

amdens ver miambobda. amitom, Cemi azriT, is iyo ara mxolod niWieri 

mxatvari, aramed, amasTanave bunebiT niWieri poetic“. 

sofio qalanTarovis sityviT, nikos Zalian hyvarebia Teatri. 

„ro ca dedaCemi wavidoda operazed, nikoc ueWvelad wahyveboda 

ga m osacileblad. igi avidoda qandarazed da iqidan ismenda. kar- 

gad max sovs, rom niko Tavis tol amxanagebTan Cveni saxlis ezoSi 

gamarTavdnen xolme warmodgenas. am warmodgenebSi nikoc monawileobda...“, 

„erTxel man gagvikeTa patara sasaxle fanjrebiT, mSvenieri 

fasadisa. igi gvedga yovelTvis sastumro darbazSi da aRd- 

gomas an axal weliwads Signidan sanTliT vanaTebdiT RamiT. metad 

lamazi sanaxavi iyo“ 2 . 

SesaZlebelia, am mogonebebSi zogi ram wamatebulic aris. raki 

saubari exeboda axlobel adamians, romelic saxelganTqmuli mxatvari 

gaxda, mTxrobelni, bunebrivia, siamayis grZnobiT iyvnen aRvsilni; 

maT SeeZloT movaledac CaeTvalaT Tavi, rom Tavisi naambobisT- 

vis garkveuli, specifikuri saxe mieniWebinaT. magram mainc unda 

gvaxsovdes, rom mTxrobelni sxvadasxva pirni iyvnen, sxvadasxva Tao- 

bis warmomadgenelni, maT Soris, savsebiT inteligenti adamianebic; da 

yvelani erTxmad aRniSnavdnen, rom niko siyrmiTve gamoirCeoda gansa-


25 

kuTrebuli sulieri sifaqiziT, mxatvruli niWiT, idealizmiT, poet- 

urobiT. maT TvalSi igi ukve maSin gansxvavdeboda sxvaTagan, ar iyo 

„Cveulebrivi“, uferuli, is iyo „kaci ara am qveynidan“, zogierTni 

ki mas „netar nikolozsac“ eZaxdnen (es imave qalanTarovTa ojaxis 

Svilis, oficer soliko xankalamovis sityvebia). 

roca biWi wamoizarda, iTxova, romelsame xelosans mimabareT 

saswavleblado. rogorc Cans, niko, niWierebis gaTvaliswinebiT, 

qalanTarovebma viRac mestambe germanels miabares. iq erTi weliwa- 

di gaZlo, magram an TviT saqme ar mouvida TvalSi, an iqauri garemo 

ar moewona („me iq yofna ar SemiZlia, iq erTi stambis momuSakisa- 

gan garyvnili sityvebi mesmiso“), dabrunda Sin da Tqva, stambaSi 

yofna aRar SemiZliao. oTxmociani wlebis dasawyisSia gadaRebu- 

li firosmanis pirveli utyuari fotosuraTi (aseTi suraTi sul 

oria). es uwverulvaSo Wabukia, cocxali TvalebiT, imdroindel 

Cveulebriv evropul samoselSi gamowyobili (pijaki, TeTri say- 

elo). daaxloebiT imave xanebs miekuTvneba erTi ambavi, nikos erTi 

saqcieli, romelmac misi „patronebis“ didi gakvirveba gamoiwvia, 

niko ki aiZula daetovebina is saxli, romelSic siWabukis wlebi 

gaatara: mas Seuyvarda qalanTarovebis erT-erTi qaliSvili, masze 

bevrad ufrosi, axlad daqvrivebuli; gadawyvita miewera misTvis. 

Semdeg ki, roca uari miiRo, wavida saxlidan. 

damaxasiaTebelia, swored im dros, rodesac mis winaSe mwvaved 

daisva sakiTxi, ra gza aerCia, man rCevisaTvis mimarTa ara sxva vismes, 

aramed mxatvars („namdvil“ mxatvars). es xom ueWveli dadasturebaa 

imisa, rom mas ukve Sinaganad moumwifda gadawyvetileba xelovnebi- 

saTvis, ferwerisaTvis mieZRvna Tavisi cxovreba. sxva saqmea, rom am 

gzaze man bevri simware gamoscada da bevri dabrkolebis gadalaxva 

mouxda. 

„namdvili“ mxatvris rCeva iseTi iyo, rogoric unda yofiliyo: 

niWi gaqvs, unda iswavloo. magram swored swavlis saSualebas iyo 

moklebuli firosmani . 3 

misi cxovrebis momdevno wlebis qronologiis dadgena SeuZlebelia. 

zogi “carieli adgilis“ Sevseba dRes aRar ZalgviZs. oTx- 

mociani wlebisTvis Cven xelT aris mxolod erTi faqti, romelsac 

vicnobT gigo zaziaSvilis monaTxrobis wyalobiT. zaziaSvilic 

TviTnaswavli mxatvari iyo, nikoze 5-6 wliT umcrosi, magram man 

XX saukunis Sua wlebamde moaRwia. isini sul axalgazrdebi damego- 

brdnen, ganizraxes SeeswavlaT ferwera da, imave dros, gaexsnaT 

 

mxatvari iyo giorgi (gevorq) baSinjaRiani, es unda momxdariyo 1883 wlis Semdeg (g.m.).


saxelosno, mieRoT SekveTebi abrebis Sesasruleblad. zaziaSvili 

arafers ambobs, Tu ra Sedegi gamoiRo „ferweris Seswavlam“ (ara- 

viTari Sedegi ar gamouRia!), saxelosnos gaxsna ki mainc moaxerxes. 

gigo zaziaSvili: „erT dRes yof. veliaminovis quCaze gavxse- 

niT patara saxelosno. male darabaSi gamoCnda ramdenime naxati da 

erTi abra romeliRac meTevzisa, romelic didxans ido Cvens sax- 

elosnoSi fulis gadauxdelobisa da patronis saidumlo gaqrobis 

mizeziT“. sxva SekveTebi aRar miuRiaT. „Tavni“ ukve Semogvelia 

– sacodaobiT, SegirdobiT da mzareulobiT naSovni groSebi. raki 

saqmem ver gaimarjva, amxanagoba daiSala da patara kera gacivda”. 

Semdeg nikom sxva kompanioni iSova, magram arc imasTan gamovida 

araferi da man sabolood aiRo xeli am saqmeze 3 . 

1890 weli, aprilis 17. firosmani xelwerils aZlevs amierkavkasiis 

rkinigzis sazogadoebis sammarTvelos, rom man, konduqtorad 

muSaobis dawyebisas, miiRo saTanado instruqcia, rom kis- 

rulobs ganuxrelad Seasrulos yvela wesi da moTxovnileba da, 

kerZod, „daemorCilos samsaxurTan dakavSirebul fulad jarimebs, 

romelsac mas daadebs“ gzis sammarTvelo. aseTi jarima, samwuxarod, 

bevri iyo, erT jarimas meore mosdevda. samuSao mZime aR- 

moCnda; niko satvirTo matareblebis konduqtorad gaamweses, mas 

uxdeboda Ria platformebiT mgzavroba sicxesa da yinvaSi, xSir- 

ad civdeboda, avadmyofobda, xan Svebulebas iTxovda, xan fulad 

daxmarebas... ra Tqma unda, am erTferovan, mosabezrebel samuSaos 

igi guls ver daudebda; advili warmosadgenia, ra gauxareli wle- 

bi iyo misTvis rkinigzaze gatarebuli oTxi weli. am samsaxuris 

erTaderT sikeTed is SegviZlia miviCnioT, rom firosmanma imog- 

zaura amierkavkasiaSi, zogi ram mainc naxa da, albaT, daimaxsovra 

kidec. 1894 wels mas sabolood gauswores angariSi da mis winaSe 

– is ukve miuaxlovda ocdaaTi wlis mijnas – kvlav daisva sakiTxi: 

rogor ecxovra, rogor earseba? 

man kidev erTxel scada bedi vaWrobaSi: gamoiyena samsaxuridan 

wamosvlisas aRebuli fuli, cota ram kidev iSova da gaxsna rZis 

duqani axlandeli rusTavelis prospeqtze, iq, sadac jer kidev 

Senobebi ar idga, xrami iyo, romlis gayolebiTac mtkvrisken, ax- 

lad agebuli xidisken (axla rom elbaqiZis 4 xidi hqvia) eSveboda 

gza. amjerad saqme kargad wauvida; amxanagad aiyvana Tavisi Tanasofleli, 

vinme dimitri aluRiSvili. vaWroba gaiSala da orivem er- 

Tad axali duqani gaxsna „iarmukaze“. Tavdapirvelad yvelaferi 

 

dRes xidi galaktionis saxels atarebs (g.m.).


27 

rigianad aewyo, romeliRac mdidari Tbiliselisagan kreditic mi- 

iRes; niko dauaxlovda dimitris ojaxs, qaliSvili mounaTla mas, 

Sinauri kaci gaxda mis saxlSi. 

magram ase didxans ar gagrZelebula. male kompanionebi aeSal- 

nen erTmaneTs, daiwyo usiamovnebani da skandalebic ki. SemdegSi 

aluRiSvils miawerdnen yvela ubedurebas, rac nikos mouvida – 

mis gakotrebas, daqveiTebas. CvenTvis Znelia maTi gansja. magram 

Tu samarTlianobas davicavT, mainc unda vaRiaroT, rom ganxeTq- 

ilebis saTave is iyo, rom niko ar dabadebula vaWrad, misTvis 

sruliad ucxo iyo fsiqologia da cxovrebis normebi im wrisa, 

romelSic igi Zalauneburad moeqca (daxlidar simon papiaSvilis 

mogonebidan: „saerTod nikalas vaWroba kargi hqonda, magram metad 

gulkeTili da mxarjveli kaci iyo da amis gamo bolos daxura Tavisi 

savaWro da didubes gadavida“). is suraTi, romelsac TviT al- 

uRiSvili gvixatavs, eWvs ar unda iwvevdes, Tumca, SesaZlebelia, 

zogi wvrilmani dazustebasac moiTxovdes: 

„vaWroba ezareboda da kidec Takilobda. zafxulSi, gaCaRe- 

buli vaWrobis dros mimatovebda, ori viris sapane (sic!) mwvane 

balaxs iyidda, aitanda duqnis Tavze sakuTar „balaxanaSi“, gaiS- 

lida da gamoexveoda: – sofelSi rom ver mivdivar, es miamebao! 

duqansac iameboda? me rogorc Tavgziani, daxlSi videqi, TiTon is 

an karebTan idga ayudebuli, an balaxanaSi xatavda. moiyvanda rome- 

lime mezobels, daayenebda da etyoda: – modi, ise dagxato, Senze 

maimuni aravin iyoso. erTxel mec damxata. Turme uCumrad gad- 

amiRo vaWrobis dros. didxans vinaxavdi saxlSi am suraTs, raRac 

sazareli Sesaxedi viyavi, Savferi... bavSvebs eSinodaT. davwviT“. 

niko xan gaagdebda aluRiSvils, xan TviTon garboda. erTxel 

Tavis sofelSi Cavida disa da siZis TxovniT... imaT xma miuvi- 

daT, nikos fuli gauCndao, warmoidgines, rom Zalian gamdidrda 

da gadawyvites amiT esargeblaT: SeakeTebines saxli, rogorc 

Cans, fulic gamostyues, mere ki usircxvilod moiSores Tavi- 

dan. uTxres, giJi xaro da gamoagdes. niko TbilisSi dabrunda 

gaoflili, amogangluli, saSinlad aRgznebuli, imuqreboda, siZes 

movklavo, gadareuls hgavda. halucinaciebic ki daewyo, sasowarkveTili 

muxlebze daemxoboda, qviTinebda, ambobda mTavaran- 

gelozi da wminda giorgi gamomecxadneno. aluRiSvilis sityviT, 

man Zlivs daaSoSmina niko. magram cota xanSi igi kvlav „aiSala“, 

erTxel kojorSi gaiqca, iq sazandrebsa da amxanagebSi gaflanga 

fuli, mere monaniebiTa da tiriliT daubrunda aluRiSvils. al-


uRiSvilma, misive sityviT, kidev erTxel amaod scada miSveleboda, 

magram nikos sul aeria gza-kvali da isini sabolood daSordnen 

erTmaneTs 4 . 

es, rogorc Cans, ori saukunis mijnaze moxda, iqneb am saukunis 

dasawyisSic. jer mas isev hqonda Tavisi oTaxi romeliRac miyrue- 

bul quCaze... mere ki daiwyo xetiali, romelic cxovrebis bolomde 

gagrZelda. xan erT meduqnes Seafarebda Tavs, xan meores, sakuTari 

TavSesafari aRar gaaCnda. bedis mware ironia: swored am droidan 

uZRvnis firosmani mTel Tavis cxovrebas mxatvrobas. imisaTvis, 

rom Tavisi cxovrebis ocneba ganexorcielebina, mas unda daekarga 

yvelaferi, aRar unda hqonoda adamianuri cxovrebis elementaru- 

li pirobebic ki . 

am drois movlenaTa qronologiis dadgenac Znelia, radganac 

mogonebebSi TariRebi miaxloebiTia da arc yovelTvis eTanxmeba 

erTmaneTs, magram amas arc aqvs didi mniSvneloba: „movlenebi“ ukve 

aRar iyo, icvleboda mxolod duqnebi, icvlebodnen „mecenatebi“ – 

meduqneebi. zogi mas kargad eqceoda, sxvebi – uaresad, zogi arc mis 

eqspluatacias erideboda, magram nikos cxovrebaSi amiT xom arsebi- 

Tad aRaraferi icvleboda, yvelaferi ukve erTnairad miedineboda: 

rac dro gadioda, ufro metad etaneboda smas, TandaTan galoTda 

kidec, janmrTelobamac umtyuna, igi sul ufro da ufro dabla eS- 

veboda. cxovrebis ukanaskneli 17–18 wlis ganmavlobaSi man bevrjer 

gamoicvala TavSesafari, bevri SemkveTic gauCnda – meduqneebi, Rvinis 

sardafebisa da samxiarulo dawesebulebaTa mepatroneebi: maT- 

Tvis xatavda abrebs, suraTebs, xatavda kedlebs. amis sanacvlod 

aWmevdnen, sasmelsac aZlevdnen. saqme iqamdec ki mivida, rom zogjer 

suraTs asrulebda erTi Wiqa Rvinis an aryis, erTi sadilis fasad. 

erTxans (1905–1910 wlebSi) firosmani cxovrobda meduqne be- 

gosTan 5 mtkvris marcxena napirze, riyeze, romelsac yovel wels, 

wyaldidobis dros, wyali faravda, Semdeg orTaWalaSi _ „eldo- 

rados“ baRis patronTan. 

 

firosmanis biografiebSi didi adgili eTmoba romantikul istorias misi gauziarebeli 

siyvarulisa frangi Sansoneti qalisadmi, romelic Tbilisis kafe-SantanebSi 

gamodioda. es iyo vinme margarita, romlis portretic man marTlac Seasrula. 

zogni swored marga-ritas ukavSireben firosmanis tragedias, mis dacemas. 

nikos axlo nacnobTagan mxolod daxlidari papiaSvili ixsenebs gakvriT, „erTi 

frangis qals yvarobda, mgoni erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. saxeli ar maxsovso“. es aris 

da es (S. dadiani. firosmani, axali biografi-uli cnobebi: gaz. „baxtrioni“, 1922, 

# 10, 11.IX). Zneli saTqmelia, saidan momdinareobs es versia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tu 

margaritas ambavi namdvilia, es safiqrebelia, „rZis duqnis periodSi“ momxdariyo. 

 

meduqne beglar stefanes Ze iaqaSvili (g.m.).


29 

misi cxovrebis am periodTan dakavSirebuli bevri mogoneba moag- 

rova da gamoaqveyna giorgi leoniZem (jer gazeT „baxtrionSi“, 1922 

wels – misi davalebiT sxvadasxva piris mier gakeTebuli CanawerebiT; 

Semdeg Jurnal „mnaTobSi“, 1931 da 1938 wlebSi – „cxovreba firos- 

manisa“). es mogonebebi, Tu mTlianad ver aRgvidgens misi cxovrebis 

qronikas, saSualebas mainc gvaZlevs warmovidginoT misi cocxali 

saxe, misi mdgomareoba im wlebSi. ai, ras vgebulobT am mogonebebi- 

dan: niko iyo begos „karis mxatvari“, magram bego ar uSlida mas, rom 

sxvebis SekveTebic mieRo. piriqiT, sTxovda kidec Tavis nacnobebs, 

nikos suraTebi SeukveTeTo, cdilobda, riTac ki SeeZlo, daxmare- 

boda. xSirad yidulobda misTvis gasamrjelod, naxmar tansacmels, 

abanoSi dahyveboda, aWmevda da asmevda, uqme dReebSi TavisTan pati- 

Jebda. 

TviT begos naambobi: „Cems duqans patara baRi ekra, sayvavile fardulebiT 

Semkobili da patara gubeebiT. roca niko fxizeli da Ta- 

visufali iyo, baRSi gadioda, _ yvavilebs uvlida, miwas Cahyurebda. 

mere didi kaklis qveS dajdeboda gaSterebuli. ufro zafxulSi ico- 

da baRSi ganmartoeba. martooba uyvarda. ucxo xalxs ar ekareboda. 

_ nikalai, _ veubnebodi, – martooba Znelia, ojaxs moekide! 

_ marto var dabadebuli, marto unda movkvdeo! 

_ ar aris kargi saqme, nikalai! 

– aba erTi miTxari, romel did mwerals hqonia bina, rom me 

mqondeso. Zvelad sul gamokaful kldeebSi da qarafebSi ucxovri- 

aT wmindanebiviT... netav vicode, rogor cxovrobs Cveni akaki 

wereTelio. ra mogvitania, ra unda waviRoTo? erTi megobari dam- 

marxavs, dardi ara maqvso! viris kudiviT moklea wuTisofeli... 

Tu zarxoSad iyo, Cumi RiRini uyvarda: loTebo, netavi Cvena, da 

sxva. aiRebda Wiqas da ityoda: „gaumarjos pavlesa, daisxams da 

dalevsa“. 

Rvinis vaWari nikoloz sozaSvili ixsenebs: „Zalian mSvidi da 

uwyinari iyo... Tavis siRaribeSi sufTa kaci iyo...“ (sxvebi umate- 

ben: ecva evropulad, amiT didad gamoirCeoda Tavis megobrebisa da 

mfarvel-meduqneebisagan. „xom CvenTan iyo, Cvens purmarilSi Sesu- 

li, magram gana bolomdis Tavs gviyadrebda yaraCoRelebs?“). Tumca 

nivTier damoukideblobas sruliad moklebuli iyo, „Tavisi kacoba 

ar daukargia“... „sxva quCis mxatvrebiviT lukma purisaTvis fex- 

qveS ar egeboda da maT kaprizebzed ar iyo damokidebuli. Tavmoyvare 

firosmans gamkilavi meduqneebi ironiiT grafs eZaxdnen...“ miuxeda- 

vad amgvari damokidebulebisa misdami, rogorc Cans, yoveli maTgani


qvecnobierad mainc grZnobda, rom Tumca firosmani maTzea damokide- 

buli, Raribi, mSier-mwyurvali da ubeduria, Tumca is „aravin“ ar 

aris, maTi toli mainc araa, raRaciT mainc maTTvis miuwvdomelia. 

bolo wlebSi xSirad dadioda sozaSvilis duqanSi. „mijdeboda 

kuTxeSi, moiTxovda arays, mwvanils da didxans ijda Cumad... xSir- 

ad yofila, sardafis moqeifeebs daupatiJniaT TavisTan, an Rvino 

miuwodebiaT, niko erTs ki etyoda zrdilobianad uars da mere, Tu 

Caacivdebodnen, Zalian ewyineboda xolme. xuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi 

me niko ar minaxavs sxvebTan mjdomare da moqeife... mainc- 

damainc ar iyo nakiTxi, magram arc ucodinari kaci iyo. qarTuli 

mwerloba cota icoda. Zalian uyvarda vaJa-fSavela. TviTonac 

werda leqsebs. kai poeti iyo da me da Cems meuRlesac gvinaxavs 

misi leqsebis rveuli“ (Tuki aseTi rveuli marTlac arsebobda, 

igi ukvalod gaqra, iseve rogorc firosmanis werilebi, romlebic 

mis das hqonia: Cvens saxlSi wvima atanda, nikos werilebi dasvelda 

da dalpao. didad dasanania, rom nikos xeliT dawerili arc erTi 

striqoni ar gadarCenila). 6 

Tavisi moxetiale cxovrebis pirvel wlebSi niko gulgrili ar 

darCenila sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis movlenebisadmi. igi didad 

auRelvebia 1905 wlis revoluciis ambebs. 

kvlav meduqne bego: firosmans sZulda policielebi. „xSirad 

moxdeboda, SuaRamisas policia daesxmoda Cems duqans dasazverad 

da upasporto xalxis saZebnelad. nikosac... mZinares aayenebdnen 

da vinaobas hkiTxavdnen. gaigo Tu ara nikalam revolucia, misi 

pirveli sityvebi iyo: – movrCi, axla aRar ikiTxaven, es vin ari, 

aq raT aris! im dReebSi bavSviviT gaxarebuli dadioda, mitingebs 

eswreboda da ityoda, movrCiT gansacdelso!” 

1905 wlis zafxulSi nikom gamosWra qaRaldis asoebi, wiTelive 

qaRaldi Semoavlo dids „parusinis“ brezents“ da daakera duqnis 

fardas quCaze: – gaumarjos erToba-amxanagobas! Zirs xelmwife, 

maRla muSa! Zirs nikolai! 

mesame dRes nacnobi boqauli momadga da Sinaurulad mirCia, 

Camomexsna, Torem saxalini aqeT damrCeboda...“ nikos biZaSvilis, 

mose firosmanaSvilis cnobiT, nikos suraTic ki dauxatavs – `mit- 

ingi naZaladevSi~. 

sxva mogonebebi gvixatavs nikos TandaTanobiTi dacemis suraTs. 

„Rvino iyo misi maxrCobela, – gviambobs Rvinis vaWari mesxiSvili, 

 

aqve SeiZleba gavixsenoT, rom darCenilia anri rusos mier dawerili piesebi da 

musikaluri Txzulebebic ki.


31 

– rogorc futkarma dilis manana aiRos, ise unda daevlo Rvinis 

duqnebi. TviTonac dauqnel Rvinosebr iyo, erT adgils vera dgeboda. 

xan Wkvianad mogeCveneboda, xan WkvagaflangulaT... rodis- 

Rac vuTxari: – niko, geyo amdeni wanwali, modi CemTan, mojamagired 

imuSave. Tviur jamagirs daginiSnav, oTaxs, tanisamoss mogcem, 

kviraSi erTxel abano geqneba, dReSi – Careqa Rvino. gaiCine SenT- 

vis yulaba da damSvidebiT icxovre. roca Cemi saqmeebidan moicli, 

imxatvre, aras dagiSli. gaicina, borkilebs ver davidebo“ 5 . 

ra Tqma unda, Rvinis vaWrisTvis Zneli gasagebi iyo, rom TviTon 

da is, visac mojamagireobas sTavazobda, sxvadasxva enaze lapara- 

kobdnen, da Tumca yoveldRe xvdebodnen erTmaneTs, mainc TiTqos 

sxvadasxva planetaze cxovrobdnen. 

sarTiWaleli meduqne sinka cickrialaSvili: „nikala tanmaRa- 

li da xmeli kaci iyo... Tma da wveri grZlad CamoSvebuli hqonda. 

papiross eweoda xSirad, erTs rom moswevda, meores ukidebda, sul 

dafiqrebuli dadioda, kacs ar gaucinebda (Sead. sxva cnoba: niko 

„mxiaruli kaci iyo, pirsiciliani“, – es bego iaxsievis sityve- 

bia. – v.b.); ro etyodnen, SegiZlia kargi rame daxatoo? upasuxebda 

maRali xmiT: Svilo, maS ris xelosani var, rom ver gadagxatoo, 

Tqven ojaxSi ramdeni sulic iqnebiT, suyvelas erTad dagxatavT, 

Tu TeTri arayi iqnebao. arayi ro dagesaxelebiaT, marTlac dajde- 

boda, erTs ki Sexedavda adamians, TiTqos Tvalebsac ki xuWavda. 

naxatebi ki sufTad gamohyavda. xelSi eWira mosakeci didi Cemodani, 

Cemodanze daxatuli hqonda cilindriani didi kaci. ro dae- 

saxelebiaT, or Wiqa arayze gafrenil frinvels daxatavda“ 6 . 

amdagvaria ramdenime sxva piris naambobic. magram rogor Sevu- 

TanxmoT erTmaneTs ori ram – erTi mxriv, firosmanis gabmuli lo- 

Toba, meore mxriv, misi daucxrobeli SemoqmedebiTi Sroma, is, rom 

igi qmnida kompoziciebsa da portretebs, romlebic mowmobs maTi 

agebis Rrmad gaazrebas da gamosaxulis arsSi Rrmad Cawvdomis un- 

ars? rogorc Cans, es mogonebebi mainc calmxrivi da zerelea. 

magram maT Soris gvxvdeba zogi ram arsebiTic, rac gvixatavs 

firosmanis muSaobasTan dakavSirebul epizodebs 7 . erTxel, zafxulis 

dRes, dilaadrian nikom gadaWima muSamba da eloda begos davalebas 

– ra daexata. bego sagonebelSi iyo, raki ver igonebda siu- 

Jets. gavida quCaSi, iqneb rame Sesaferi davinaxoo. da uceb xedavs 

„daCardaxul“ urems, TeleTSi mimavali mlocvelebiT. urems verZi 

hyavs gamobmuli, ubia wiTeli xarebi. wiTelxalaTa biWi SoltiT 

erekeba. begos duqnidan gamohyavs firosmani, am scenis daxatvas


sTxovs, „niko urems daacqerda, duqanSi Sebrunda da funjs xeli 

dastaca. mere erTxel kidev amovida da, roca Semobrunda, arayi 

momTxova... meore dRes suraTi Camabara – Wkvidam SemSala, ise iyo 

damzgavsebuli“ . 7 

Rvinis vaWari mesxiSvili igonebs: „rasac gindoda, dagixatav- 

da. saRebavebi jibiT dahqonda. spiCkis kolofze lomi exata xolme, 

gaxsovT? erTxel aseT kolofidan lomi gadmomixata. ra suraTic 

migecaT, mimsgavsebiT dagixatavdaT. bevri aqvs ase gadmoxatuli 

wignebidan sxvisi dakveTiT. sxvaTa Soris Cemi portreti gaadida“ 

(ra Tqma unda, fotosuraTidan) 8 . 

didad sayuradReboa sozaSvilis naambobi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ro- 

gor abezrebdnen Tavs nikos SemkveTni – ereodnen mis muSaobaSi, 

darigebas aZlevdnen, zog risame damatebasa da Secvlas moiTxovd- 

nen. es firosmans Zalian aRizianebda da zogjer muSaobas Tavsac 

anebebda, wavidoda da gadaikargeboda. magram iseTi SemTxvevebic 

iyo, roca iZulebuli xdeboda Seesrulebina „patronebis“ moTxov- 

na. sozaSvilma aRiara, rom am mxriv arc TviTon iyo ucodveli: 

“1913 wels me vaxatvinebdi did suraTs „rTveli“... suraTis plans 

(sic!) me vaZlevdi. vatyobdi, rom Zalian swyinda Cemi Tavze dgoma 

da erTxel momibrunda: wadi aqedan, Sen giyuro, Tu amasao. erTxel 

Zlivs daviyolie, rom daepataravebina rTvelis suraTze rumbi.... 

meore Cemi SeniSvna iyo dabali xarebis gamoyvanaze. amis gagonebaze 

nikom dasdo yalami da mTeli erTi kvira aRarc Semouxednia...“ 9 

aq ar SeiZleba ar gagvaxsendes is, rac TviT nikom uTxra ilia 

zdaneviCs: „ai, yvela Cems suraTs mifuWeben. magaliTad, am sura- 

Tze daxatulia kurdReli. risTvis aris kurdReli, vis rad unda? 

magram vinc SemikveTa, mTxova, Cemi xaTriT daxate kurdRelio. 

mec vxatav, – Cxubi ar minda. ase mifuWeben yvela suraTs“ 10 . sxva- 

gan zdaneviCi gviambobs, erTi meduqne Cemi TandaswrebiT sTxovda 

nikos, suraTSi mTvare Caumateo, da Zalian gaabraza. 

kirile zdaneviCis wignSi firosmanis Sesaxeb ramdenime gverdi 

aqvs daTmobili firosmanis cxovrebas „eldorados“ baRSi. Cemi 

azriT, es aRwera ramdenadme idiliur suraTs gvixatavs. asea Tu 

ise, „eldoradoSi“ nikos suraTebis erT-erTi yvelaze mdidari da 

saintereso koleqcia hqondaT. baRis patrons Zalian gauZnelda 

maTi daTmoba. firosmani marto dazgur suraTebs ki ar asrulebda, 

 

g. leoniZe, iqve. sainteresoa, rom arsebobs am moTxrobis sxva variantic: xarebi 

Savia, verZis nacvlad urems nagazi ubia, aris sxva detelebic; am variantiT suraTi 

ukve erTi saaTis Semdeg iyo mzad. kidev erTi maCvenebeli, rom mowmeTa moTxrobebs 

mainc garkveuli sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT.


33 

kedlebzec xatavda. yvela es moxatuloba daiRupa: zogi SeaTeTres 

qalaqis sanitaruli instanciebis moTxovniT – duqnebis kedlebi 

sufTa unda iyoso; zogi TviT SenobebTan erTad gaqra, zogis saRe- 

bavebi Camocvivda; daikarga agreTve abrebis umetesobac. abrebs 

niko Tunuqze asrulebda, Tunuqs ki praqtikuli saWiroebisTvis 

iyenebdnen, miT ufro omis wlebSi, romlis Sedegebmac kidev ufro 

daamZima „sawyali nikalas“ isedac mZime cxovreba. 

IV. mxatvari firosmani „aRmoaCines“ pirveli msoflio omis 

dawyebamde cota xniT adre. rogorc davinaxeT, garkveul wreebSi 

Tbilisis mkvidrTa garkveul socialur fenebSi, igi ukve karga 

xania cnobili da popularuli iyo, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mas afasebdnen 

kidec: raki misi suraTebi Rvinis sardafebSi moqeifeT mo- 

swondaT, duqnebis mepatroneebis moTxovnac garantirebuli iyo. am 

wreebSi, ra Tqma unda, ar sWirdebodaT firosmanis aRmoCena. magram 

„kulturuli fenebi“, inteligencia (SemoqmedebiTi inteligen- 

ciac) firosmans an ar icnobda, an ver amCnevda. 

igi „aRmoaCines“ Zmebma zdaneviCebma – mxatvarma kirilem da poet- 

ma iliam (dediT qarTvelebma da saqarTveloSi dabadebulebma) , 8 da 

maTma amxanagma mxatvarma mixeil le-dantium; male misi suraTebis 

gamovlinebisa da Tavmoyris „kampaniaSi“ CaerTnen axalgazrda qa- 

rTveli mxatvrebic – dimitri SevardnaZe, lado gudiaSvili, daviT 

kakabaZe, mixeil Wiaureli, sruliad axalgazrda poloneli mxatvari 

ziga (sigizmund) valiSevski, romelic saqarTveloSi cxovrob- 

da, poeti kolau Cerniavski, iuristi da Jurnalisti sandro yanCeli. 

kiril zdaneviCis naambobi: is da misi amxanagi le–dantiu, 

oriveni peterburgis samxatvro akademiis studentebi, da misi Zma 

ilia, universitetis studenti, 1912 wlis zafxulze ardadegebis 

dros, Camovidnen TbilisSi. maT ganzraxuli hqondaT „etiudebis 

Sesruleba, xuroTmoZRvrebis Seswavla (ilia gulgrilad ver 

laparakobda saqarTvelos didebuli taZrebis Sesaxeb), leqsebis 

SeTxzva, xalxuri Semoqmedebis nimuSebis Segroveba... 1912 wlis 

zafxulis dasawyisis erT saRamos moxda ambavi, romelic dRevandel 

dRemde maRelvebs, maxarebs da guls miTbobs. me davinaxe uc- 

nobi mxatvris suraTebi... 

erT saRamos Cven samni, qalaqSi xetialis dros, sadguris mo- 

edanTan mivediT, ukve saRamos bindi iyo... Cveni yuradReba miipyro 

 

mama – mixeil andrias Ze saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebul polonelTa STamomavali, 

pedagogi, gimna-ziaSi aswavlida frangul enas. deda – valentina kiriles asuli 

gamyreliZe ganaTlebiT musikosi iyo (g.m.).


samikitno „variagis“ abram – zed gamoxatuli iyo brZola zRvaze... 

SesasvlelSi – Cveulebrivi, gemovnebiT gawyobili vitrina... siR- 

rmeSi, daxlTan, idga msuqani meduqne. Sesvlisas davinaxeT kedelze 

uwesrigod dakiduli suraTebi... warmosadegi, grZelulvaSa ma- 

makaci, xelSi RviniT savse yanwiT. mkacrad gviyurebda didi Savi 

TvalebiT.... Cven warmogvidga mxatvroba, romelic srulebiT ar 

hgavda imas, rac amgvar dawesebulebebSi gvenaxa“. gaocebuli axal- 

gazrdebi akvirdebian suraTebs, ekiTxebian samikitnos patrons maTi 

avtoris Sesaxeb, igeben mis gvars, misi misamarTis gagebac surT. 

„eh, sawyali, – upasuxeben maT, – ukve mravali weliwadia oTaxi 

aRara aqvs, moxetiale kacia, aiRebs saRebavebis yuTs da midis, da 

sad midis – veravin ver getyviT“. 

aRtacebuli axalgazrdebi iwyeben Zebnas. 

ilia zdaneviCis dRiuridan: „mxatvari movZebneT. mivuaxlovdiT 

erT saxls malaknebis quCaze, iq dagvanaxes niko, romelic trotuarze 

idga. funjiT kedelze akeTebda warweras „sarZeve“, Semo- 

brunda, didi RirsebiT dagvikra Tavi da ganagrZo muSaoba, dro 

da dro replikebs gvawodebda... TeTr kedelTan idga mxatvari, 

romelsac daxeuli Savi pijaki ecva, fetris qudi exura, tanma- 

Rali, mSvidi da damoukidebeli, magram raRac faruli sevda ki 

etyoboda“... axalgazrdebma niko sasadiloSi dapatiJes, gaesaubrn- 

en, TavianTi aRtaceba gamoTqves misi Semoqmedebis gamo, uTxres, 

Tqveni suraTebis Segroveba gvindao, uTxres, agreTve (ase hyveba 

kirile zdaneviCi naxevari saukunis Semdeg), rom is axali qarTuli 

xelovnebis gzebs saxavs, da bevri sxva ramec. aRelvebuli niko ki 

maT Tavisi cxovrebis Sesaxeb uambobs. 

axalgazrdebi marTlac maSinve energiulad Seudgnen saqmes. 

kiTxva-kiTxviT daadgines firosmanis suraTTa mflobelebis 

umetesobis vinaoba, Seadgines sia im duqan-samikitnoebisa, sadac 

suraTebi egulebodaT, da daiwyes molaparakeba maTi SeZenisaTvis. 

maT SeuerTdnen valiSevski, Cerniavski, gudiaSvili, Wiaureli, Se- 

vardnaZe. isini xvdebodnen sxvadasvxa juris adamianebs. zogi maT 

kargad xvdeboda, zogi eWvis TvaliT uyurebda, zogni advilad 

Tmobdnen nikos suraTebs, sxvebi – raki nikalas Semoqmedebisadmi 

gansakuTrebuli interesi igrZnes – cdilobdnen xeli moeT- 

boT, zogs ki marTlac enaneboda suraTebis gayidva, imitom rom 

mieCvivnen im suraTebs, uyvardaT es suraTebi 11 . 

Zmebi zdaneviCebi da le–dantiu, ardadegebis Semdeg peterburgSi 

dabrunebisas, gzad moskovSi SeCerdnen. „moxsenebam firos-


35 

manis Sesaxeb da le–dantius mier misi ori suraTis Cvenebam mos- 

kovis mxatvarTa da xelovnebis moyvarulTa erT nawilSi sensacia 

gamoiwvia 12 . gadawyda misi suraTebis gamofenis mowyoba moskovSi. 

le–dantiu aqveynebs werils mis Sesaxeb parizis erT-erT gazeTSi, 

xolo ilia zdaneviCi, momdevno 1913 wels, – Tbilisis rusul gazeT 

„zakavkazskaia reCSi“. werilSi CamoTvlilia, romel samikitnoebSi 

aqvT nikos suraTebi (da, saxeldobr, romeli suraTebi), naambo- 

bia mxatvris mZime mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.„misi misamarTia: sardafi 

„kardanaxi“, malaknebis quCa, 23. iqneb vinme dainteresdes misi bediT 

da TanaugrZnos mas“, – ase mTavrdeba werili. 1913 wels ilia zdaneviCma 

miiRo werili moskovidan, „luCizmis“ saxelganTqmuli damfuZneblis, 

mxatvar mixeil larionovisagan, romelic maSin gamof- 

enas amzadebda. „CvenTan gamodis, – werda igi, – krebuli bolo 

ori wlis moskovuri gamofenebisa da maTi monawile mxatvrebis 

Sesaxeb. umorCilesad gTxovT, momawodoT werili gonCarovas da 

niko firosmanis axali ferweris Sesaxeb... sagamofenod viSoveT 

axali Senoba, zemo SuqiT. Zalian gTxovT, gamomigzavnoT Tqveni 

Zmis suraTebi, agreTve, rac SeiZleba bevri suraTi araCveulebrivi 

niko firosmanisa (Zalian Segviyvarda), agreTve, misi SesaniSnavi 

abrebi“ 13 . 

imave wels ilia zdaneviCma nikos Tavisi portreti SeukveTa, 

niko naturiT xatavda. oqtomberSi firosmanis suraTebis gamof- 

ena moewyo moskovSi, momdevno wels isini kidev erTxel gamofines, 

magram, k.zdaneviCis sityviT, amiT nikos nivTieri mdgomareoba ar 

gaumjobesebula. jer 1912–13 wlebSi, Semdeg 1916-Si, mas Semdeg, 

rac k.zdaneviCma TbilisSi, Tavis saxelosnoSi misi suraTebis erT- 

dRiani gamofena gamarTa 14 , Tbilisis qarTulsa da rusul presaSi 

kidev Cndeba werilebi firosmanis Sesaxeb, gazeT „saxalxo fur- 

clis“ suraTebian damatebaSi beWdaven mxatvris fotosuraTs da 

reproduqcias misi suraTisa „uwindeli saqarTvelos qorwili“. 

ra Tqma unda, firosmanis „aRmoCena“, misdami gansakuTrebuli 

interesis gaCena, misiT gamowveuli aRfrTovaneba (romelsac yvela 

ar iziarebda) ar SeiZleba SemTxveviTobad CaiTvalos. SemTxveviTi 

is iyo, rom igi swored 1912 wels SeniSnes, da ara erTi an ori 

wliT adre, an ramdenime wliT gvian. mTavaeri isaa, rom firos- 

manis „aRmoCenisa“ da dafasebis drom moawia, momwifda rogorc 

erovnuli aspeqtiT, iseve „saerTodac“, am aspeqtis gareSe. Cveni 

saukunis aTiani wlebi xom is droa, rodesac gansakuTrebuli gaSmagebiT 

uaryofdnen da „angrevdnen“ Zvels, XIX saukunis xelovne-


baSi Camoyalibebuls, droa duRilisa, axlis Ziebisa – Seexeboda 

es sakuTriv ferweras, Sinaarss, Tu „wminda“ formas; es aris dro, 

roca Tavbrudamxvevi siswrafiT ibadeba, xan erTmaneTs cvlis, xan 

ki Tanaarsebobs axali mimarTulebebi da dajgufebebi. evropuli 

xelovneba (rusulis CaTvliT) aTiode wlis manZilze gaivlis 

gzas fovizmidan da sezanizmidan futurizmamde, kubizmamde da ab- 

straqcionizmamde, romlebic erTdroulad iSva 1900-iani da 1910- 

iani wlebis mijnaze. aseve damaxasiaTebelia gataceba primitiuli 

da xalxuri xelovnebiT (SoreuliTac, egzotikuriTac da saku- 

TariTac), romliskenac miiswrafian Tanamedrove „mobezrebuli“ 

civilizaciisgan Tavis dasaRwevad. larionovma, firosmanis Tayvanismcemelma, 

swored maSin, 1900-iani wlebis bolos, ganvlo primitivistuli 

periodi; SeiZleboda gagvexsenebina rusuli da dasav- 

luri xelovnebis bevri sxva ostatic, romelTac xarki gadauxades 

primitivizms. Zmebi zdaneviCebi da le–dantiu, agreTve, uaxles mim- 

dinareobaTa mimdevrebi iyvnen, „uarmyofelni“ da „damangrevelni“, 

da TiTqos avtomaturad unda yofiliyvnen gatacebulni „saRi“, 

„pirvelqmnili“ xelovnebiT. 

ai, maSindel miswrafebaTa da ganwyobilebaTa damaxasiaTebeli 

striqonebi erTi werilidan, romelic 1916 wels 16 maiss daibeWda 

gazeT „kavkazSi“ saxelwodebiT: „qarTveli primitivisti“ (avtori 

– gari golandi; es fsevdonimi unda iyos): „mxatvruli xedva moiqanca 

filigranobiT da daxvewilobiT, maqmanisebri xlarTviT da de- 

taluri dasrulebulobiT. da, ai, Cven Tvalwin warmogvidgeba saxe 

„pirvelqmnili bunebisa“: am „pirvelqmnilobaSi“ aris raRac usaz- 

Rvrod ubralo, magram, imave dros, usazRvrod Rrmac... rogor ar 

unda daemorCilo am momxibvlelobas, rodesac yvelaze ubralosa 

da yoveldRiuris fonze erTbaSad gaielvebs „bunebis genialuro- 

ba“, yovlis SemZle da Zlevamosili... primitivizmi xelovnebaSi 

aris miswrafeba, gadmogvces bavSvurad ubralod bunebis genialobis 

„gamomsaxvelobis Zala“... niko firosmanaSvilic primitivis- 

tia. Tanamedrove primitivistebisagan mas mxolod is ganasxvavebs, 

rom misTvis ucxoa Tanamedroveobis raime Zieba. 9 

gansakuTrebuli iyo firosmanisadmi qarTvel mxatvarTa axalgazrda 

Taobis damokidebuleba. igi Camoyalibda ara marto firosmanis, 

mxatvris „piradi“ Rirsebebis wyalobiT, aramed im prob- 

 

dasanania, rom ara marto maSin, aramed dResac, literaturaSi xSirad ver ganasxvaveben 

„primitivisa“ da „primitivistis“ cnebebs, Tumca maT Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebaa. 

miuxedavad imisa, miviCnevT Tu ara firosmans „primitivad“, „primitivizmTan“ 

mas araferi aqvs saerTo.


37 

lemebisa da amocanebis gamoc, romlebic maSin, revoluciis wina 

xanebSi, wamoiWra qarTuli xelovnebis winaSe. es xom is xana iyo, 

roca qarTuli xelovneba, iseve rogorc kulturis sxva dargebic, 

erovnuli aRorZinebisTvis emzadeboda. 

qarTulma ferweram mxolod erTi (XIX) saukunis manZilze gai- 

ara gza Sua saukuneebidan (freskebi, xatebi, miniatura, romelTac 

Sua saukuneTa xelovnebis yvela pirobiToba axasiaTebda) – Taname- 

droveobamde, evropuli tipis realistur dazgur suraTamde, axal 

Sinaarsamde, romelic ase Tu ise, realur cxovrebasa da socialur 

problemebs asaxavda. es evolucia, dakavSirebuli qveynis cxovre- 

baSi momxdar safuZvlian cvlilebebTan, savsebiT kanonzomieri, 

aucilebeli da gardauvali iyo: imisaTvis, rom earseba da axal 

pirobebSi ganviTarebuliyo, qarTul xelovnebas Tavi unda daeR- 

wia Sua saukuneebis esTetikuri normebis borkilebisagan, evropasa 

da ruseTTan SedarebiT unda daufleboda, gvian, renesansuli gage- 

biT realisturi xelovnebis kanonebsa da xerxebs. magram qarTvel 

fermwerTa momdevno Taoba, is, romelic firosmanis xelovnebas 

pirispir Sexvda, axal amocanebs isaxavda, kerZod, ara mxolod zi- 

areboda evropisa da ruseTis xelovnebis uaxles mimdinareobebs, 

aramed Segnebulad moeZebnaT agreTve erovnuli forma, rac Ta- 

visTavad saTanado „fesvebisa“ da niadagis Ziebas gulisxmobda. 

zemoT movixsenieT k.zdaneviCis mogoneba, – man, misma Zmam da le- 

dantium rom uTxres firosmans, qarTul xelovnebaSi axali gzebis 

damsaxvelad migvaCnixarTo. 

da, ai, ras werda 1916 wels gazeT „saxalxo furcelSi“, zdaneviCebTan 

mowyobil gamofenasTan dakavSirebiT, mose ToiZe, peter- 

burgis akademiaSi aRzrdili, qarTvel mxatvarTa ufrosi Taobis 

erT-erTi warmomadgeneli (Tumca maSin sul 45 wlis iyo): „zogier- 

TisaTvis es gamofena uRirsi da sasacilo iyo... magram Cemis azriT 

n.firosmanaSvili iseTi Zlieri pirovnebaa, ise Zlierad scems misi 

guli erovnuli TaviseburobiT, rom ara Tu unda gvrcxvenodes 

misi naxatebis gamofenis, Cemis azriT, masSi unda veZioT niadagi, 

rogorc daumuSavebel oqros madanSia. Tu gvinda, rom qarTuli 

mxatvroba sruliad ar CainTqes evropuli xelovnebis refleqseb- 

Si, ar iqces mxolod da mxolod sxva erovnebaTa xelovnebaTa um- 

niSvnelo, dagvianebul meaTe da meoce kopiod... sanam xalxs kidev 

Seunaxavs TiTo-orola Zlier pirovnebaSi Taviseburi stili, xasi- 

aTi, Taviseburi formebi Semoqmedebisa, unda davewafneT, aqaa Cveni 

Zala, sicocxle“. amas werda mxatvari, romelic mTlianad srulia-


dac ar scnobda firosmanis Semoqmedebas, mxatvari, romelic miuxe- 

davad Suqisa da feris specifikuri problemebiT dainteresebisa, 

friad Sors idga Tanamedrove memarcxene mimdinareobaTagan, mxat- 

vari tradiciuli realisturi skolisa 15 . 

azri firosmanisadmi damokidebulebisa da qarTuli mxatvro- 

bisTvis misi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb cota mogvianebiT, magram yvelaze 

mkafiod Camoayaliba axali Taobis didma qarTvelma mxatvarma da- 

viT kakabaZem. daviTi erTi imaTgani iyo, vinc Tanmimdevrulad da 

ukompromisod svamda sakiTxs qarTuli erovnuli xelovnebis mo- 

mavali bed-iRblis Sesaxeb (kakabaZe xom, Cveni erovnuli peizaJis 

Semqmneli, imave dros evropuli abstraqtuli mxatvrobis TvalsaCino 

warmomadgenelicaa. es iyo meore, paraleluri xazi misi Semoq- 

medebisa). mas miaCnda, rom ramdenadac qarTvel mxatvarTa ufrosma 

Taobam Zal-Rone evropuli formebis dauflebas Sealia. „amitom, 

Tumca saqarTvelos farglebSi muSaobdnen, maTi suli ver swvdebo- 

da qarTul cxovrebas da adgilobriv pirobebs“. rom, meore mxriv, 

axali xelovnebis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT, arc Zveli formebis miba- 

Zva, arc maTi interpretacia ar SeiZleba nayofieri iyos. d.kakabaZe 

askvnis: „axali mxatvrobis cocxali saxe niko firosmanaSvilia... 

misi Semoqmedeba qarTul sinamdvilesTan aris dakavSirebuli. misi 

mizani arasodes yofila romelime mxatvruli meTodis gadmocema, 

aramed mxatvrul formebSi im cxovrebis Camoyalibeba, romelsac 

ganicdida.... arc erovnul da arc tradiciul xelovnebaze niko 

firosmans ganzraxuli fiqri ar hqonia... misi Semoqmedeba uaRresad 

erovnulia da, imave dros, saerTo, sakacobrio... niko firosma- 

nis gza saucxoo nimuSia Cveni axali xelovnebisaTvis“ 16 . 

arc d.kakabaZe, arc misi Taobis sxva mxatvrebi, romelnic aseve 

didad afasebdnen firosmans, sruliad ar mouwodebdnen, rom misi 

mimdevrobisa da, miT ufro, mimbaZvelobisaken. amas adasturebs 

TviT maTi sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi praqtika. firosmani maT swored 

imiT xiblavda, rom arc raime receptebis mixedviT qmnida da arc 

imas fiqrobda, „erovnul“ nawarmoebT vqmnio; is qmnida organulad, 

bunebrivad, „Signidan“, TiTqos uSualod amozrdils mSobli- 

uri niadagidan. 

„naswavli“ mxatvrebi, swored am Tavisi „naswavlobis“ gamo, 

moklebulni aseT uSualobas, magram mSobliuri xelovnebis gan- 

viTarebis axal gzaTa maZiebelni, ra Tqma unda, gulgrilad ver 

moekidebodnen firosmans, misken maT guli miuwevdaT, rogorc macocxlebeli 

wyarosken; da, miuxedavad imisa, ramdenad „istori-


39 

uli“ iyo maT mier firosmanisa da qarTuli ferweris ganviTare- 

baSi misi adgilis Sefaseba, mis SemoqmedebasTan Sexvedras maTTvis 

arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqonda, zogierTi maTganisaTvis ki es Sex- 

vedra Semdgomi damoukidebeli moRvaweobis biZgadac iqca. imave 

dros, es Sexvedra damaxasiaTebeli da niSandoblivi iyo axali qa- 

rTuli xelovnebis istoriis im etapisTvis. 

V. 1916 wels gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs firosmanis bi- 

ografiaSi ara marto imitom, rom zdaneviCebis saxelosnoSi misi 

gamofena moewyo, aramed imitomac, rom presaSi mis Sesaxeb ramdenime 

werili gamoqveynda. 1916 wels, miunxenidan axlad dabrunebuli 

dimitri SevardnaZis TaosnobiT, daarsda „qarTvel xelov- 

anTa sazogadoeba“, romelic miznad isaxavda erovnuli kadrebis 

Semokrebas, xelovnebis popularizacias, agreTve „Zveli qarTuli 

xelovnebis naSTebis Segrovebas, dacvas da Seswavlas“ 17 . sazoga- 

doebis wevrTa siaSi d.SevardnaZes uweria firosmanic, romlis 

Semoqmedebac man imTaviTve daafasa; Semdeg ki Zalian bevri ram 

gaakeTa nikos suraTebis Tavmosayrelad mis mierve daarsebul su- 

raTebis galereaSi. 

sazogadoebam gadawyvita Tavis krebaze miewvia firosmani. 18 es 

daevalaT lado gudiaSvilsa da gigo zaziaSvils, romelTac ki- 

T xva-kiTxviT Zlivs miagnes mas. am Sexvedris Sesaxeb darCenilia 

ra mdenime moTxroba. Sexvedris monawileTa sityviT, niko didad 

na siamovnebi darCa am mowveviT, Tumca amayad ganacxada, axla me 

sa frangeTSic micnobeno (gulisxmobda le-dantius werils). Cumad 

is menda SekrebilTa sityvebs. Semdeg ki Tqva, kargi iqneboda, sadme, 

qalaqis centrSi, agveSenebina xis saxli mxatvrebisTvis, SegveZina 

didi samovari, SevikribebodiT Cais dasalevad da visaubrebdiT xelovnebazeo. 

krebis dros misi saxe fanqriT Caixates iakob nikola- 

Zem, mxatvrebma aleqsandre mrevliSvilma da Salva qiqoZem, krebis 

Semdeg ki sTxoves eambna Tavis Sesaxeb, misces mcire Tanxa daxmarebis 

saxiT. man Tqva, am fuliT saRebavebs viyidi, suraTs davxatav 

da „sazogadoebas“ movarTmevo. ramdenime dRis Semdeg marT- 

lac miitana „uwindeli saqarTvelos qorwili“. Semdeg waiyvanes 

fotograf klarTan da gadauRes amJamad sayovelTaod cnobili 

suraTi. am Sexvedris Semdeg daibeWda „saxalxo furcelSi“ misi 

portreti da xsenebuli suraTis reproduqcia, ramac niko Zalian 

gaaxara. samwuxarod, ramdenime kviris Semdeg imave gazeTma, sruliad 

gaugebari mizeziT, gamoaqveyna karikatura: niko dgas molbertTan 

– fexSiSvela, Camokonkili, saxedamwuxrebuli – da xat-


avs Tavis „Jirafs“. mis gverdiT dgas grigol robaqiZe, romelic 

mas eubneba: „unda iswavlo, Zmobilo! Sens xanSi myofs kidev bevris 

Seqmna SeuZlia... orfiulis... erTi aTi-oci wlis Semdeg kargi mx- 

atvari gamoxval... ai maSin gagazavniT axalgazrdaTa gamofenaze“. 

karikaturam SeaZrwuna Tavmoyvare firosmani, igi aRelvebuli mi- 

varda gigo zaziaSvilTan, sTxova mas daexsna axali nacnobebisgan, 

romelTac sajarod Searcxvines, Tumca „sazogadoeba“ da misi ax- 

algazrda wevrebi, romelTac misTvis gulwrfelad surdaT sikeTe, 

aq arafer SuaSi iyvnen. k „qarTvel xelovanTa sazogadoebam“ amis 

Semdegac ramdenimejer gamoitana dadgenileba mxatvrisTvis daxmarebis 

aRmoCenis Sesaxeb, fulsac ugzavnida imave lado gudiaSvi- 

lis xeliT. ladom gulTan gansakuTrebiT axlo miitana yvelaferi, 

rac nikos Semoqmedebasa da pirovnebas exeboda. ufro gvian gudiaS- 

vilma ramdenimejer gamoaqveyna mogoneba firosmanTan ukanaskneli 

Sexvedris Sesaxeb, roca mxatvari ukve Zalian moSvebuli, Tavgzaabneuli 

iyo da sadRac kibis qveS cxovrobda, jurRmulSi. bi- 

WbuWebi dascinodnen, qvebs esrodnen, is ki muSaobas ganagrZobda. 

gudiaSvilTan saubris umTavresi Temac mxatvroba iyo, Tumca kaci 

advilad mixvdeboda, rom mas lukma-puri enatreboda. 

es, rogorc Cans, 1917-Si iyo. amis Semdeg, miuxedavad araerTi 

cdisa, gudiaSvilma mas veRar miakvlia. 1919 wels „qarTvel xelovanTa 

sazogadoebam“ Tavis pirvel gamofenaze misi 8 suraTi war- 

moadgina, magram mxatvari gamofenis naxvas veRar moeswro – 1918 

wels gardaicvala. oTxi wlis Semdeg, 1922 wels giorgi leoniZem 

Caiwera mejRane arCil maisuraZis naambobi nikos ukanaskneli dRee- 

bis Sesaxeb: sicocxlis bolos malaknebis quCaze dabrunebula, 

vinme abaSiZis duqanSi Soulobda oriod kapiks... erTxel, avadmyo- 

fobisgan dasustebuli, civ iatakze dawolila sardafSi da veRarc 

wamomdgara, „ori-sami dRis Semdeg SemTxveviT Caveli Sig da TiTqmis 

wyvdiadSi wavawydi, viRac mwared kvnesoda. me SevkrTi da SevZa- 

xe: – vina xar? gaisma kvnesa da xmazed maSinve vicani nikalai. man ki 

veRar micno. mxolod Zlivs moaxerxa ramdenime sityvis Tqma: – cu- 

dad gavxdi, sami dRea aq vwevar da veRar avdeqio! me maSinve etli 

moviyvane da raki TviTon ar mecala, etlSi Caujda gansvenebuli 

ilia andrias Ze mgalobliSvili da waiyvana mixeilis Tu aramiancis 

(ar vici) saavadmyofoSi. es kia, sawyali dRenaxevarSi gaTave- 

buliyo“. maisuraZisave sityviT, es aRdgoma dRes momxdara. isic 

da sxvebic amowmeben, rom niko damarxula upatrono mkvdarTa So- 

ris kukiis sasaflaoze 19 . magram firosmanis saflavis moZebna ar


41 

moxerxda, Tumca sxvadasxva mosazreba iyo gamoTqmuli da erTxel 

romeliRac ConCxic amoTxares... magram ConCxi qalisa aRmoCnda. 

Semdeg ki naTeli gaxda, rom saflavis Zebnas azric ara aqvs, 

es verafers Sematebda sevdian, Tumc ki poetur legendas mxatvar 

niko firosmanis Sesaxeb. 

meore nawili da ilustraciebi 

Jurnalis momdevno nomerSi da ibeWdeba. 

SeniSvnebi 

1. n. kobiaSvili. isev firosmanze: gaz. „komunisti“, 1985, 24.VIII. 

2. v. buTliaSvili. niko firosmani: Jurn. „droSa“, 1926,5, gv.20,19. 

3. g. leoniZe. cxovreba firosmanisa: „mnaTobi“, 1938, 6, gv. 193. 

4. g. leoniZe. cxovreba firosmanisa: „mnaTobi“, 1931, 3, gv. 227–228. 

5. iqve. 

6. vas. arCuaZe. niko firosmani. masalebi biografiisTvis: gaz. „baxtrio- 

ni“, 1922, 16.IX. 15. 

7. g. leoniZe, iqve. 

8. iqve. 

9. e. menTeSaSvili. niko firosmani: gaz. „baxtrioni“, 1922, 17. 

10. k. zdaneviCi. niko firosmanaSvili. Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 32. ix. agreTve, g. 

leoniZe. cxovreba firosmanisa: „mnaTobi“, 1938, 6, gv. 182. 

11. iqve, gv. 18,19,20. aq da momdevno gverdebze naambobia firosmanis aRmoCenisa 

da Semdgomi ambebis Sesaxeb. Zalian sayuradReboa agreTve dimitri SevardnaZesTan 

saubris Canaweri, gamoqveynebuli gazeT „baxtrionSi“ (redaqto- 

ri g. leoniZe iyo), 1922 wlis 28. VIII.: „biografiuli cnobebi“. aq naambobia d. 

SevardnaZis pirveli „Sexvedra“ firosmanis suraTebTan, qarTvel xelovanTa 

sazogadoebaSi misi miwvevis kargad cnobili ambavi, Semdeg – misi suraTebis 

aRmoCena–SeZenis peripetiebi: „... ganvizraxeT misi suraTebis Sekreba da Tavis 

moyra da SevudeqiT kidec (me da gogolaSvili) ganzraxvis sisruleSi moyvanis 

sakuTari TanxiT. davdiodiT sardafebSi da duqnebSi, romlebic mofenili 

iyo misi suraTebiT. amasTanave arseniZis iniciativiT daviT qebaZem Semoswira 

firosmanaSvilis suraTebis Sesakrebad 4000 maneTi. am TanxiT SeZenil iqna 

20-mde suraTi. unda aRiniSnos, rom mikitnebi ar eleodnen mis suraTebs da 

xSirad winaaRmdegnic iyvnen sruliad moeyidnaT CvenTvis. am SemTxvevaSi daufasebeli 

daxmareba aRmogviCines benia CxikviSvilma da reJisorma al. wuwuna- 

vam. magondeba aseTi SemTxvevac: erTi mikitani, romelsac Zvirfasi koleqcia 

aRmoaCnda nikos suraTebisa, winaaRmdegi gaxda moeyida igini. mxolod benias 

damuqrebam gasWra. damuqreba ki samikitnos daxurvaSi gamoixateboda. memikitnem 

ar daiviwya es da, rodesac duqnebs gadasaxadi daades, igi mivida be- 

niasTan da uTxra – unda aminazRauroT axla firosmanis suraTebio. iTxovda


gadasaxadisgan gaTavisuflebas da kidevac miaRwia mizans. saerTod suraTebis 

CamorTmevam didi miTqma-moTqma da ukmayofileba gamoiwvia mikitanTa Soris 

da damfuZnebel krebaSic ki aRZres es sakiTxi, Tumca uSedegod“. am saubarSi, 

romelic mas Semdeg arasodes ar gamoqveynebula da amitom bevrs aRaravis 

axsovs, ori naklebad cnobili (ufro sworad, ucnobi) faqtia: xelisuflebis 

calkeul warmomadgenelTa (CxikviSvili, arseniZe) Careva firosmanis bedSi 

da SeZlebul qarTvelTa (d. qebaZe) monawileoba misi suraTebis gadarCena- 

SeZenaSi am „moZraobis“ pirvel safexurebze. 

„baxtrionis“ es nomeri (1922 wlis 8) mTlianad firosmanisadmia miZRvnili. 

d. SevardniZesTan saubris garda, moTavsebulia nikos portreti, daxatuli 

k. zdaneviCis mier, dabeWdilia gr. robaqiZis, t. tabiZis, k. zdaneviCis, g. leoniZis 

werilebi. aris agreTve cnoba – firosmanze monografias amzadebs ti- 

cian tabiZe – wigni (dasuraTebuli) Semodgomis damlevs gamovao. ratomRac 

es monografia ar gamosula. dabeWdilia agreTve oqmi qarTvel xelovanTa 

sazogadoebis krebisa 1916 wlis 15.11, romelmac ganixila „sakiTxi mxatvris 

niko firosmanaSvilis naxatebis gamoZebna-SeZenis, misi binadrobis aRmoCenisa 

da cnobebis Sekrebisa“. 

12. К. Зданевич. Нико Пиросманашвили. Тбилиси, 1965, с.24. 

13. iqve, gv. 30. 

14. iqve, gv. 40. 

15. mose ToiZe. niko firosmanaSvili da misi naxatebi: gaz: „saxalxo fur- 

celi“, 1916, 579, 21.V. 

16. d. kakabaZe. xelovneba da sivrce. parizi, 1924–25 wlebi, parizi, 1926, 

gv. 24. ufro adre msgavsi azri d. SevardnaZemac gamoTqva: „aRsaniSnavia, rom 

qarTuli akademiuri mxatvroba gulcivad Sexvda mas da texnika dauwuna. Cemi 

azriT ki igi iyo erTaderTi mxatvari, romelmac namdvili xalxuri gadmoce- 

mis sicxoveliT mogvca mTeli me-19 saukunis qarTuli yofa-cxovreba“: gaz. 

„baxtrioni“, 1922, 28. VIII, 8. 

17. wesdeba qarTvel xelovanTa sazogadoebisa. Tb., 1916, gv. 3. 

18. am krebis Sesaxeb bevri ram aris dawerili: ix. d. SevardnaZis zemoT 

xsenebuli „saubari“ („baxtrioni“, 1922, #8), k. zdaneviCis wignSi, gv. 39 da 

Semdeg; l. gudiaSvili. niko firosmanaSvili: Jurn. „droSa“, 1964, 3, gv. 11; 4, 

gv. 6. aq naambobia agreTve l. gudiaSvilisa da firosmanis Sexvedrebis Sesaxeb. 

19. g. leoniZe. cxovreba firosmanisa: „mnaTobi“, 1931, 3, gv. 217.

Jurnali #6.indd

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