Jurnali #7.indd

vaxtang beriZe 

niko firosmanaSvili 

nawili meore 

I. niko firosmanis yvelaze meti suraTi – 149 – inaxeba saqa- 

rTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumSi , 1 TbilisSi. aq Tavmoy- 

rilia TiTqmis yvela umniSvnelovanesi nawarmoebi. sxva muzeumebSi 

(moskovSi – tretiakovis galereaSi, aRmosavleTis xalxTa xelo- 

vnebis saxelmwifo muzeumSi, peterburgSi – rusuli xelovnebis 

muzeumSi, mirzaanSi _ niko firosmanaSvilis muzeumSi), kerZo 

koleqciebSi (TbilisSi, moskovSi, sankt-peterburgsa da parizSi) 

– TiTo an ramdenime namuSevaria. kedlis mxatvroba, rogorc ukve 

aRvniSneT, daRupulia. ganadgurebulia, agreTve, abrebis umeteso- 

bac. rac gadarCa, umciresi nawilia firosmanis mier Seqmnilisa. 

magram Zieba dResac grZeldeba 2 . 

mxatvris nawarmoebTa atribucia maincdamainc rTuli ar aris, 

Tumca am sakiTxze sagangebod aravis umuSavia da SemdegSi, calkeul 

namuSevarTan dakavSirebiT, SesaZlebelia, wamoiWras kidec zogi 

• monografiis pirveli nawili Jurnalis wina nomerSi daibeWda. 

 

1987–88 wlebSi, rodesac es naSromi iwereboda, muzeumSi firosmanis 149 sura- 

Ti iyo aRricxuli. 1999–2001 wlebSi sareestro komisiam ori ferweruli tilo 

„aleqsandre zaqarias Ze manuCaraSvili“ da „mogzauri“ firosmanis wres miakuTvna. 

1930 wels dimitri SevardnaZem muzeumisaTvis SeiZina fragmenti suraTidan 

“nadiroba indoeTSi“ („monadire~, 33X22 sm). 1937 wels muzeum „metexis“ fonds 

gadaeca suraTi, romelsac es fragmenti ekuTvnoda. dRes xelovnebis muzeumSi 

fragmenti daubrunda ZiriTad suraTs da mimdinareobs restavracia. dReisaTvis 

muzeumSi aRricxulia firosmanaSvilis 146 namuSevari (g.m.). 

k. zdaneviCis katalogSi CamoTvlilia ormocamde dakarguli da daRupuli nawarmoebi 

– isini, romelTa naxva da aRnusxva man mainc moaswro, firosmanTan nacnobobis 

pirvel xanebSi. amave katalogidan Cans, rom 1926 wels ramdenime aTeuli 

nawarmoebi jer kidev samikitnoebsa da Rvinis sardafebSi iyo, daaxloebiT 70 ki – 

kerZo sakuTrebad rCeboda. e. kuznecovis 1984 wels gamocemul wignSi (leningradi, 

„avrora“) dakargulTa siaSi 57 dasaxelebaa.


19 

sakiTxi. suraTebis umetesoba xelmowerilia. 3 bevri sxva mniSvn- 

elovani suraTis avtori rom firosmania, dadasturebulia maTi 

Sesrulebis TviTmxilvelTa an SemkveTTa mier. dasasrul, gadamwyveti 

mniSvneloba aqvs mxatvrulsa da teqnikur maCveneblebs, Si- 

naarszec rom araferi vTqvaT. CvenTvis cnobil suraTTagan sul 

ramdenimea „amovardnili“, sxvebi eWvs ar iwveven. 

ufro rTulia daTariRebis sakiTxi. TviT mxatvris mier daTari- 

Rebuli suraTi cotaa. maTi umetesoba ratomRac 1906 wels miekuT- 

vneba (ucnauria, rom amaTgan ori namuSevari erTi da imave dRiT, 8 

ivnisiT TariRdeba). 4 zogi suraTis Sesaxeb sityvieri cnoba arsebobs, 

firosmanis nacnobebisagan miRebuli, magram, ori-sami gamonak- 

lisis garda, saeWvoa, rom es cnobebi zusti da utyuari iyos. 

kirile zdaneviCis mier Sedgenil katalogSi, romelic jer 

1926 wels krebulSi daibeWda, Semdeg ki mis sakuTar wignSi, suraTebis 

nawili 1895–1903 wlebiT TariRdeba, sxvebi ki, 1904 wli- 

dan moyolebuli, wlebis mixedviT aris ganawilebuli. magram es 

katalogebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, wignis mixedviT ar Cans, 

rom avtors daTariRebisaTvis raime dokumenturi monacemebi hqon- 

da: suraTebi man sakuTari dakvirvebebisa da mosazrebebis mixedviT 

daalaga. zdaneviCs warmodgenili aqvs agreTve firosmanis Semoq- 

medebis saerTo periodizaciac (sam periods gamohyofs: 1895–1903, 

1903–1915, 1915–1918 wlebi) 20 . misi dakvirvebaTa nawili ueWvelad 

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rogorc marTebuli; magram Semdgomi gaR- 

rmavebuli kvleva-Ziebis gareSe mainc Znelia, uyoymanod daeTanxmo 

amgvar periodizacias; miT ufro moiTxovs dakvirvebul Semowmebas 

nawarmoebTa daTariReba. me mgonia, maTi zogadi dajgufeba mar- 

Tlac SesaZlebelia, magram saeWvoa, rom wlebis mixedviT zusti 

ganlagebisaTvis SevZloT sando sabuTebis moZieba. asea Tu ise, es 

momavlis saqmea. 

zogi suraTis dasaxelebac pirobiTad unda miviCnioT. marTalia, 

bevr maTgans werilobiTi ganmarteba axlavs: „uwindeli saqa- 

rTvelos qorwili“, „aqtrisa margarita“, „Savi zRva“, „uSvilo 

milioneri da Svilebiani Raribi“, „yaCaRma cxeni moipara“, „SeTe 

gzas uCvenebs Tavad bariatinskis Samilis dasaWerad“, „viris 

firosmani Tavis suraTebs xels awerda xan qarTulad, xan rusulad, Tanac sul 

sxvadasxvanairad: an saxelsa da gvars aRniSnavda, an erT inicials da gvars, an 

marto inicialebs, xSirad ki asoebiT Ж.Н.П., rac rusulad niSnavda “fermweri 

niko firosmani”. qarTulsa da rusul xelmoweraSi zogjer amoklebda gvars: 

“firosmanaS.”. 

 

es namuSevrebia „aleqsandre garanovis portreti“ da „qeifi mearRne daTiko 

zemelTan“ (g.m.).

20 vaxtang beriZe 

xidi“, „yaCaRebi saZarcvelad midian“. zogi ganmarteba qarTulia, 

bevria rusulic (rusuli warwerebi didad daSorebulia swori 

orTografiidan). ganmarteba axlavs zog portretsac (jgufureb- 

sac – aq gvarebi yovel gamosaxul pirTan aris miwerili; 5 magram 

suraTebis umetesoba ufro gvian, mxatvrisadmi miZRvnil liter- 

aturaSi moinaTla. zogi amaTgani konkretulia, „aRwerilobiTi“ 

(„qali ludis kaTxiT“, „qali zambaxiT da qolgiT“, „meTevze“, 

„qeifi vazis talaverSi“ da sxv.), zogi – „ganmazogadebeli“ („kax- 

eTis eposi“ – „swavluli“ saxelwodeba, romelic, cxadia, TviT 

firosmanis Serqmeuli ar SeiZleba iyos; „mdidari kintos Svili“, 

„orTaWalis turfa“ da sxv.). 

rogoria misi suraTebis Tematika? pirveli, rac Tvals xvde- 

ba, rodesac maT ecnobi, da rac mTel mis Semoqmedebas Tavisebur 

Seferilobas aniWebs – es aris didi raodenoba suraTebisa, rom- 

lebic qeifis scenebs, moqeifeTa „kampaniebs“ asaxavs; Tematurad 

SeiZleba maT davukavSiroT naturmortebi da abrebi, romlebic 

erTgvarad dasuraTebul informaciebs warmoadgenen. mas Semdeg, 

rac gavecaniT firosmanis cxovrebas, im wres, romelSic igi imyofeboda, 

mis SemkveTT, aseTi suraTebis xvedriTi wona ver gagvak- 

virvebs. firosmanis suraTebi sruldeboda samikitnoebis, Rvinis 

sardafebis, samxiarulo dawesebulebaTa dasamSveneblad. 

magram es „qeifebi“ moicavs Temebis sakmaod vrcel wres da 

zogjer ukavSirdeba sxva Temebsac: „qeifi“ xan „wminda“ saxiT aris 

warmodgenili – gaSlili sufra, mis garSemo msxdomni, pirobiTi, 

abstraqtuli foni; umetesad ki aseTi scena gaSlilia peizaJis 

fonze – aq an mTebi, mdinareebi da xeebia, an venaxi; peizaJi aq, Tavi- 

si mniSvnelobiT, TiTqmis utoldeba sakuTriv „qeifs“; magram aris 

ufro didi kompoziciebic, romlebSic „qeifi“ mxolod erT-erTi 

scenaa. interierSi moqceuli „qeifi“ mas ar dauxatavs. 

vin „qeifobs“ firosmanis suraTebSi? ramdenime SemTxvevaSi Tavadebi 

arian. maTi cnoba advilia tansacmliT, ieriT, romlis gad- 

 

rogorc cnobilia, firosmanis suraTebi xSirad aRWurvilia ara informaciis 

Semcveli warwerebiT, aramed Taviseburi „lozungebiT“ da „mowodebebiT“, romlebic 

am wignSic aris moxsenebuli gzadagza: „madloba RmerTsa rom deveswariT 

aRdgoma dResa qriste aRdga WeSmaritad gaumarjos Zmobas amxanagobas“; „... 

keTili cxovreba yvela gamravlos“; „Zmebo, davlioT Rvino, movigonoT koxta 

nino“; „gaumarjos purmarilian kacsa“ da bevri sxva. aqvs erTi sruliad gamor- 

Ceuli warwerac: taxtze wamowolil qals win gawvdil xelSi uWiravs gragnili, 

romelzedac ikiTxeba: „aba mnaxeT ra dReSi var kiden da gaumarjos keTil xalxs“. 

am warweris gasagebad saWiro iqneboda gvcodnoda suraTis daxatvis garemoeba da 

gamosaxuli axalgazrda qalis vinaoba.


21 

mocemac firosmans sul martivad SeeZlo, magram umetesad es TviT 

suraTebis SemkveTni – mikitnebi, meduqneebi, kintoebi da yara- 

CoRelebi arian, agreTve, maTi muStrebi imave socialuri fenidan. 

yoveli maTganisTvis sufrasTan drostareba, tradiciuli wesrigis 

dacviT, tradiciuli kerZebiTa da sasmeliT, cekviT, simRe- 

riT, arRnis, zurnisa da dudukis gulisamaCuyebeli akompanimentiT 

– „sulieri“ cxovrebis umTavresi forma iyo; maTTvis igi xe- 

lovnebis, esTetikis donemde maRldeboda da, amasTan, maTs sakuTar 

xelobasTan, yoveldRiur saqmianobasTanac iyo dakavSirebuli. maT 

surdaT daxatuliyvnen swored am dros, roca yvelaze srulad da 

damaxasiaTeblad vlindeboda maTi adamianuri arsi da sicocxliT 

tkboba. arsebiTad, es jgufuri portretebia da maTi daniSnuleba 

ramdenadme mogvagonebs daniSnulebas holandiuri korporaciuli 

portretebisa, romlebic, agreTve, erTi xelobis adamianebs gamox- 

ataven romelsame sazogadoebriv dawesebulebaSi gamosafenad. 

zog duqanSi firosmanis xelovneba muStrebs SesasvlelSive 

xvdeboda, iq, sadac abra ekida, Sig Sesuli kaci ki mTlianad misi 

suraTebiT iyo garSemortymuli. zog duqanSi TxuTmetze meti su- 

raTi hqondaT nikosi. abra marto teqsts ki ar Seicavda, aramed 

gamosaxulebasac: igi erTbaSad qmnida ganwyobilebas da muStrebi 

am samyaroSi Sehyavda (abra „Винный погреб. Распивочно и на вынос”: 

daxatulia uremi da zed uzarmazari tiki, romelic sididiT 

xarebs sWarbobs; urmebs mihyveba Coxiani mxedari, fafaxiT, xan- 

jliT, xelSi ki yanwiT; abra „Чай, пиво и лимонад, сельтерская. Раз. 

креп. напитков”: 

duqnis msaxuri, romelsac Caidnebi uWiravs; ludis 

kasri da ludiT savse kaTxebi; limonaTisa da selteris wylis bo- 

Tlebi; foni – limonis msxmoiare xeebi). 

sufrasTan msxdomi muStrebi kedlebze imaves xedavdnen, riT- 

ac TviTon iyvnen dakavebulni, xedavdnen sakuTar Tavs an TavianT 

msgavsT. suraTebis moqmedi pirebi TiTqos monawileoben saerTo 

 

mikitan WiWinaZis naambobi: niko „dilidanve Camoivlida Rvinis duqnebs, Tu vis 

hqonda dasaxati. mec Tu gunebaze viyavi, vetyodi: – aba, damixate mcxeTa, tye, 

aragvi, mindori, venaxi. Tu kampaniaSi viyaviT, kampanias davaxatvinebdiT: es goWi, 

es qaTami, mwvanili, es frTiani oraguli, xili, Rvino; mearRne Tavisi „xalTabandebiT“. 

– dardi nu gaqvs genacvale, yvelaferi Sig iqneba, oRond erTi maneTi 

momeci, saRebavebi viyido“. meduqne limonas mogoneba: „mTeli bazris sayvareli 

iyo. dahxatavda suraTs da duqan-duqan Camoatarebda... suraTSi fuls ar gvarTmevda, 

purmarilSi aqviTebda... xan TiTon Cven vexatvinebodiT. erTxel mec damxata 

Cemi amfsonebiT. kvira dRe iyo. quCaSi mimavali nikala SemovabruneT, sufras sanovage... 

mivumate. sami dawinwkluli xelada win davidgiT, gars mwvanili SemovuyareT. 

duqanSi bneloda, amitom niko karebTan idga da karis sinaTleze gvxatavda. 

iklikanturi suraTi gamovida“ 21 .


molxenaSi samikitnoSi myof muStrebTan erTad. 7 suraTebis dan- 

iSnulebaa interieric daamSvenos da Tvalic gaaxaros, magram, 

agreTve, kontaqti daamyaros imasTan, rac samikitnoSi xdeba. SemTx- 

veviTi ar aris aseTi warwerebi: „gaumarjos kampanias bego. keTili 

cxovreba RmerTma yvelas gaumravlos“; „gaumarjos pur marilian 

kacsa“; anda saaRdgomo batknebis suraTebze ganmeorebuli teqsti: 

„madloba RmerTs ro daveswariT aRdgomasa qriste aRdga WeSmar- 

itaT“. aseve aZlierebs suraTebisa da portretebis zemoqmedebas 

ganmartebiTi teqstebi – suraTebis dasaxeleba (ufro swored – 

Sinaarsis ganmarteba), daxatulTa gvarebi (warwerebi panoze `nadiroba 

Savi zRvis sanapiroze~ suraTis calkeul nawilTa ganmarte- 

basac gvaZlevs, romlebic sxvadasxva siuJets gamoxataven). 

qeifebis Temas SegviZlia davukavSiroT firosmanis natur- 

mortebic, radganac aqac gamosaxulia saWmel-sasmeli da maTac 

pirdapiri kavSiri aqvT duqnebis interierebTan, romelTa dasamS- 

venebladac iyvnen gankuTvnilni. magram, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, 

firosmanis suraTebi, romlebic samikitnoebs amkobda, TematikiT 

didad scildeboda sakuTriv qeifis scenebs. gansakuTrebul inter- 

ess iwvevs swored is didi kompoziciebi, romlebSic qeifis scenebi 

Semadgenel nawilebadaa CarTuli. es suraTebi mowmobs, rom mxatvars 

surda gamosuliyo erTi da imave, yoveldRe ganmeorebuli Te- 

mis viwro CarCoebidan da mSobliuri qveynis bunebasac ziareboda 

da xalxis cxovrebasac, misTvis ase Zvirfassa da axlobels. Tumca 

igi SezRuduli iyo, raki mxolod TavisTvis misawvdomsa da nacnobs 

xatavda, magram amiT mainc cdilobda ganezogadebina, panoramulad 

moecva mTeli Tavisi qveyana, misi mravalferovani cxovrebiT. 

erT-erT aseT suraTze „viris xidi“ igi qeifis variantebs gviCvenebs, 

magram esec Taviseburi ganzogadebaa, TiTqos Rreobis apologiaa: qe- 

ifoben Ria cis qveS, qeifoben talaverSi, qeifoben navebSic! „kaxeTis 

eposSi“ (meore saxelia „alaznis veli“) da „bolnisis wminda giorgis 

dReobaSi“, romlebic erTi scenaris ori variaciaa, moqeifeTa fig- 

urebi mxolod CarTulia sxva scenebis rigSi, Tumca mainc TvalsaCino 

adgili uWiravT. orive es suraTi, romlebic firosmanis yvelaze did 

namuSevarTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, Zalian wagrZelebulia: pirvelis 

zomaa 91 x 539 sm., meorisa – 78 x 263 sm. es imiT aris gamowveuli, rom 

mxatvars miznad hqonda, sinqronulad moeTxro sxvadasxva ambis Sesaxeb 

(ra Tqma unda, maTi zomebi winaswarve iyo Sefardebuli im oTax- 

ebTan, romlebSic isini unda moeTavsebinaT). 

 

ix. amis Sesaxeb saintereso dakvirvebebi e. kuznecovis wignSi.


23 

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aq firosmani Tavs ar izRudavs da laRad 

„mimoixilavs“ xalxuri cxovrebis sxvadasxvagvar gamovlinebas. 

Txroba mwvane gorakebisa da kldeebis fonzea gaSlili. ra ar aris 

aq: patara mdinare da xidi, wylis wisqvili, cxvris fara; soflis 

patara eklesiasTan – saeklesio dReobaze Camosuli mlocvelebi 

da Ramis saTevi karvebi; sxvebi eklesiisken miemarTebian moCardax- 

uli urmebiT, viRaca etliTac Camosula... „kaxeTis eposSi“ sami 

moqeife Tavadi wina planzea, marcxena kuTxeSi. „bolnisis dReoba- 

Si“ ramdenime, ufro „momcro“, wveulebaa; aravin ar aris gamoto- 

vebuli – arc wiTelxelsaxociani mocekvave, arc memusikeebi, arc 

did qvabTan mdgomi mzareuli, arc mewisqvile, arc wisqvilisken 

mimavali glexebi, arc maTi saxedrebi, zurgze gadakiduli xur- 

jinebiT... da orive suraTSi erTi kuTxe daTmobili aqvs yaCaRebis 

mier kacis gaZarcvis scenebs... „straJnikebi“ saSvelad mirbian, 

xolo SuaSi wina planze mdgomi kaci („bolnisis dReobaSi“) maT 

mianiSnebs, sad xdeba Zarcva, rac firosmanisTvis naklebad damaxa- 

siaTebeli TxrobiTi detalia. 

amgvarad, mxatvris amocanaa, warmogvidginos cxovrebis sx- 

vadasxva mxare – Sromac, zrunvac yoveldRiuri arsebobisTvis 

(mwyemsi, wisqvili), tradiciuli xalxuri dResaswaulic, romelic 

ukve maSin scildeboda sarwmunoebrivi grZnobebis gamoxat- 

vis farglebs, mxiarulebac, faTerakebic, romelTaganac arcerTi 

adamiani araa dazRveuli, naCvenebia qveynis panorama (horizontze 

Cans sofeli, ufro axlo aRmarTulia raRac Zveli nageboba, cixis 

Tu koSkis msgavsi). yvelaferi gadmocemulia bunebrivad da or- 

ganulad, yvelaferi – erTianadac da wvrilmanebic _ gvizidavs 

utyuarobiT, ara marto epizodebis siuJetebisa, aramed yofiTi 

detalebisa, realiebisa, brtyelsaxuraviani _ `baniani~ saxlebis 

arqiteqturisa. mnaxvelebi xom mxatvars WeSmaritebidan umcires 

gadaxvevasac ar apatiebdnen, yovelive es maTTvisac xom iseve nac- 

nobi da axlobeli iyo, rogorc mxatvrisTvis. 

„rTvelSi“, romelic, eWvgareSea, erTi yvelaze RirsSesaniSnavTagania 

mis nawarmoebTa Soris, mxatvari TiTqmis mTlianad gamo- 

dis qeifis Temidan (moqeifeni aqac arian, magram sadRac siRrmeSi 

arian `gandevnilni~ da suraTis rigiT detalad gadaqceulni). 

es rTvelia – misi mSobliuri kaxeTis cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani 

movlena. magram es suraTic Tavisi TemiT uSualod ukavSirdeba 

samikitnos, Rvinis sardafs, romlisTvisac iyo Sesrulebuli. 

firosmans iseTi suraTebic aqvs, romlebic maT siuJeturad


sruliadac ar ukavSirdeba. aseTia, magaliTad, „nadiroba Savi zR- 

vis napiras“, sadac araferi ar Seefereba sinamdviles, yvelaferi 

gulubryvilobamde TviTneburi da fantastikuria. es SeiZleba aix- 

snas an SemkveTis (Rvinis vaWris siTaTiSvilis, rac es sagangebod 

aris aRniSnuli warweraSi), an TviT mxatvris axirebiT: suraTSi 

naCvenebia uRrani tye, romlis fonze gamarTulia irmebze nadiro- 

ba; klde da zed amayad wamomarTuli jixvi; kidev tye da mis SigniT, 

rogorc warwera gangvimartavs, daTvze nadiroba. Zneli gasagebia, 

vis da ratom moepriana daekavSirebina Sav zRvasTan irmebi, jixvi, 

daTvebi, romlebic iq ar gvxvdeba; magram suraTi, rogorc Cans, 

mnaxvelTa interess aRZravda Tavisi uCveulobiT, yoveldRiuri 

prozaulobisagan daSorebiT, Taviseburi romantikulobiT. xolo 

firosmanisTvis romantika rom ucxo ar iyo, amas naTlad mowmobs 

misi Ramis peizaJebi, „yaCaRebi“ da mravalricxovani gamosaxuleba 

cxovelebisa, romlebic firosmans gansakuTrebiT uyvarda. maS, riT 

SeiZleba avxsnaT mSvenieri „arsenalis gora RamiT“, an suraTebi: 

„yaCaRma cxeni moipara“, „yaCaRebi saZarcvavad midian“, an iseTi, 

sruliad moulodneli ram, rogoric aris „daTvi mTvarian RameSi“, 

sadac mTvaris Suqis efeqti gansacvifrebladaa gadmocemuli... 

Tu ar CavTvliT sxvadasxva suraTSi „CarTul“ cxenebsa da 

xarebs, firosmanis SemorCenil suraTTagan 50-ze meti, e.i. TiTqmis 

meoTxedi, cxovelebisadmia miZRvnili. 

mas ver CavTvliT animalistad Cveulebrivi gagebiT. firosmani 

ubralod ki ar xatavda cxovelTa samyaros warmomadgenlebs, ro- 

gorc paulus poteri an roza boneri xatavdnen TavianT Zroxebsa 

da xarebs, romlebsac sxva pretenzia, garda imisa, rom xarebi da 

Zroxebi yovelivnen, ar hqondaT. firosmanisTvis yoveli cxoveli 

raRac idumali mniSvnelobis mqonea, isini masTan gaadamianureb- 

ulni arian, rogorc igav-arakebSi; zogjer maT simboluri azric 

eniWebaT, rogorc adamianis ama Tu im Tvisebis, ama Tu im sawyisis 

(keTilis, borotis) ganmasaxierebelT. miyvars cxovelebis xatva, 

isini Cemi gulis megobrebi ariano, uTqvams mas lado gudiaSvilisT- 

vis. da marTlac, sityvierad Zneli gadmosacemia is ganwyobileba 

poeturobisa, „sulierobisa“, guliTadi siTbosi, romelic eqmneba 

adamians, roca uyurebs firosmanisTvis gansakuTrebiT sayvarel 

irmebsa da Svlebs (qarTul folklorSic xom isini gansakuTreb- 

uli simpaTiiT sargebloben!); rogor TanaugrZnobs igi ganwirul 

saaRdgomo batknebs, rogor aris gadmocemuli dedobrivi mzrunv- 

eloba goWebis TanxlebiT mimavali uzarmazari TeTri deda Roris


25 

„gamometyvelebasa“ da mTel figuraSi, aseve TeTr daTvsa da daT- 

vis belebSi. 8 ra gorozi ieri aqvT lomebs! ra Tqma unda, Savi taxi 

mxatvrisTvis ganasaxierebs ukeTur rasme (feriTac, „xasiaTiTac“), 

iseve rogorc arwivi, romelic kurdRels fatravs – es mxolod 

„bunebis suraTi“ ki ar aris, aramed bevrad mets niSnavs. damaxasi- 

aTebelia STabeWdileba, romelic misma „Jirafma“ moaxdina pirvel 

kritikosebze: „Tu marTalia vainingeri, – werda erTi maTgani (gari 

golandi) 1916 wels, – rom yoveli cxoveli Tavis TavSi atarebs 

samyaros romelsame metafizikur gansazRvras, maSin firosmanaS- 

vilis JirafSi aseT gansazRvras ueWvelad aRmovaCenT: Jirafis 

Tvalebi gadmocemulia iseTi metyveli ZaliT, rom gaviwydeba, rom 

es mxolod cxovelia da Tqven gipyrobT lamis mistikuri SiSi“. 22 

meore avtori, a. petrakovski (isev 1916 weli) aRniSnavda, pirvelad 

rom davinaxe „Jirafi“, „erTbaSad Semipyro ucnaurma SeSfoTebam, 

Tu gnebavT – Zrwolamac... es raRac magiaa, jadoqroba...“ 23 

avtorebi sagangebod gamohyofdnen agreTve „Svels“, romel- 

mac erT maTgans Tixis nakeToba moagona. samarTliani dakvirvebaa 

– „Sveli“ marTlac exmianeba qarTul xalxur keramikas (kerZod, 

kaxurs), figurebiani sasmisebiT, romlebic xSirad Svelsac gamox- 

atavs. magram firosmanis suraTSi igi ara marto gacocxlebulia, 

aramed daZabulic, TiTqos erTianad TrTis raRac saSiSroebis 

molodinSi. esec Taviseburi jadoqrobaa. 

damaxasiaTebelia cxovelTa SerCevac: umetesad es „keTilSo- 

bili“ cxovelebia, magram arian, agreTve, „mSromelebic“ – Zroxa, 

aqlemi, saxedari; daxatuli hyavs melac, romelic misTvis, ueWve- 

lia, adamianur mankierebaTa simbolos warmoadgenda. 9 

nikos muStrebi, etyoba, cxovelebisadmi nikos siyvaruls Tu 

ara, interess mainc iziarebdnen: suraTebis Zveli siebi, Sedgenili 

maSin, rodesac mis suraTebs samikitnoebsa da sardafebSi eZebdnen, 

mowmobs, rom cxovelebian suraTebs yvelgan didi adgili eWira. 

amgvarad, am suraTebis _ qeifebi, naturmortebi, panoramebi da 

 

sakvirvelia firosmanis, an misi muStrebis, sagangebo daintereseba TeTri daTvebiT, 

romlebic TbilisSi, ra Tqma unda, aravis enaxa. firosmans aqvs sxva variantebic 

– erT-erTSi daTvi gamosaxulia TiTqmis subtropikul peizaJSi, sadac 

simindic aris, xexilic da xSiri mcenareulobac. aqvs erTi ucnauri suraTic: 

„tunguseTis mdinare emuti` TeTr daTvze nadirobis sceniT. 

 

l. gudiaSvili gadmogvcems firosmanis sityvebs: `... cxovrebaSi yvelafers 

ori mxare aqvs: keTili da boroti mxare. ai, TeTri Zroxa aris sinazis, simSvidis, 

siyvarulis simbolo... Savi xari _ Cxubobs, Rrialebs _ omia. arwivi didia da 

daundobeli, patara, sustsa da ubadruk kurdRels ZiZgnis. arwivi es mefis arwivia, 

kurdReli ki ... es me da Tqven varT.” 24


scenebi peizaJis fonze, cxovelebi _ moxilvisas aRmoCndeba, rom 

firosmans, romelmac 45 weli gaatara TbilisSi, Seusisxlxorcda es 

garemo da sul Tbiliselebs xatavda. mas arc erTxel ar dauxatavs 

Tbilisi, misi quCebi, misi xedebi („funikuliori“ ar iTvleba – aq 

mTaa daxatuli, da ara qalaqi). mas hqonda moTxovnileba exata cocx- 

ali buneba. saqarTvelo – misi samSoblo – firosmanisTvis qalaqi ki 

ar aris, aramed mTebi, tyeebi da mdinareebi, sofeli, romelTanac mas 

akavSirebda bavSvobis mogonebebi. 10 

mas aqvs su raTi „kalooba qarTl- 

Si“, suraTebi, romlebzec glexebi arian asaxulni da isini, romlebic 

mis saukeTeso namuSevrebs unda miekuTvnos. 11 

unda movixsenioT firosmanis nawarmoebTa kidev ori jgufi: 

pirvels Seadgens portretebi da sxvadasxva tipis gamosaxulebani, 

isev im wridan adamianebisa, romelTac TviT niko da misi SemkveT- 

ni xvdebodnen cxovrebis gzaze. gadarCenil suraTTa raodenobiT 

nikos nawarmoebTa Soris am jgufs pirveli adgili uWiravs; meore 

jgufi „istoriul Janrs“ miekuTvneba: aq gamosaxulni arian isto- 

riuli pirebi da warsulis scenebi. 

firosmanis portretebi da „tipebi“ kvlav Cven Tvalwin gaSli- 

li Tbilisuri bohemis, „dabali fenebis“, magram, agreTve, wvrili 

burJuaziis warmomadgenelTa mTeli galereaa. qalebi gasarTobi 

dawesebulebebidan: „aqtrisa margaritas“ garda, „qali maraoTi“ 

da friad vulgaruli „qali ludis kaTxiT“; ori „orTaWaleli 

turfa“; Semdeg – muSebi: „muSa soso“, ori sxva muSa – erTs tiki 

aqvs zurgze mokidebuli, meores – kasri; 12 

TeTrxalaTiani „mza- 

reuli“, „dalaqi“ (ar Semonaxula), „bavSviani ZiZa“, „mearRne“, 

„mebaduri“ (varianti „mebaduri kldeSi“ tretiakovis galereaSia 

daculi), „SeSis gamyidveli“. 

ai, friad popularuli „meezovec“ – moRuSuli, gaburZgnuli, 

Sav Tvalebs rom abrialebs da mrisxaned rom gviyurebs, aSkarad Tavi 

moaqvs, rogorc xelisuflebis warmomadgenels (joxic kverTxiviT 

 

baTumis xedi sruliad pirobiTia, Tundac, qalaqi Cans mxolod Sors, borcvebze, 

romlebic sinamdvileSi arc arsebobs. mTavari yuradReba eTmoba pirvel planze 

gamosaxul matarebels, zRvas, karWapebsa da gemebs, romelTa anZebze droSebi frialebs. 

es “kosmopolituri” peizaJi firosmanis erTaderTi suraTia, romelic Tavisi 

motiviT anri rusos mogvagonebs (ix. misi `senluis kunZulis xedi”). 

 

`biWi da Zroxa”, `bavSvebiani dedakaci wyalze midis”, ”glexi da misi vaJi”, 

`glexis qali vaJiT”, `SeZlebuli glexi”, `puris cxoba”, `dReobaze mimavali 

glexebi”, `mwyemsi cxvris fariT”, `mamali, dedali da wiwilebi”, `glexis gogo 

batiT da WukebiT” da sxv. 

 

òrTaWaleli turfebic” da es ori muSac - Sewyvilebuli, TiTqmis simetriuli 

suraTebia.


27 

upyria xelT). fsiqologiuri gaxsnis (aRmoCenis) mxriv, es erTi 

yvelaze gamomsaxvelTagania firosmanis „tipebs“ Soris. 

Semdeg, araCveulebrivad damaxasiaTebeli jgufi: gaberili, 

mrgval pirisaxiani biWi, romelsac ufrosi kintos tipuri `forma“ 

acvia, doinjSemoyrili dgas da cdilobs gaibRinZos. am su- 

raTs „mdidari kintos Svils“ uwodeben (misi kostumi Semkulia, _ 

esaa mTavari _ vercxlis qamari artyia da Zewkviani saaTic aqvs); 

„gogo wiTeli sahaero buStiT“ – esec mrgvali, Casuqebuli, myvirala 

feris samosSi gamowyobili, ra Tqma unda, is wvrili bur- 

Juaziidan gamosuli gamdidrebuli ojaxis Svilia, romelsac surs 

simdidriT ibrwyinos da aCvenos, rom gogona `sazogadoebidanaa~. 

misi cnoba, Tumca ukve wamozrdilisa, magram imave samosiT, Sei- 

Zleba firosmanis jgufur portretze òjaxuri qeifi~. es suraTi 

erTaderTia, romelzec yvela moqmedi piri evropuladaa Semosili 

da svams ara yanwiT, aramed WiqiT. gogonaca da `mdidari kintos 

Svilic~, romelnic ufrosebiviT arian gamowyobilni da amdenad 

liliputebs mogvagoneben, komikur STabeWdilebas toveben. miuxe- 

davad imisa, surda Tu ara es TviTon firosmans, romelsac saerTod 

ar hqonda midrekileba satirisa da mxilebisaken, am SemTxvevaSi 

man, socialuri daxasiaTebis simwvavis TvalsazrisiT Seubralebeli 

saxeebi Seqmna. magram damnaSave amaSi maxvili Tvali da firos- 

manis, rogorc mxatvris, simarTlea. 13 

Semdeg: ramdenime portreti saxeliTa da gvariT cnobili 

pirebisa (yvela isini mikitnebi da meduqneebi arian, met-naklebad 

SeZlebulni). magram es portretebi fotosuraTebidanaa gadaxat- 

uli, an maTi mibaZviT Seqmnili (garanovis da sxvaTa portretebi). 

amave wres „burJuaziuli“ (ufro sworad – „wvrilburJuaziuli“) 

portretebisas da tipebisas SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT ramden- 

ime varianti (xuTi mainc) „qarTveli qalisa TariT an dairiT“, 

romelTac erovnuli samosi acviaT; agreTve, „virze mjdomi eqimi“ 

da kidev ramdenime sxva; albaT, pirveli msoflio omis droindelia 

„daWrili meomari“ da „mowyalebis da“. rac Seexeba ilia zdan- 

eviCis portrets – es, ra Tqma unda, gamonaklisia. arc manamde da 

arc Semdeg inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi mas ar dauxatavs. 

gancalkevebiT dgas Zalian cnobili nawarmoebi „uSvilo mil- 

ioneri da Sviliani Raribi qali“ (warwera: “Милионерь бездетный; 

Бедная с детами”), romelic mxolod pirobiT SegviZlia davuka- 

 

SesaZlebelia imave suraTidan aris gadmosuli `qali qolgiTa da zambaxiT” - 

respeqtabeluri qalbatoni, romelsac uzarmazaro moduri qudi xuravs. yovel 

SemTxvevaSi, esec `saojaxo kampaniis” wres ekuTvnis.


vSiroT ganxiluli suraTebis rigs. igi mis sxva namuSevarTagan 

socialuri dapirispirebis `pirdapiri~ asaxviT gansxvavdeba (ax- 

laxan aRvniSneT, rom firosmani arasodes ar amxelda, brals ar 

sdebda; poetma konstantine simonovma samarTlianad aRniSna, rom 

„miuxedavad jojoxeTurad Zneli cxovrebisa, is ar gasastikebu- 

la da Tavisi bunebiTi sikeTe ar daukargavs“), magram aq aSkarad 

igrZnoba sxvagvari dapirispirebac – wminda adamianuri, fsiqolo- 

giuri; TiTqos dasmulia kiTxva: maT Soris mainc romelia ufro 

bednieri. 

dasasrul, „istoriuli“ Tema, romelsac mivakuTvnebT liter- 

aturul siuJetebsac (ilustraciebs, mweralTa portretebs); misi 

arseboba savsebiT kanonzomieria. gavixsenoT, ra adgili uWiravs (da 

eWira maSinac) mwerlobas Cveni xalxis cxovrebaSi, rogori popularobiTa 

da siyvaruliT sargebloben mwerlebi (XIX saukunis poet- 

ebis bevri nawarmoebi, rusTavelsa da guramiSvilze rom aRaraferi 

vTqvaT, zepirad icodnen glexebmac da xelosnebmac), da rogori 

damokidebuleba aqvT qarTvelebs TavianTi samSoblos warsulTan 

da rogori SaravandiT arian mosilni erovnuli istoriis gmirebi. 

firosmani maT Soris yvelaze popularulebs irCevs – Tamar mefes, 

giorgi saakaZes, „patara kaxs“ – e.i. swored imaT, vis saxelebTanac 

aris dakavSirebuli saqarTvelos warsuli dideba, an erovnuli da- 

moukideblobisaTvis brZola. maTTanaa gaTanabrebuli rusTaveli, 

romelmac Tavisi poema Tamars uZRvna. firosmanma amis Sesaxeb icoda 

da misTvis, iseve rogorc xalxisTvis, es ori saxeli ganuyofeli 

iyo. mwerlobisa da istoriis moyvaruli mxatvari orives Tayvans 

scemda (amas adasturebdnen misi axloblebi da isini, visac masTan 

saubari hqonia) da xSirad ubrundeboda maTs gamosaxvas. meduqneebisTvis 

ki istoriis gmirebisa da samSoblos warsulis gmiruli am- 

bebis amsaxveli suraTebis qona pativisa da prestiJis sakiTxi iyo. 

yvelaze ufro cnobilia firosmanis mier daxatuli ori scena vale- 

rian gunias piesidan „da-Zma“, agreTve, mravalfiguriani kompozicia 

„giorgi saakaZe mtrebisagan ixsnis saqarTvelos“. sxva sakiTxia, ro- 

goria am „istoriuli“ portretebisa da kompoziciebis mxatvruli 

done, SeiZleba Tu ara maTi dayeneba mxatvris sxva nawarmoebTa gver- 

diT. pasuxi uaryofiTi iqneba – es suraTebi bevrad ufro sustia. 

„da–Zmis“ melodramatuli scenebi fotosuraTebis mixedviT aris 

Sesrulebuli, firosmanma mxolod tansacmeli da saxeebi Secvala; 

„saakaZesac“ fotografia udevs safuZvlad – es aris scena daviT 

erisTavis „samSoblodan“ (romelic dawerilia viqtorien sardus


29 

„flandriis“ qargaze), iqidan aris aRebuli kompoziciis birTvi – 

ficis dadeba droSis winaSe; nasesxebia calkeuli figurebic; es kia, 

rom firosmanma daumata sxva figurebi, peizaJi da jari. 14 erekle II 

gadaxatulia gavrcelebuli portretidan (cxadia, ara originali- 

dan, aramed agreTve fotografiidan). rusTavelisa da Tamar mefis 

xatvisas firosmani, ra Tqma unda, angariSs uwevda cnobil ikonografiul 

prototipebs. es yvelaferi aSkarad boWavda mas. igi xat- 

avda cocxali nimuSebis, sakuTar cxovrebiseul STabeWdilebaTa 

gareSe; amitomaa, rom mis istoriul personaJebs „xasiaTi“, Sinagani 

cxovreba ar gaaCniaT, e.i. ar gaaCniaT swored is, rac firosmanis 

gmirebs axasiaTebs. am suraTebSi koloritic nakleb sainteresoa, 

zogjer mas gemovnebac ki Ralatobs. roca calke daxata giorgi 

saakaZe, romlis erTaderT Zvel portrets is, aSkarad, ar icnobda, 

firosmani ufro Tavisuflad grZnobda Tavs; man moisurva meti damajerebloba 

mieniWebina portretisaTvis da saakaZes iseve Caacva, rogorc 

saqarTvelos zRvispira provinciis, guriis mkvidrni icvamd- 

nen, Tumca, rogorc cnobilia, antisparsuli, ganmaTavisuflebeli 

brZolebis gmirs guriasTan saerTo araferi hqonda. 

bevrad ufro cocxalia „uaxlesi istoriisadmi“ miZRvnili su- 

raTebi, anu im periodisadmi, romelic firosmanis dros jer kidev 

axsovdaT: es aris ori scena, dakavSirebuli ruseTis mier daRestnis 

aRebasTan („SeTe gzas uCvenebs Tavad bariatinskis Samilis dasaWerad“. 

„Samili da misi mcveli“), gansakuTrebiT ki „glexTa gaTavi- 

sufleba“ – erT-erTi saukeTeso firosmanis nawarmoebTagan. 15 

es aris, ZiriTadad, is, rac firosmanis Tematikaze SeiZleba iTq- 

vas, Tumca, Cven, ra Tqma unda, yvela nawarmoebi ar mogvixsenebia 

 

`samSoblo” pirvelad daidga 1881 wels, `da-Zma” 1892 wlis ianvarSi da mas Semdeg 

qarTuli Teatris repertuarSi rCeboda reviluciis wlebamde. 

 

Tavis erT-erT gviandel did suraTs, Cven mier zemoT ukve gakvriT moxseniebuls, 

firosmanma uwoda ùwindeli saqarTvelos qorwili” - es is suraTia, 

romelic qarTvel mxatvarTa sazogadoebas miuZRvna (mas zogjer SecdomiT uwodeben 

`qorwils kaxeTSi”. namdvili saxelwodeba zed suraTzevea aRniSnuli); magram 

mas istoriul Janrs ver mivakuTvnebT: nefe-dedoflis Sexvedris rituali - maTi 

msvleloba mayrionis TanxlebiT, Tofidan srola da sxva - firosmanis drosac 

arsebobda; es aris cocxali suraTi qarTuli soflis cxovrebidan. 

arsebobs cnoba, rom firosmans Seusrelebia `vefxistyaosnis” ilustraciebi 

- TiTqos es kedlis mxatvroba iyo, magram ar Semonaxula. rogoric ar unda yofiliyo 

misi Rirseba, Tu is marTlac arsebobda, es sagangebod aRsaniSnavi RirsSesaniSnavi 

faqtia. rogorc cnobilia, poemis gamocemis pirveli ilustraciebi, 

Sesrulebuli qarTveli mxatvrebis mier, Cveni saukunis 30-ian wlebs miekuTvneba. 

manamde arsebobda mxolod ungreli ziCis ilustraciebi (XIX saukunis 80-iani 

wlebisa), ufro adre ki XVII saukunis xelnawerTa miniaturebi.


– danarCenebic dasaxelebul jgufebs miekuTvneba. SeiZleba davu- 

matoT, rom verc erTi misi Tanamedrove qarTveli mxatvari ver 

Seedreba firosmans Tematikis mravalferovnebiT. 

da mainc, suraTisa da daxasiaTebis sisrulisTvis unda aRvniSnoT 

ara marto is, rasac firosmani xatavda, aramed isic, ris dax- 

atvis survilic arasodes gasCenia, Tumca es Temebi misTvis Zalian 

kargad iyo cnobili da lamis yoveldRe xedavda. gana sakvirveli ar 

aris, rom firosmani interess iCenda TeTr daTvze nadirobisadmi, 

xatavda egzotikur Jirafsa da lomebs, romlebic arasodes enaxa da 

sruliad gulgrili darCa Zveli Tbilisis cxovrebis iseTi kolo- 

rituli, swored specifikurad Tbilisuri dResaswaulebisadmi da 

karnavalebisadmi, rogoric iyo berikaoba, yeenoba, muStikrivi, yo- 

Cebis Widili? (gavixsenoT sxva Tbiliseli mxatvrebi – SamSinovi, 

xojabegovi). esec misi mxatvruli interesebis simyaresa da mkacri 

TviTSemozRudvis unarze mowmobs: efeqturma, aSkarad „momgebianma“ 

Temebma igi ver moxibles. es ukavSirdeba misi, rogorc mxat- 

vris, zog sxva Tvisebasac, romelTac qvemoT SevexebiT (axlaxan 

xom isic aRvniSneT, rom mas arc qalaqis – TviT Tbilisisac ki! 

– xatva ar ainteresebda). arasodes dauxatavs Tbilisuri bazari, 

romelic ucxoTa TvalSi qalaqis lamis yvelaze didi RirsSesaniSnaoba 

iyo, da imave dros, xatavda soflis taZarTa dResaswau- 

lebs _ dReobebs; arasodes dauxatavs qalaquri Sromis procesi, 

da imave dros xatavda rTvelsa da kaloobas, albaT imitom, rom 

iq, ara mxolod Sroma, aramed dResaswauli, romantikulobac iyo. 

II. firosmanis suraTisTvis erTi Sexedvac sakmarisia, rom mixvde 

– avtors profesiuli akademiuri ganaTleba ar gaaCnia, TviTnaswavlia. 

figurebi garindebulia, mouqneli, anatomiurad aras- 

wori; xelebi TiTqos xisaa, figurebisa da sagnebis masStaburi 

Tanafardoba sivrceSi TviTneburia da ar eqvemdebareba „wesebs“, 

perspeqtivis kanonebic xSirad irRveva. 

es yvelaferi marTlac asea, magram dakvirvebisas aRmovaCenT, 

rom mxatvris es „dauxelovnebloba“, „primitiuloba“ mis nawarmoebTa 

mxatvruli wyobis organulad aucilebel Tvisebad gadaiqceva, 

rom es Tvisebebi araTu arafers arRvevs firosmanis stil- 

istikaSi, aramed erTaderTi SesaZlebeli niSnebia. 

niko xatavda qeifs, lxins, saeklesio dReobebs. mis suraTebSi adami- 

anebi „dros atareben“, cekvaven, sadRegrZeloebs warmoTqvamen, mRerian 

kidec. da mainc, Znelia daveTanxmoT kritikos tugenxolds, TiTqos


31 

firosmans, romelmac „icoda lxinis fasi“, „kintoebis xalisiani, ar- 

tistuli buneba hqonda~ 25 . firosmani gamxiarulebul adamianebs ki 

xatavda, magram TviTon sruliadac ar iyo „mxiaruli“ mxa tvari. rac 

mis SemoqmedebaSi saerTod ar gvxvdeba _ es aris xma u riani da zizil- 

pipilebiani xalisiani kinto. piriqiT, pirvelive ST abeWdilebiT, is 

TavdaWerili, dinji, introspeqciuli, Sinaganad mni Svnelovani mxat- 

varia. marTalia igive tugenxoldi, roca ambobs, rom firosmani Tavis 

gmirebs zeimurobisa da seriozulobis gancdiT xatavda. 

TviTnaswavl mxatvarTa umetesobas itacebs gamosaxulis gad- 

mocema „naturalurad“, yvela wvrilmanis aRnusxviT, isini xedaven 

kerZos da ar ZaluZT mTelis danaxva. maTgan gansxvavebiT firosmans 

ar itacebs TxrobiTi detalebi, Tu es aucilebeli ar aris suraTis 

Sinaarsis gasagebad, an daxatulis dasaxasiaTeblad. is yovelTvis 

poulobda gamosaxul obieqtSi arsebiTs, ZiriTads, hqonda unari 

ganzogadebisa; win wamoswevda yvelaze metad damaxasiaTebels da 

ugulebelyofda yvelafers, rac zedmetad miaCnda Tavisi qmnilebis 

Canafiqris amosaxsnelad; mas SeeZlo formulamde SeekumSa suraTi. 

isev igive unari TviTSezRudvisa – erTi yvelaze sakvirvel Tvise- 

baTagani am kacisa, romelsac ara marto specialuri ganaTleba ar 

miuRia, aramed mxatvruli kulturis sferos gareSec iyo aRzrdili. 

igi yvelafers warmogvidgens dauwvrilmaneblad, lakoniurad, 

ubralod (ara gaubraloebulad!), koncentrirebulad. ar unda gagvikvirdes, 

rom mis SemoqmedebasTan gacnobisas bevrs agondeba didi ital- 

ieli joto; aRniSnavdnen: ufro adre rom dabadebuliyo, „freskisti 

iqnebodao“ 26 . yvela eTanxmeboda erTmaneTs imaSi, da savsebiT samar- 

Tlianadac, rom misi namuSevrebi monumenturobiT gamoirCeva, rom am 

mxriv man damoukideblad miaRwia imas, riskenac miiswrafoda, zogjer 

amaodac, XX saukunis dasawyisis bevri mxatvari. amasTan dakavSirebiT 

e. kuznecovi sworad, samarTlianad SeniSnavs, rom firosmanis „dro 

usasruloa da didebulia am usasrulobaSi... mis „qeifebs“ ara aqvT 

arc dasawyisi da arc dasasruli, isini maradiulni arian; misi gmirebi 

amovardnilni arian drois realuri msvlelobidan. isini ki ar cxov- 

roben, ki ar moqmedeben, aramed arseboben, usasruloni da ucvlelni... 

„eposebSi“ garegnuli dinamika neitralizebulia mTelis uZravi usas- 

rulobiT. yovelive, rac xdeba – ukve iyo da araerTxel, usasrulod 

meordeba. es moCvenebiTi moZraobaa, moZraoba wriulad“ 27 . swored ami- 

tom, rodesac firosmanis suraTebs vuyurebT, ara marto panoramebs, 

romlebic sxvadasxva siuJets pirobiTad aerTianebs, aramed imaTac, 

romlebic sruliad Cveulebrivi adamianebis Cveulebriv, „rigiT“


qeifs gvixatavs, – ar gveqmneba STabeWdileba, rom Cvens winaSe Jan- 

ruli scenaa, erTi warmaval epizodTagani moqmed pirTa cxovrebisa: 

es TiTqos ganzogadebuli mxatvruli saxea am Temisa. firosmans cota 

aqvs TxrobiTi suraTi, romelTa Sinaarsi mxolod imiT iyos Semofar- 

gluli, rac am wuTs xdeba – es namuSevrebi erTgvarad „amovardnilic“ 

aris misi Semoqmedebis saerTo suraTidan. 16 

Tanamedrove mxatvarTa umetesobisagan gansxvavebiT, firosmani 

Tavis suraTebs bazrisTvis (gasayidad) ar qmnida. man TiTqmis yovelTvis 

icoda, sad iqneboda moTavsebuli misi suraTi, rogori iqne- 

boda pirobebi maTi TvaliT aRsaqmelad (imas, rom isini garkveuli 

adgilisTvis iyvnen gankuTvnilni, mowmobs Sewyvilebuli suraTebi, 

magaliTad, „orTaWalis turfebi“ da sxv.). zemoT aRvniSneT, rom es 

suraTebi gansazRvruli anturaJis ansamblSi iyo CarTuli, viTarca 

duqanSi mimdinare moqmedebis aqtiuri „Tanamonawileni“. magram interierTan 

kavSiri ara marto suraTis Sinaarsis wyalobiT myardebo- 

da, aramed maTi formalur-esTetikuri niSnebis mixedviTac, swored 

maTi monumenturobis gamo, rac Seesatyviseboda maTs daniSnulebas– 

SeemkoT sazogadoebrivi xasiaTis mqone saTavsi. „SeiZleba eWvi ar 

Segveparos, – me kvlav vimowmeb e.kuznecovis savsebiT samarTlian dakvirvebas, 

– rom naxevrad Cabnelebul, dabalWerian, sagrZnoblad Ca- 

ketil (umetesad sardafi) sadgomebSi, navTis lampebis, an sanTlebis 

mkrTal, mocimcime Suqze, romelic speqtris wiTel kidesTan Zlier 

iyo Sereuli, firosmanaSvilis suraTebi sul sxvagvarad aRiqmeboda 

(da bevrad ufro „maxvilad“), vidre Tanamedrove muzeumebis Cveul da 

TiTqos ufro xelisSemwyob pirobebSi. es niSandoblivia, imitom, rom 

mxolod dazgur suraTs esaWiroeba „idealuri“ pirobebi, monumen- 

turs swored is, romelTaTvisac konkretulad Seiqmna igi“ 28 . 

rogor agebs Tavis suraTebs firosmani? 

uwinares yovlisa, mas aqvs suraTebi yovelgvari sivrcis gareSe, 

sadac moqmedi pirni sasuraTo sibrtyesTan arian miWeWyil- 

ni, rogorc bareliefze, ukan ki, iqve, CamoSvebulia „farda“ – es 

xan xeluxlebeli Savi muSambaa, xan msubuqad Seferadebuli foni; 

zogjer suraTis qvemo nawilSi, CarCosTan, odnav miniSnebulia mo- 

 

aseTia, magaliTad, naklebad cnobili xelmowerili suraTi saqarTvelos xelovnebis 

saxelmwifo muzeumSi - `xilis duqanSi”, sadac dawvrilebiT aris naCvenebi 

Taroebze dalagebuli sxvadasxvanairi xili - TviT gaWrili sazamTroc ki, am 

fonze ki naCvenebia, rogor awvdis daxlidari xiliT savse parks duqanSi Sesul 

qalbatons. mas axlavan patara biWi, erTi patara da erTi monadire ZaRli; aseTia, 

agreTve, suraTi, romelic gvixatavs sanitaruli inspeqtoris misvlas duqanSi. mas 

aweria: àxali bazarniki qali”.


33 

„giorgi gandegili“. muSamba, zeTi, 115X86 sm. sxm.

34 vaxtang beriZe


35 

„qeifi vazis talaverSi“. muSamba, zeTi, 139X112 sm. sxm. 

gv. 34 (zemoT). „viris xidi“. muSamba, zeTi, 93×117 sm. sxm; 

(qvemoT). „ojaxuri arifana (pikniki)“. muSamba, zeTi, 

71.5×104 sm. sxm;


„naturmorti Saqris TaviT“. Tunuqi, zeTi, 55X62sm.mirzaani, 

firosmanis muzeumi. 

„naturmorti“ (gaumarjos purmarilian kacsa). Tunuqi, zeTi, 

36X73 sm. sxm.


37 

„naturmorti“ (didi naturmorti). muSamba, zeTi, 102X135 sm. sxm. 

„deda Rori goWebiT“. muyao, zeTi, 80X100 sm. sxm.


„Sveli peizaJis fonze“. muyao, zeTi, 98X71 sm. sxm.


39 

„daTvi mTvarian RameSi“. muSamba, zeTi, 100X80 sm. sxm.


„Jirafi“. muyao, zeTi, 138X112 sm. sxm.


41 

„mjdomare yviTeli lomi“. muyao, zeTi, 99X80 sm. sxm.


„kaloze“. muyao, zeTi, 72X100 sm. sxm. 

„mamali da krux-wiwila“. muyao, zeTi, 66.5X77 sm. sxm.


43 

„wyalze mimavali bavSvebiani qali“. muSamba, zeTi, 111X92 sm. sxm. 

„Sveli nukriT wyalze“. muyao, zeTi, 74.5X97 sm. sxm.

44 vaxtang beriZe


45 

„meTevze (wiTel perangSi)“. muSamba, zeTi, 111X90 sm. sxm. 

gv. 44 „meezove“. muSamba, zeTi, 105X46 sm. sxm.


„giorgi saakaZe ixsnis saqarTvelos mtrebisagan“. muSamba, zeTi, 

120X180 sm. sxm. 

„aqimi virze“. muyao, zeTi, 80X100 sm.


47 

„Tbilisis funikuliori“. muSamba, zeTi, 112X90 sm. sxm. 

„kaxeTis matarebeli“. muyao, zeTi, 70X140 sm. sxm.


„sviri“. muSamba,zeTi, 63X97 sm. sxm. 

„wm. giorgis dReoba bolnisSi“. muyao, zeTi, 72X263 sm. sxm. 

„paraklisi soflad“. muyao, zeTi, 72X140 sm. sxm.


49 

qmedebis adgili – iataki, mcenareebi; ufro metic, xandaxan mTe- 

li fonic mcenareebiTaa dawerili; magram iqmneba STabeWdileba, 

rom mxatvars arc ucdia Seeqmna siRrmis efeqti, TiTqos balaxi, 

lerwi, venaxi fardaze iyos daxatuli, msgavsad fotoatelies 

fonebisa; aseTia calke gamosaxul figuraTa umetesoba („meezove“, 

„mzareuli“, „qali maraoTi“, „qali zambaxiTa da qolgiT“, „or- 

TaWalis turfebi“, „aqtrisa margarita“, „glexis qali vaJiT“, 

„SeZlebuli glexi“, „virze mjdomi eqimi“, „virze mjdomi biWi“), 

saxelganTqmuli jgufi „uSvilo milioneri da bavSvebiani Raribi 

qali“, cxovelTa suraTebis umetesoba (yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli 

nimuSia „Savi taxi“, romelic TiTqos uhaero sivrceSia naCvenebi), 

naturmortebi (magaliTad, „didi naturmorti“). 

arsebiTad aseve savsebiT brtyelia upeizaJo „qeifebic“. aq mTe- 

li sivrce ganizomeba magidis siRrmiT da wvrili zoliT magidis 

win („xuTi Tavadis qeifi“, „malaknebis qeifi“, qeifi „vazis talaverSi“, 

„daTiko zemelTan“); Tanac, sibrtye fiqsirebulia magidis 

ucvlelad frontaluri mdebareobiT; figurebi TiTqos bare- 

liefur frizs Seadgenen. 

bunebis fonze gaSlili suraTebi orgvaria: zogierTSi mkaf- 

iod aris gamoyofili wina plani, sadac SedarebiT didi masStabiT 

aris warmodgenili sakuTriv Tema, suraTis ZiriTadi birTvi (umravles 

SemTxvevaSi, es gaSlili sufra da masTan msxdomi moqeifeni 

arian); sxva yvelaferi – peizaJi damatebiTi scenebiTa da fig- 

urebiT – TiTqos „axlavs“ am birTvs; aseTi suraTebia „krwanisi“, 

„qeifi rTvelSi“, „sami Tavadis qeifi mindvrad“, „begos kampania“ 

da sxv. sxvebSi ar aris aseTi gamoyofili dominanti, suraTis Si- 

naarsi TiTqos gafantulia Tanabari mniSvnelobis mqone jgufebad, 

yovelTvis konkretuli amocanis Sesabamisad: „wm.giorgis dReoba 

bolnisSi“, „viris xidi“, „rTveli“, „nadiroba Savi zRvis napiras“; 

„kaxeTis eposi“ TiTqos Sualeduria maT Soris. 

ama Tu im suraTis kompoziciuri agebis calkeul niSanTa miuxe- 

davad, yvelaSi TiTqos ori sawyisis Sejaxeba igrZnoba; sagnebis 

gadmocemisas – sibrtyiTobisa da moculobiTobisa, sivrcis gadmocemisas 

– kvlav sibrtyiTobisa da siRrmisa; xolo TviT sivr- 

cis agebisas – Tanaarseboba, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, „sisworisa“ da 

„usworobisa“. TvalsaCino magaliTad Tavdapirvelad gamogvadgeba 

„baTumi“, sadac matarebeli pirvel planze naCvenebia rakursiT, 

igi diagonalurad moemarTeba siRrmidan „Cvenken“, sxva yvelaferi 

ki – qalaqis saxlebis saxuravebi, zRva Tavisi karWapebiTa da nave-


biT – Tavisi horizontalebiT, sibrtyes „ganamtkicebs“. 

ra Tqma unda, firosmanma mSvenivrad icis, rom Soreuli sagnebi 

sididiT ufro patarebi Cans, vidre axlomdebareni – Cveulebriv, 

is maT asec xatavs; igi savsebiT flobs amoburculi zedapiris gad- 

mocemis saidumlobas – ix. didi da mcire doqebi bevr suraTSi, 

sadac moculoba iluziurad aris naCvenebi Suq–Crdilis grada- 

ciiT, ix.agreTve adamianTa zogi figura da cxovelebi, romlebic 

moculobiTad arian modelirebulni; mas SeuZlia da uyvars kidec 

Cveneba horizontze an borcvebze mdebare soflebis, siRrmeSi Sema- 

vali mdinarisa da gzisa, da am gzaze mimavali figurebisac; xSirad 

mimarTavs rakurss moCardaxuli urmis an cxovelebis gadmocemisas 

(„iremi Tavisi bRartiT“, orive cxeni suraTSi „yaCaRma cx- 

eni moipara“); sworad xatavs rakursiT terfs, rasac ver axerxebs 

TviTnaswavlTa umetesoba da rac ucxoa xalxuri xelovnebisTvis 

(„meezove“, garanovis portreti, „mzareuli“); dasasrul – amas 

qvemoT davubrundebiT – Soreuli planebis gadmosacemad arsebiT 

rols feradovani da ferweruli gadawyveta TamaSobs, Tumca mis 

suraTebSi ar igrZnoba haeris garemo, sfumato. 

amitom gaubraloeba iqneba, Tu daviwyebT mtkicebas, TiTqos firos- 

manis peizaJebiani suraTebi mxolod sibrtyiTia da meti araferi. am 

suraTebSi imdeni sivrce da siRrmea, ramdenic mxatvars esaWiroeba 

yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi siuJetis gasaSlelad, garemos xasiaTis 

gadmosacemad, kompoziciis asawyobad da, SeiZleba iTqvas, Sesaferi- 

si ganwyobilebis Sesaqmnelad. amis mSvenieri magaliTebia: „glexTa 

gaTavisufleba“, 17 misi erTi saukeTeso suraTTagani, Sors mimavali 

gziT, ramdenime wyebad ganlagebuli sofluri saxlebiT; „sami Ta- 

vadis qeifi“, safexurebad siRrmeSi Semavali terasebiT; „uwindeli 

saqarTvelos qorwili“, didi „panoramebi“, naklebad cnobili „lxini 

qarTlSi“, perspeqtivaSi naCvenebi soflis saxlebiT da uamravi xalx- 

iT (am masas firosmani warmogvidgens erTian blokad, rogorc amas 

Sua saukuneebis freskebSi vxvdebiT: pirvel rigebSi mTliani figure- 

bia TaviT fexamde, ukan mxolod Tavebis konturebis ganmeoreba). 

da mainc, firosmanis xedva (ara marto xsenebul usivrco suraTebSi, 

aramed peizaJebian kompoziciebSic), ra Tqma unda, „sibrtyiTia“. 

ara mxolod uklebliv yvela magida, romelTac moqei- 

feni usxedan, aramed yvela sxva „sayrdeni“ elementic, romelTa 

SemweobiTac igeba rTuli kompoziciebi, naCvenebia frontalurad 

an sruli profiliT, isini swored sibrtyis fiqsacias axdenen: 

 

am suraTs xSirad sxva saxeliTac ixsenieben: „didmarxva saqarTveloSi”.


51 

Senobebi (firosmani, Cveulebriv, aCvenebs or fasads, anu isini 

kuTxeSi dganan, magram orive fasadis karnizebi horizontaluria), 

aseTia xidebi, navebi, karWapebi, mTavari ki is aris, rom TviT mo- 

qmedeba warmoebs an erT – wina – sibrtyeze an, Tu suraTSi bevri 

jgufia, paralelur sibrtyeebSi; aseve moZraoben, mcire gamonaklisebis 

garda, cxovelebic; moqmedi pirebi yovelTvis ar iyene- 

ben perspeqtiul kulisebs (zemoT rom movixsenieT), mag., siRrmeSi 

Semaval gzebs – Tu vinme maT gaswvriv mainc moZraobs, xSirad isini 

carielia, zogjer ki maT hkveTen figurebi, romlebic sasuraTo si- 

brtyis paralelurad arian mobrunebulni (motrialebulni). 18 

damaxasiaTebelia, rom amoburculi, e.i. moculobiTi, modeli- 

rebuli formebic da „brtyeli“ gadmocemac ara marto sxvadasxva 

suraTSi, aramed erTsa da imaveSic gvxvdeba, isini Tanaarseboben. 

ai, magaliTad, „qali, romelsac ludis kaTxa uWiravs“: misi sakmaod 

farTo, moculobiT gadmocemuli biusti sruliad brtyel ka- 

bas uerTdeba; wyalTan misuli Sveli brtyelia, TiTqos muyaosgan 

gamoWrili, „goWebiani deda Rori“ ki friad moculobiTia; xuTi 

moqeife Tavadi da „begos kampaniis“ monawileni gabrtyelebulni 

arian (zogi figura – erTiani Savi laqaa), sami moqeife Tavadis 

sxeulebi ki TvalsaCinod modelirebulia; xolo wyalze mimavali 

glexis qali, Tumca misTvis gankuTvnili sivrce mcire siRrmis- 

aa, modelirebulia ara zogadad, erTiani blokis saxiT, rogorc 

nikos sxva figurebis umetesoba, aramed faqizi gradaciebiT; aseve 

„gamoZerwilia“ zogi xec (ix., magaliTad, „daTvi mTvarian Rames“). 

gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivia firosmanis suraTebSi sxvadasx- 

va „usworoba“, ase vTqvaT, „darRvevebi“. niko icnobs sivrcisa 

da sagnebis gadmocemis ZiriTad wesebs da yovel nabijze „fexqveS 

Telavs“ maT. perspeqtivis kanonebi man, ra Tqma unda, ar icoda. ar 

icoda, rom arsebobs „Tavmoyris wertili“ horizontze; amitom magidebis 

paralelepipedebi – misi suraTebis erTi mTavari atribut- 

Tagani, xan ukuperspeqtivaSia 

naCvenebi, xan aqsonometriulad, da 

yovel sagansa da nagebobas sakuTari perspeqtiva aqvs. magram rogorRa 

avxsnaT sagnebisa da figurebis masStabTa sruliad „Tavisuf- 

ali“ urTierTSefardeba? „kaxeTis eposSi“ zogi Soreuli, borcvze 

mdgomi figura ufro didia, vidre axlo mdgomebi, xolo moqeife 

Tavadebis gverdiT mdgari msaxuri maTze ufro mcire masStabiT 

aris naCvenebi; an gavixsenoT abra „Распивочно и на вынос~ – tiki 

 

ra Tqma unda, sibrtyis fiqsirebas warwerebic uwyobs xels, gansakuTrebiT 

iseTebi, rogoricaa `begos kampania~ - samstriqoniani, TiTqos sagangebod, demonstraciulad, 

lozungiviT `gamofenili~ TvalsaCino adgilas.


ara marto xarebze, aramed saxlebzec bevrad didia; „rTvelSi“ ki 

mtevnebi adamiansac aRemateba; „svirSic“ gansxvavebuli masStabis 

adamianebi moqmedeben – mTavari personaJebi, e.i. portretulad 

gamosaxuli SemkveTni, ufro didebi arian, vidre imave planSi gan- 

Tavsebuli „damxmare“ pirebi. 

es rom SemTxveviTi ar aris, ueWvelia. amas adasturebs Tundac 

zemoT damowmebuli moTxroba erTi SemkveTisa, romelic nikosgan 

tikisa da xarebis zomis Secvlas moiTxovda. mxatvari ara marto ar 

daeTanxma, aramed protestis niSnad samuSao miatova. es ki mowmobs, 

rom suraTSi daxatuli ama Tu im figuris sidide misTvis „sulerTi“ 

ki ar iyo, aramed garkveul Canafiqrs ukavSirdeboda da winaswar iyo 

mofiqrebuli. magram es am moTxrobis gareSec naTelia. amaze metyve- 

lebs TviT suraTebi. TiTqmis yovelTvis amgvari „darRveva“ ama Tu 

im sagnis azrobriv mniSvnelobas, ama Tu im sagnis, figuris funqcias 

ukavSirdeba. aseve iyo Sua saukuneebis reliefebsa da xalxuri Semoqmedebis 

nimuSebSi, kerZod, saqarTveloSic: gamoyofili da xazgasmulia 

is, rac yovel mocemul suraTSi yvelaze metad mniSvnelova- 

nia misi azrisa da Sinaarsis gasaxsnelad: tiki Rvinis sardafis 

abraze, mtevnebi „rTvelSi“; xolo Tavadebisa da msaxuris Sefarde- 

baSi, arsebiTad, igive principi vlindeba, romelic jer kidev Zveli 

aRmosavleTis xelovnebaSi moqmedebda; mbrZanebelni erTi masStabiT 

ixatebodnen, sxvebi – sxva masStabiT, Tumca firosmanTan es gaTiSva 

arc iseTi mZafria, rogorc iq. 

rogor agebs firosmani kompozicias? 

e. kuznecovi, firosmanis „sofluri“ suraTebisa da „eposebis“ 

ganxilvisas, gamoTqvams azrs maTi „gaTiSulobis“ Sesaxeb: „yovel 

maTgans aRviqvamT, rogorc uzarmazari suraTis monakveTs... moq- 

medeba maTSi sruliad Tavisuflad vrceldeba, igi ki ar mTavrdeba, 

aramed wydeba. TiTqos mxatvars muSamba aRar eyo... da iZulebuli 

gaxda Seewyvita muSaoba; xolo SesaZlebloba rom hqonoda, si- 

cocxlis grZelze ugrZesi xazi gagrZeldeboda“ 29 . es azri savsebiT 

samarTliania firosmanis epikuri suraTebis mimarT. 

magram es srulebiTac ar niSnavs, rom isini cxovrebidan Sem- 

TxveviT amoglejili fragmentebis STabeWdilebas stoveben, rom 

maT arc dasawyisi gaaCniaT da arc bolo; piriqiT, yvela suraTi 

kompoziciurad dasrulebulia. am mxrivac firosmans iSviaTi intuicia 

hqonda. alRo mas yovelTvis karnaxobda, rogor aego mra- 

valmonakveTiani suraTi, rogor ganeTavsebina maxvilebi, rogor 

gaewonasworebina sxvadasxva nawili da mTavari: rogor gamoesaxa,


53 

kompoziciis saSualebiT, nawarmoebis umTavresi azri. 

ai, Tundac „rTveli“ (misi sigrZe TiTqmis 3,5 metria): erTi 

SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom suraTi metismetad gadatvir- 

Tulia; pirveli, rac Tvals xvdeba – uzarmazari mtevnebis daxvave- 

baa, isini avseben, xeTqaven kadrs da TiTqos misi CarCodan iRvrebian. 

– es marTlac vazis samefoa, yurZnis dReoba, da kompoziciac xazs 

suraTis swored am ZiriTad azrs usvams; sxva yvela da yvelaferi 

– sxvadasxva adgilas mofusfuse adamianebi, datvirTuli uremi, 

e.i. yvela moqmedi piri da maTi moqmedeba TiTqos vazidan, venaxidan, 

mtevnebidan momdinareobs, yovelive maT emorCileba. dakvirvebisas 

imasac aRmovaCenT, rom suraTs garkveuli ConCxic aqvs, romelic 

odnavac ar arRvevs moqmedebis srul Tavisuflebasa da bunebriobas. 

SemTxveviT xom ar mouTavsebia mxatvars qvemoT, suraTis centrSi, 

ori didi gogra, romlebic erTbaSad ipyroben yuradRebas, marcxena 

kuTxeSi ki tikis muqi, CarCos mier gadakveTili silueti; es sagnebi, 

xesTan, xarebTan da uremTan, qvevrebis mwkrivsa da sawnaxelSi mdgom 

mamakacebTan erTad, qmnian mTeli kompoziciis myar CarCos; arc is 

aris SemTxveviTi, rom xididan, romelic zustad Sua RerZzea mo- 

Tavsebuli, simetriulad miemarTeba erT mxares mdinare, meore mx- 

ares ki – biliki; arc is, rom venaxisa da xeebis mTeli daburuli 

mwvane masivi gayofilia sam „blokad“, maT Soris ki „sulmosaTqme- 

lad“ datovebulia cezurebi, rom daxvaveba qaosuri ar gaxdes. 

gavixsenoT, rogor „sazeimo“ garemocvas uqmnis mxatvari „svir- 

Si“ mTavar gmirebs, romelnic sufras usxedan suraTis centrSi. aq 

ara marto venaxia fonad, aramed ori mZlavri xis tanic, romle- 

bic kraven aqeT-iqidan kompozicias, magidis win ki ori simetriuli 

qvevri, romlebic aq sagangebod aris moTavsebuli, rogorc mTa- 

vari atributebi. 

ai, „uwindeli saqarTvelos qorwili“: mTis ferdi daqanebulia 

marcxnidan marjvniv, rac karnaxobs suraTis diagonalur ganviTare- 

bas; amis Sesabamisad, ori dapirispirebuli jgufi ganlagebulia or 

doneze: marcxena – maRla, marjvena –dabla, da rogor Seucdomlad, 

bunebrivad ewerebian maT Soris, am diagonalze, yalyze Semdgari cxeni 

da mxedari, romelic Tofs isvris – es absoluturad aucilebeli 

rgolia, romlis gareSec kompozicia nawilebad daiSleboda. amave 

dros, firosmani arc imas iviwyebs, rom marcxena Senobis didi masa 

gaawonasworos marjvniv moTavsebuli eklesiiTa da koSkiT borcvze. 

`viris xidi”. erTi cicqna figurebi, mcire jgufebi da sagnebi. 

suraTi ki mTliania; mas aqvs myari RerZi – Tavisufali are sura-


Tis SuaSi, guburiTa da ciT (isini ar arian erTmaneTisgan gamoyo- 

filni), dublirebuli xiT. simetriulad „Camketni“ – duqani da 

talaveri, romelTa kideebi odnav aris CamoWrili CarCoTi. yvela 

calkeuli nawili rogorRac erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba rogorc Sveulad, 

ise horizontalurad: navi wina planze; verZi – xidi, zed mi- 

mavali viriT; figurebis mwkrivi: mocekvave – mearRne – ori laqia 

– meore mocekvave; duqani – gaSlili sufra mis win – meore navi 

– sami memusike – talaverSi moqeifeni; TeTri Rrublebis parale- 

luri zolebi – frTagaSlili Citebi. msgavsi kavSiri SegviZlia 

davadginoT Sveuladac. amgvarad, gamodis, rom suraTis yvela mravalricxovan 

komponents –adamianebs, Senobebs, cxovelebs, mcenareebs 

– zustad aqvs miCenili maTTvis gankuTvnili adgilebi. adgi- 

lidan veravis da verafers daZrav. 

„bolnisis dReobasa“ da „kaxeTis eposSi“, firosmanis yvelaze 

„panoramul“ suraTebSi, sadac „samyaros usasruloba“ yvelaze 

metad igrZnoba, aseTive dasrulebuloba da gawonasworeba SeimCneva. 

pirvel amaTganSi Tvals Tu gavadevnebT ZiriTadi masebis ga- 

nawilebas (Zarcvis scena – nangrevebi – cxvris fara – eklesia da 

momlocvelTa karvebi – sami saxli marjvniv – samkuTxa borcvi 

moqeifeebiT, uremi mlocvelebiT – xidamde da wisqvilamde) _ es 

yovelive erTi jaWvis rgolebia; “kaxeTis eposSi“ sakvirveli is 

aris, rom sami Tavadis jgufi, romelic TiTqos Tavisi mdebare- 

obiTac da masStabiTac mowyvetilia suraTis danarCen nawils, 

sinamdvileSi kompoziciis aucilebel nawils warmoadgens, uim- 

isod igi dairRveoda. 

imis mSvenieri magaliTi, Tu rogor emsaxureba kompoziciis 

ageba ideis mkafio ganxorcielebas – „arwivi da kurdRelia“. mta- 

cebeli frinveli, romelic firosmanisTvis zogadad Zaladobas 

ganasaxierebs, kidiT kidemde avsebs sasuraTo sibrtyes da Tavisi 

uzarmazari Savi frTebiT CarCos ebjineba – TiTqos es saSineli, 

uZleveli boroteba mTel dedamiwas, mTel qveyanas moicavs. 

aseve, gana maxvil kompoziciur alRos ar mowmobs saxelgan Tqmuli 

„Sveli“, sadac ori xis Sveuli tani cxovelis amayad Se marTuli Ta- 

vis ukan aris moTavsebuli? an jgufebis ganawileba da maTi Sefardeba 

peizaJTan „glexebis gaTavisuflebaSi“? an moparuli cxenis, mxedrisa 

da kldis xazebis SeTavseba suraTSi „yaCaRma cxeni moipara“. 

ra Tqma unda, firosmans aqvs sakmaod elementaruli kompo ziciebic, 

Tundac calkeuli figurebis umetesoba („uSvilo milio- 

neri“) da cxovelebis gamosaxulebebic (mravali qeifi neitralur


55 

fonze), magram es mainc ar cvlis daskvnas imis Taobaze, rom firosmani 

dauflebuli iyo kompoziciis saidumloebas, rom misi namu- 

Sevrebi am mxrivac gaazrebulia; 19 rom aRaraferi vTqvaT imis Taoba- 

ze, „elementaruloba“ TviT suraTebis SinaarsiT iyo nakarnaxevi. 

da mainc, es ar aris mTavari firosmanis SemoqmedebaSi. firos- 

manis Taviseburebas Seadgens ara marto, da ara imdenad, sivrcis 

Taviseburad ageba da moculobaTa gadmocema, ara, erTi mxriv, `Ta- 

visebureba~, da meore mxriv, figurebis erTgvari gaSeSebuloba – 

rac bevr TviTnaswavl mxatvars axasiaTebs, Tumca isini mis qmnile- 

baTa arsebiTi maxasiaTeblebia. aseTi niSnebi sxva TviTnaswavl 

mxatvrebTanac SegviZlia aRmovaCinoT. mis umTavres Taviseburebas 

Seadgenen: a) mis mier adamianis interpretacia; is ganwyobileba, 

romelsac igi Tavis suraTebSi qmnis; b) misi koloriti. 

sjobs isev „qeifebiT“ daviwyoT. am mxriv es suraTebi Zalian tipuria. 

ai, erTi ukeTesTagani am jgufis suraTTa Soris – „krwani- 

si“. fons qmnis Ramis ca da mTvare, mwvane mdelo, ufro sworad 

– ferdi, romelic tyiT mTavrdeba, mdinare, tba(?); suraTis birT- 

via TeTri sufriT dafaruli magida, romelic, Cveulebisamebr, 

frontalurad aris naCvenebi wina kidesTan. mTavari moqmedi pirebi 

rvani arian: erTi, marcxniv, fexze mdgomia, sxvebi sxedan; marjvniv, 

cota ukan, sami memusike dgas. sufrasTan msxdomi moqeifeni da me- 

musikeni, romelnic maTTvis ukraven da TiTqmis yovelTvis aseTive 

SefardebiT arian warmodgenilni, es ukve SemuSavebuli „mizansce- 

naa“, romelic bevr suraTSi meordeba. 20 

moqeifeni magidis iqiTa 

mxares arian moTavsebulni, piriT mayureblisken, rogorc Zvel 

„saidumlo serobebSi“. firosmani iSviaTad xatavs TiTo figuras 

magidis gverdebTanac. yoveli figura warmodgenilia gancalkevebiT, 

TiTqmis yovelTvis frontalurad; isini erTmaneTs ar fara- 

ven da ar hkveTen, rva+sami garindebuli vertikali, ganawilebuli 

mkacri ritmiT, romelsac kidev ufro mkafiod avlens tansacmlis 

Ria feris detalebi, gansakuTrebiT ki Savi, erT xazze Camwkrive- 

buli, boTlebis vertikalebi. figurebs erTmaneTTan urTierToba, 

kontaqti ara aqvT, yoveli maTgani damoukideblad mogvmarTavs 

 

niSandoblivi magaliTi: `sahaero buStiani gogo” (xelovnebis saxelmwifo 

muzeumSi) - erTaderTi figura `cariel” fonze. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, aq 

kidev ufro metad sagrZnobia mxatvris utyuari kompoziciuri alRo: figuris 

`dayeneba” (misi adgili suraTis sibrtyeze), farTo qamris, farTofarflebiani 

wvetiani qudis, sahaero buStisa da peplis saWeri badis ganlageba, am elemetTa 

urTierTSefardeba - yvelaferi am alRos mowmobs. 

 

varianti: moqeife Tavadebi da maT gverdiT morCilad mdgomi msaxuri-glexi.


pirdapir Cven, mayureblebs, TiTqos gulisxmoben, rom maT pirisp- 

ir, oTaxis realur sivrceSi, maTi partniorebi imyofebian. 

ai, es aris arsebiTi niSani firosmanis yvela „qeifisa“, rac maT 

Janruli scenis xasiaTs ukargavs da Tavisebur reprezentaciulobas 

aniWebs. sul sxva garemos, firosmanis gmirebis sul sxva xasiaTisa 

da sxva sulieri donis miuxedavad, isini „sazeimod“ warmogvidgebian, 

iseve rogorc Zveli freskebisa da mozaikebis istoriuli person- 

aJebi, dawyebuli adreqristianuli xanis bizantiuri portretuli 

jgufebiT da damTavrebuli XVI-XVII saukuneebis pawawina qarTuli 

eklesiebis feodalTa portretebiT. ra Tqma unda, isini uSualo na- 

Tesaobas swored am ukanasknelebTan amJRavneben. 

figurebi ara marto garindebuli da ieratikulia; isini indivi- 

duri daxasiaTebis, moZraobisa da Jestebis mxrivac naklebad arian 

diferencirebulni. erTsa da imave suraTSi firosmani ramdenime- 

jer imeorebs miyolebiT erTsa da imave Jests (idayvSi moxrili, 

zeaweuli xeli, romelsac RviniT savse yanwi uWiravs) – da amiTac 

mogvagonebs freskul portretebs, sadac mwkrivad mdgom qarTvel 

mefeebsa da feodalebs xelebi vedrebiT aqvT apyrobili. Jestis 

funqcia sul sxvaa, sruliad ar aris ise „amaRlebuli“, rogorc 

freskebSi, magram aseTi xazgasmuli erTgvaroba, elementTa gan- 

meoreba xels uwyobs iseTsave pirobiTobas da sazeimo ganwyobas, 

iseve, rogorc saxeebis seriozuli, daZabuli gamometyveleba – 

TiTqos yvelani ganmsWvalulni arian SegnebiT imis mniSvnelobisa, 

rac xdeba. mkafio magaliTia amisa „sami Tavadis qeifi“. 21 

mediduroba, mniSvnelovneba, monumenturoba axasiaTebs firos- 

manis bevr calke gamosaxul personaJsac – „meezoves“, „mzareuls“, 

„glexs Tavis vaJTan“ da TviT cxovelebsac ki. ukve vTqviT, zemo- 

qmedebis rogori Sinagani Zala aqvT „Jirafs“, „Svels“, lomebs, 

idumal „daTvs mTvarian Rames“. 

da kidev erTi zemoT ukve moxsenebuli Tviseba mxatvrisa, Tviseba, 

romelic imave mimarTulebiT moqmedebs – lakonizmi, zog SemTxveva- 

Si ukiduresic ki, sruli ugulebelyofa gasarTobi da gamamSvene- 

beli detalebisa; orTaWalis turfebi naCvenebi arian yovelgvari 

anturaJis gareSe, Sav fonze, TeTr zewarSi gaxveulni, xolo Citebi 

da yvavilebi maT fexebTan imitom aris damatebuli, rom mxatvari 

 

SesaZlebelia, am Tvisebebsac miewerebodes, rac zemoT aRvniSneT firosmanis 

Tematikis ganxilvisas - is, rom mas arasodes ar dauxatavs yeenoba, berikaoba, 

krivi - rogorc Cans, firosmanis dinji, gawonasworebuli xelovnebisaTvis ucxo 

iyo es Wrel-Wrulad aferadebuli, xmauriani scenebi.


57 

maT aniWebda (iseve rogorc zewris TeTr fers) garkveul simbolur 

mniSvnelobas. 22 TviT sahaero buStian gogo nas, mdidrulad Cacmuls, 

firosmani mxolod dasaxasiaTeblad sa Wiro atributebs umatebs, 

garSemo ki araferi ar aris; bevri cxoveli daxatulia asketurad 

mkacr fonze – zemo nawilSi pirobiTi feris caa, qvemoT – SiSveli 

miwa, romelzec erTi Reri balaxic ki ar izrdeba (Jirafi, zogierTi 

iremi da Sveli, da sxva, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT erTian TeTr fonze 

moTavsebuli Savi taxis Sesaxeb). igive SeiZleba iTqvas mraval sxva 

suraTze, ix., magaliTad, „virze mjdomi eqimi“, „virze mjdomi biWi“, 

„meezove“, „mzareuli“, „qali maraoTi“ da sxvebi – yvelgan mkacri, 

mkafio da metyveli siluetia. 

magram es niSnebi – sazeimo ieri, ieratizmi, detalebis mkacri 

gacxrilva – xels ar uSlis firosmans gaacocxlos Tavisi suraTebi 

damaxasiaTebeli (swored damaxasiaTebeli!) detalebiT, aq- 

centebiT – swored amis Sedegia sakvirveli Sexameba ganzogadebisa 

da cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilisa. 23 

am mxriv niSandoblivia „pano- 

ramebisa“ da sxvadasxva „qeifis“ ukana planebi cocxali scenebiT 

da figurebiT – Zalauneburad gagaxsendeba kvatroCentos mxatvar- 

Ta suraTebis ukana planebi, sadac, agreTve, sxvadasxva epizodia 

mimofantuli; magram imaTgan gansxvavebiT, arc erTi detali, azro- 

brivi TvalsazrisiT, aq SemTxveviTi ar aris, ar aris amovardnili 

siuJetidan; piriqiT, yvela mis gaxsnas emsaxureba, amavdroulad 

isini ar arRveven suraTis saerTo wyobas, mis ganwyobilebas . 24 

calkea mosaxsenebeli firosmanis naturmortebi. arsebiTad, 

naturmortebi Sedis, rogorc Semadgeneli nawilebi, yvela „qei- 

fSi“, raki yvela sufraze sanovagea dalagebuli; magram mas aqvs 

 

firosmanis sityvebi, Cawerili gudiaSvilis mier: `TeTri feri siyvarulis feria... 

roca orTaWalis daRupul turfebs vxatav, me maT Savi cxovrebis Sav fonze 

vxatav. magram maTac aqvT siyvaruli - es aris maT irgvliv moTavsebuli yvavilebi, 

maT mxrebTan Citebi, maT TeTr zewrebSi gaxveulebs vxatav. mebralebian, TeTri 

feriT codvebs vapatieb” 30 . 

 

firosmani iSviaTad aZlevda Tavs uflebas erTgvari `Tavisufali gadaxvevisas”; 

ix., magaliTad, `begos kampania”, sadac ieratizmi adgils uTmobs Janrulobas, 

gansakuTrebiT ki - `malaknebis qeifi”, erTgvari iumoriTac aRbeWdili: 

moqeifeni xelebs iqneven, xmamaRla mRerian, erTi ki - mTavari - iatakze gdia. 

 

cxovrebis mier STagonebul bevr motivs Soris firosmanis repertuarSi aris 

iseTebic, romlebic mas gansakuTrebiT uyvarda da romelTac xSirad imeorebda: 

moCardaxuli uremi, faetoni, romelic TiTqmis yovelTvis marcxnidan marjvniv 

miemarTeba da aucileblad profiliT aris naCvenebi; kompozicia, romelic erTi 

“qeifidan” meoreSi gadadis: magidis ZirSi, suraTis wina planze moTavsebuli tiki 

(aucileblad marcxniv) da doqi (SeiZleba iyos sxva, damatebiTi sagnebic, magram es 

ori “minimums” Seadgens), frinvelebis gundi farTod (horizontalurad) gaSlili 

frTebiT _ xan TeTri Citebia Sav fonze, xan Savi Citebi _ Ria feris fonze.


ramdenime damoukidebeli naturmorti – Tavis droze, ra Tqma unda, 

bevrad meti iqneboda. ukve aRvniSneT, rom maTi sagani, ugamonak- 

lisod, saWmel-sasmelia. „meniu“ namdvili qarTulia, Tbilisuri, 

kerZi yvelgan meordeba – moxarSuli dedali (zemoTken aSverili 

fexebiT), Tevzi, SoTi puri, mwvanili, xili, ufro iSviaTad – mwva- 

di Samfurze. aqvea, ra Tqma unda, garda boTlebis, doqebisa da 

Cveulebrivi WurWlisa, yanwebi da tikebi. 

pirveli, rac Tvals xvdeba, is aris, rom naturmortebSi – es, 

upirvelesad, exeba im naturmortebs, romlebic qeifis scenebSia 

– mkacri „wesrigi“ mefobs. araviTari siuxve flamanduri maneriT, 

araviTari daxvaveba, romelsac magida ver uZlebs; yoveli TefSi, 

iseve rogorc adamianTa figurebi, naCvenebia gancalkevebiT, ara- 

sodes ar „ajdeba“ erTmaneTs; WurWeli cotaa da xSirad erT an or 

rigad aris dalagebuli. aseTi mowesrigebuloba savsebiT Seesa- 

tyviseba „qeifebis“ saerTo xasiaTs. 

damoukidebel naturmortTagan ufro meti TaviseburebiT 

gamoirCevian pirobiT fonze gamosaxulni, magaliTad, „gaumarjos 

purmarilian kacsa“, Tunuqze Sesrulebuli patara naturmorti 

da, gansakuTrebiT, didi naturmorti (102X135 sm.). orive daculia 

saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumSi. 

rogorc cnobilia, saukuneTa manZilze, mas Semdeg, rac natur- 

mortma moipova damoukidebeli Janris uflebebi, dRevandel 

dRemde, “mkvdar bunebas” – sayofacxovrebo nivTebs, servizs, yvavilebs, 

wignebs, saWmel-sasmels – gamosaxaven (dausruleblad mra- 

valferovani variantebis pirobebSi) konkretul garemoSi, realur 

sivrceSi: sagnebi devs magidaze an sxvagan sadme, saidanRac ganaTeb- 

ulni. araferi amis msgavsi ar aris firosmanTan – sivrce, adgili, 

situacia odnavac ar aris miniSnebuli. mxatvris mier SerCeuli 

sanovage pirobiTad aris ganlagebuli erTian Sav fonze, SedarebiTi 

masStabis daucvelad, magram garkveuli kompoziciuri wes- 

rigiT. isini realurni, msgavsni arian, advilad sacnobni, magram 

arseboben TavisTvis, TavisTavad, realobisagan damoukideblad, 

arseboben „saerTod“ da ara am wuTSi, isini TiTqos abstragireb- 

ulni arian da ganzogadebis Zalas iZenen. 

lakonizmi, simkacre, kvlav TviTSezRudva, swrafva ganzoga- 

debisa da ara daqucmacebisaken axasiaTebs firosmanis suraTebis 

ferebis gadawyvetasac. araviTari Selamazeba, araviTari mxiaruli 

siWrele, sagangebo dekoratiuloba da, miT ufro, ornamentuloba, 

rac TvalSi gvecema, magaliTad, iugoslaviel „xalxur mxat-


59 

vrebTan“. es gvidasturebs ara marto firosmanis Tavisebur pirad 

gemovnebas, romlis sxva gamovlinebebi CvenTvis ukve cnobilia, 

aramed mis erovnul Tvisebas. qarTul xelovnebas, monumentur- 

sac da xalxursac, axasiaTebs swored emociuri gamosaxvis didi 

zomiereba. es exeba, kerZod, koloritsac – rogorc kedlis mx- 

atvrobisa da miniaturebisa, ise xalxuri xelovnebis nimuSebsac, 

yovelTvis TavSekavebuls, mWaxe, myvirala SepirispirebaTa gareSe. 

arc keramikaSi, romelic XIX saukuneSic mzaddeboda saqarTvelos 

bevr sofelSi, arc glexebis tansacmelSi, arc saojaxo nivTebSi, 

arc qsovilebSi, romelTa warmoeba dResac cocxlobs, ostatebi 

ar Ralatoben am mravalsaukunovan tradicias, romelic erovnul 

gemovnebas gamoxatavs. firosmans arasodes ar hqonia cduneba, 

rom Seelamazebina suraTi, sagangebod „gaecocxlebina“ igi kaSkaSa 

ferebiT, Tu amas ar moiTxovda Sinaarsi (magaliTad, samose- 

lis specifikuri detalebi); magram maSinac igi garkveul mijnas 

ar scdeba. firosmanis bevri suraTi ramdenadme asketuradac da 

piquSadac ki SeiZleba mogveCvenos koloritis TvalsazrisiT. 

bevri ram dawerila firosmanis Savi feris Sesaxeb, romelic mar- 

Tlac arsebiT rols TamaSobs mis suraTebSi. es feri specifikuri 

warmoSobisaa: firosmanis suraTebis didi umetesoba Sesrulebulia 

zeTis saRebavebiT Sav muSambaze. swored es muSamba warmogvidgeba xeluxleblad, 

ara marto rogorc foni, aramed TviT gamosaxulebeb- 

Sic (yvelaze mkafio magaliTia „Savi taxi“). muSambis feri intensi- 

uria, „moWirebuli“. aramcirea TeTri feris mniSvnelobac. rodesac 

firosmanis peizaJebian suraTebs erT darbazSi xedav, iqmneba STabe- 

Wdileba, rom am ori feris garda, umTavresi datvirTva eniWeba ul- 

tramarins (cisTvis), inglisur wiTels (yavisferTan miaxloebuls) 

bevri sxvadasxva sagnisa da cxovelebisaTvis, moyviTalo-momwvano 

tonebi – bunebisaTvis; Cveulebriv es ferebi dabindulia, TiTqos 

maTSi SeRweuli Savi safuZveli axSobs maT, xolo zogjer, cota ar 

iyos, WuWyian elfersac aniWebs. firosmanis ca, sakmaod muqi, moSavo 

zemo nawilSi, aucileblad Riavdeba horizontTan, zogjer ruxi- 

moTeTro xdeba; yviTel-mwvane tonebsac (mdelo, mcenareebi) Tavisi 

gradaciebi aqvs – sakmaod Ria feridan yviTel-moSavomde. miwis re- 

liefis – terasebis, usworo zedapiris – gadmosacemad firosmani 

Cveulebriv Savisa da mwvanis Sepirispirebas mimarTavs. 

mas aqvs suraTebi, romelTa feradovani gama or-sam fers emyareba. 

es TiTqmis monoqromuli suraTebia. xSirad es Savi da TeTri fe- 

rebia da maTi SemakavSirebeli ruxia. aseTi suraTebia, magaliTad,


„deda Rori da goWebi“, „mzareuli“, „meezove“ (aq mxolod mcire 

feradovani laqebia – ruxi molurjo Sarvali, ruxi-movardisfro 

saxe da wvivebi, yviTeli nakeriT (lentiT?) qudze), „arwivi da 

kurdReli“ (kurdRlis Ria mocisfro sxeuliT), „glexTa gaTavisufleba“: 

mTeli suraTi moSavo-rux tonebSia, magram mdidaria niuansebiT, 

SeumCneveli gadasvlebiT: ganaTebuli (TeTri) da daCrdi- 

luli (ruxi) kedlebis da Savi saxuravebis Sepirispireba qmnis 

Ramis (mTvaris) ganaTebis STabeWdilebas, xolo moruxo-TeTr caze 

TiTqos Casuli mzis sxivebis anarekli igrZnoba. 25 

da am asketur 

gamaSi „CawveTebulia“ qalisa da muxlmodrekili biWis samoselis 

mqrqali mowiTalo ferebi, glexebis grZeli samosis mdogvis feri 

(marcxniv ori glexia aseT samoselSi, marjvniv – erTi), xeze dakiduli 

„brinjaos“ ori zari – miiReba, delikaturobis Tvalsaz- 

risiT, gansacvifrebeli Sexameba ferebisa. 

am mxriv aranakleb lamazia da daxvewili „uwindeli saqarTvelos 

qorwili“, „SeSis gamyidveli“, „didi naturmorti“ – es nam- 

dvili Sedevrebia. 

aseve mkacria koloritis mxriv „mdidari kintos Svili“: Savi 

tansacmeli, muqi miwa (umbra), foni – zemoT muqi lurji, qvemoT 

ufro Ria, pirobiTi ruxi feris saxe, qamrisa da saaTis Zewkvis wvri- 

li mooqrosfro zolebi. saerTo STabeWdileba: Sav-lurji gama. 

gasaocrad lamazia sami moqeife Tavadis tansacmlis lurj- 

wiTel-vardisferi CanarTebis _ gulispirebis Sexameba suraTis 

saerTo Sav-TeTr-mwvane gamasTan. 

SesaniSnav „SvelSi“, romelic erTi yvelaze naTelTagania 

firosmanis suraTebs Soris, TeTrisa da Savis garda, mxolod sami 

feria gamoyenebuli; yavisferi (ufro zustad – inglisuri wiTe- 

li) – TviT SvelisTvis, ultramarini – cisa da mTebisTvis, muqi 

balaxisferi – miwisa da buCqebisTvis. 

aq ver CamovTvliT yvela nawarmoebs, romlebSic, feradovani 

palitris momWirned gamoyenebasTan erTad, mxatvari ferebis sim- 

didris STabeWdilebas aRwevs. 

ferebis mxriv yvelaze kaSkaSa suraTebSic ki, sadac mxatvari 

sufTa, „gaxsnil“ tonebs xmarobs, magaliTad, „sahaero buStiani 

gogo“ (wiTeli da yviTeli kadmiumi, ultramarini), mxatvari aR- 

 

firosmanis praqtikaSi es iSviaTi SemTxvevaa, rodesac suraTSi ganaTeba naCvenebia 

erTi garkveuli mxridan. Cveulebriv, sakuTar Crdils igi modelirebisTvis 

mimarTavs; vardnil Crdils ar akeTebs, mxolod adamianTa da cxovelTa fexebTan 

pirobiT aTavsebs Savi Crdilis msgavs laqas _ amiT igi mxolod aRniSnavs sayrdenis 

_ miwis, iatakis _ arsebobas.


61 

wevs kontrastuli tonebis harmoniul SeTanxmebas (ix. agreTve 

„qali ludis kaTxiT“ – qalis kabis kaSkaSa wiTeli feriT; „meba- 

duri“, romelsac daaxloebiT aseTive feris perangi acvia, da sxv.). 

gansakuTrebuli mimzidveli Zala aqvT firosmaniseul Ramis 

scenebs, mis, Tu SeiZleba ase vuwodoT, „noqtiurnebs“, romlebic 

gamoirCeva ara marto poeturi ganwyobilebis siRrmiT (erTgvari 

idumalebiTac), aramed iSviaTi feradovani daxvewilobiT da, es sa- 

gangebod unda aRiniSnos, namdvili ferweruli TavisuflebiT. 

ai, „arsenalis gora RamiT“. kaSkaSa TeTri mTvare, romelic 

anaTebs cis mkveTr ultramarins; TeTri Rrublebis mwkrivebi; mTis 

fonze wertilebad mimofantuli ganaTebuli sarkmlebi; didi ko- 

coni wina planze, romlis Suqzec Cndeba klde, SeSiT datvirTuli 

uremi da qoxi; ai, „yaCaRma cxeni moipara“ – Sav-TeTr-yavisferi da 

ruxi molurjo gama – kvlav mTvariani ca, imdenad damaxasiaTebeli, 

rom saqarTveloSi aseTi cnebac ki gaCnda – „firosmanis ca“: TeTri 

moelvare aTinaTebi Sav kldeze, Savis, TeTrisa da sepiis energiuli 

horizontaluri monasmebi miwaze qmnian mocimcime zedapiris STabe- 

Wdilebas; ai, sruliad sakvirveli „daTvi mTvarian Rames“, sadac 

mTvaris Suqis iluzia miRweulia dapirispirebiT: daTvis muqi sxe- 

uli da muqi xe upirispirdeba maTsave moelvare „Saravandebs“, Ria 

feris sarkmeli romantikuli nangrevis Sav kedels; xolo xis tani, 

savsebiT moculobiTi, dawerilia iSviaTi ferweruli brioTi. 

am ferwerulobas, faqturalobas xSirad vxvdebiT cxovelebis, 

ufro zustad, maTi bewvis gadmocemaSic („deda Rori goWebiT“, 

„Txa“, daTvi „rTvelSi“, “TeTri daTvebi”). monasmebi – amocanis 

Sesabamisad – xan Sveulia, xan daxrili, xan horizontaluri (ratomRac 

aseTi ar aris „Svelebisa“ da „irmebis“, maT Soris saxelganTqmuli 

„Svelis“ ferwera – isini yvelani raRaciT mogva- 

gonebs xis an keramikul nakeTobas). ferwerulobiT, niuansebiTa 

da SeumCneveli feradovani „gadasvlebiT“ – rac iSviaTad gvxvdeba 

firosmanTan – gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs „wyalze mimaval 

glexis qals“. es suraTi feradovnebis simdidriTac firosmanis 

umaRles miRwevebs unda mivakuTvnoT (tansacmlis vardisferi aTi- 

naTebi, Sexamebuli Sav-lurj-TeTr gamasTan!). 

mis suraTebSi feri xSirad aqtiur rols TamaSobs kompozici- 

is ritmuli organizaciisTvisac: SeiZleba davasaxeloT „sahaero 

buStiani gogo“ – erTi yvelaze sakvirvel suraTTagani swored am 

TvalsazrisiT: wiTeli fexsacmelebi – farTo wiTeli qamari – wi- 

Teli buSti; lurji kaba – lurji peplis saWeri – lurji foni;


yviTeli qudi. uCveulod kaSkaSa feradovnebaa, uCveulod gabedu- 

li kontrastebi, da mainc sruli harmoniaa, „ZalTa ganawilebis“ 

absoluturi sizuste. „virze mjdomi biWi“, TiTqmis monoqromuli 

suraTi: TeTri, ruxi tonebiT modelirebuli saxedari mkve- 

Trad gamoiyofa sruliad Sav fonze; mxatvari erTgvar „replikas“ 

awvdis TeTr fers biWis qudiT, rac mTel suraTs kompoziciur 

mTlianobas da dasrulebulobas aniWebs. an kidev, gavixsenoT, ro- 

gori aqtiuria TeTri laqebis roli „bolnisis dReobaSi“ mTeli 

panoramis Sesakvrelad; an xuTi moqeife Tavadis samoselis wiTeli 

samkuTxedebi, Sexamebuli rux-Sav ferebTan. isini mkacr ritms qm- 

nian da, imave dros, ganwyobilebasac „amaRleben“. 

dasarul, isic unda iTqvas, rom firosmani wminda ferwerul 

xerxebs mimarTavs sivrcis efeqtis Sesaqmneladac: magaliTad, „rTvelSi“ 

pirvel planze mtevnebi gamosaxulia mkafiod, „dawvrile- 

biT“, ukana planze isini gaTxupnul laqebad iqcevian. da efeqtic 

miRweulia – Cven winaSea xSiri mwvane masa suraTis siRrmeSi, Sors. 

firosmanis koloriti, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, pirobiTia. 

pirobiTia, raki mxatvari realuri sagnebisa da cocxal arsebaTa 

gadmocemisas yovelTvis ar iyenebs maT namdvil ferebs. es exeba ada- 

mianTa saxeebs, romelTa feric xSirad daSorebulia saxis fers, es 

exeba peizaJis calkeul nawilsac; am mxriv ara mcire roli ekuT- 

vnis Sav neitralur „uhaero“ fons, romelic TavisTavad savsebiT 

pirobiTia. magram Tu firosmani pirobiT tons xmarobs (gavixsenoT 

sruliad TeTri saxeebi da fexebi „uSvilo milionerSi“), imitom 

ki ara, rom miznad raime dekoratiul Sexamebas isaxavs, Cven ukve 

vTqviT, rom aseTi dekoratiuloba misTvis ucxoa. mTavari is aris, 

rom, iSviaTi gamonaklisebiT, misi suraTebis kolorituli gama er- 

TianobiTa da mTlianobiT gamoirCeva. 

marTlac, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom firosmani fermweric iyo da da- 

xvewili koloristic, mkacri, Seumcdari gemovnebiT gamorCeuli. 

III. zemoT, rodesac vaxasiaTebdiT firosmanis suraTebs, maTi 

agebis Taviseburebas, Cven ramdenimejer movixmeT cnebebi: „us- 

woroba“, „darRveva“, „fexqveS gaTelva“. ra Tqma unda, es sityvebi 

firosmanis mimarT mxolod pirobiT SeiZleba vixmaroT, mxolod 

brWyalebSi, mxolod imisTvis, rom gaviadviloT zogi gansazRvra 

CvenTvisve, raki Cven sxvagvarad, sxva kategoriebiT azrovnebas 

varT miCveulni. firosmani arc arafers „arRvevs“ da arc „arafers 

Telavs“, iseve rogorc arafers ar arRveven Sua saukuneebis mx-


63 

atvrebi an xalxuri xelovnebis ostatebi, romelnic adamianebsa 

da sagnebs damaxinjebulad gadmogvcemen klasikur-renesansuli 

normebis TvalsazrisiT. ar „arRvevn“ da ar „Telaven“ im ubralo 

mizezis gamo, rom yvela es „wesi“ da „kanoni“ maTi „kanonebi“ ar 

iyo, isini, arsebiTad, ucxoni iyvnen maTi sakuTari esTetikisTvis, 

maTi gamomsaxvelobiTi enisTvis, maTi azrovnebisTvis. firosmanis 

suraTebi Tavisi arsiT arc SeiZleboda akademiurad „swori“ yo- 

filiyo, imitom ki ara, rom igi naturiT ki ar xatavda, aramed, 

umetesad, mexsierebiT; man icoda da akeTebda kidec yvelafers, rac 

Seesatyviseboda mis moTxovnilebebs, misi xelovnebis xasiaTs, rac 

saWiro iyo, rom firosmani firosmani yofiliyo da sxva aravin. 

ra Tqma unda, ar SeiZleba firosmanisa da Sua saukuneebis os- 

tatebis gaigiveba, Tundac imitom, rom is realisti iyo da misi 

xelovnebis Sinaarsi, misi, rogorc Semoqmedis, miswrafebebi mTlianad 

da savsebiT miwieri, materialuri samyarosadmi iyo mipy- 

robili. maram verc imas uarvyofT, rom bevri Tavisi TvisebiT igi 

ukavSirdeboda tradiciul erovnul xelovnebas da xalxur Semoqmedebas, 

Tumca es kavSiri, ra Tqma unda, gacnobierebuli ar yofila. 

is tradiciul xelovnebas misi Seswavlisa da masSi Cawvdo- 

mis safuZvelze ki ar agrZelebda, aramed am xelovnebis bunebrivi 

memkvidre iyo da roca Tavis suraTebs qmnida, Zveli ostatebis 

msgavsad, maTi esTetikuri kanonebis Tanaxmad azrovnebda. 

am kavSiris Sesaxeb zemoT gzadagza ukve gvqonda saubari. amasve 

mowmobs isic, rom firosmanis gmirebi ara marto statikurni da 

„droisgareSeni“ arian (aq ar SeiZleba isic ar gavixsenoT, rom 

firosmani arasodes gadmogvcems weliwadis droTa sxvaobas, sx- 

vadasxva aminds, anu imas, rac warmavalia, arc dilas da saRamos 

– e.i., ase vTqvaT, „gardamaval“ saaTebs, xatavs mxolod „stabi- 

lur“ dResa da Rames), aramed, agreTve, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, 

„emociaze maRla mdgomnic“ (fsiqologiuri da socialuri daxa- 

siaTebisas, is adamianis sulier mdgomareobas gadmogvcems ara 

saxis gamometyvelebiT, aramed mxolod moqmedebiT da anturaJiT. 

ra Tqma unda, esec uwyobs xels maT „amaRlebas“ warmavalze, maT 

ganzogadebasa da monumentalizacias); amaze metyvelebs, agreTve, 

firosmanis xelovnebis erTgvari kanonikurobac, mis suraTebSi 

rigi Camoyalibebuli motivisa da sqemis arseboba, romlebic zemoT 

ukve movixseneT, dakanonebuli formulebis saxiT meordebi- 

an. maT Soris iseTi motivebic gvxvdeba, romlebic simboloebis 

rols Tu ar TamaSoben, garkveuli kategoriis pirebisa da siu-


Jetebis mudmiv atributebad mainc iqcevian; amasve gveubneba erT 

kompoziciaSi sxvadasxva da sxvadasxva dros momxdari movlenebis 

gaerTianeba; Sua saukuneebis tradiciaTa Tavisebur gamoZaxilad 

SegviZlia miviCnioT suraTebis qargaSi garkveuli informaciis 

Semcveli warwerebis CarTvac (romlebic miwerili aqvT figurebs 

maTi vinaobis aRsaniSnavad, rogorc es Zvel freskebSi gvxvdeba), es 

warwerebi mayurebelTan aqtiur kontaqts qmnis. 

xalxur xelovnebasa da Sua saukuneebis gamosaxulebebTan, ker- 

Zod, qarTulTan mas isic anaTesavebs, rom misTvis sruliad ucxoa 

naturalizmi. is ar cdilobs yvelaferi gviambos, miT umetes ar 

cdilobs bunebis imitacias (es TviTnaswavlTa Tvisebaa, da ara 

xalxuri xelovnebisa), is yovelTvis gamoyofs yvelaze metad dam- 

axasiaTebels, zogjer Tmobs kidec sinamdvilis naturalistur 

mimsgavsebas im mizniT, rom umTavres ideas gausvas xazi; am mxriv 

Rrmad realisti firosmani pirobiTic aris. 

misi xelovnebis erovnuli Tvisebaa koloritis TavSekavebulo- 

ba, simkacrec ki da, amave dros, misi Sinagani simdidre. 

xalxuri Semoqmedebisagan mas ganasxvavebs (garda imisa, rom 

mZlavri individualoba gamoarCevs anonimur SemoqmedTa masisagan) 

gulgriloba dekoratiulobisadmi, ornamentisadmi. misi suraTebi ar 

aris dekoratiuli ara mxolod koloritis, aramed agebis mxrivac; 

Tumca mis suraTebSi sibrtyiToba sWarbobs, isini ar arian xaliCi- 

saebr agebulni, misi peizaJi vertikalurad ar aRimarTeba, rogorc 

misi Tanamedrove zogi mxatvris suraTebSi. misi qmnilebani im azriTaa 

dekoratiuli, ra azriTac freskebi da xatebi, romlebic TavianTi 

xasiaTiT Seeferebian nagebobebs, romelTaTvisac arian Seqmnilni. 

monumenturobis mxriv igi, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, Zveli os- 

tatebis memkvidrea – qarTvelebisac, magram, amave dros, marTlac 

mogvagonebs jotos – Tavisi ubraloebiT, lakonizmiT da mizanswrafulobiT, 

yovelgvari „silamazis“, xelovnurobisa da gareg- 

nuli efeqtebis uqonlobiT. 

marTebulad iyo SeniSnuli (g. xoStarias mier) 31 , rom firosmani 

gamoCnda maSin, roca qarTuli xelovneba gardatexis safexurze idga: 

Sua saukuneebis metismetad gaWianurebuli tradiciebis gadalax- 

viT. igi – evropuli, renesansuli gagebiT – realisturi xelovnebis 

poziciebs ipyrobda. es misi ganviTarebis kanonzomieri safexuri iyo, 

magram isaxeboda saSiSroeba sakuTari saxis, Taviseburebis dakargvi- 

sa, XIX-XX saukuneTa kosmopolitur xelovnebaSi gaTqvefisa. 

firosmani, romelsac Rrmad hqonda gadgmuli fesvebi mSobli-


65 

uri miwisa da mravalsaukunovani mSobliuri xelovnebis niadagSi, 

TiTqos erovnul SemoqmedebiT potencias Segvaxsenebda. amaSi iyo 

misi mniSvneloba axali qarTuli xelovnebisaTvis. 

amboben, firosmanis samyaro SezRuduli iyoo. magram gana sxvagvarad 

SesaZlebeli iqneboda? gana arseboben mxatvrebi, romelT- 

ac ZaluZT yvelaferi moicvan? yvelaze niWierT Zalebi imisTvis 

yofnidaT, rom SeeqmnaT „TavianTi“ samyaro, ara yovelTvis Tana- 

bari obieqturi mniSvnelobiT, magram mainc „sakuTari“. firosmani 

maT ricxvs miekuTvneba. 

Cven ufleba gvaqvs vilaparakoT firosmanis samyaroze, rom- 

elsac vcnobT ara marto siuJetebiT, tipaJiTa da tansacmeliT 

(ra Tqma unda, am niSnebis mixedviTac), aramed, upirveles yovlisa, 

interpretaciiT, avtoris mkafiod gamovlenili damokidebulebiT 

gamosaxulisadmi, misi mxatvruli saSualebebiTa da xerxebiT. 

firosmanma sakuTari samyaro Seqmna. amitomaa, rom Tumca mZime, 

gaWirvebiT savse cxovreba hqonda, STamomavalTa TvalSi igi mainc 

darCa, rogorc gansaxiereba mxatvrisa, romelmac dasaxul mizans 

miaRwia. 

SeniSvnebi 

20. k. zdaneviCi. niko firosmaniSvili. Tb., 1963, gv. 27, 28, 31. 

21. g. leoniZe. cxovreba firosmanisa: „mnaTobi“, 1938, 6, gv. 183–184, 197. 

22. Г. Голланд. Грузинский примитивист: газ. “Кавказ”, 1916, 16. IV. 

23. А. Петраковский. Еще о Пиросмани: газ. “Кавказ”, 1916, 18. V. 

24. k. zdaneviCi, iqve, gv. 38. 

25. Я. Тугенхольд. Самородок Грузии: газ. “Заря Востока”, 1926, 12. ХI, № 

1299. 

26. iqve. 

27. Э. Кузнецов. Пиросмани. “Искусство”, 1975, с.151-153. 

28. Э. Кузнецов. Нико Пиросмани. “Аврора”, 1980, с.73. 

29. Э. Кузнецов. Пиросмани, 1975, gv. 152 (e. kuznecovis wigni firosmanis 

Sesaxeb „avroram“ dabeWda inglisuradac. es wignebi, romlebSic didi siyvaruliT 

aris gadmocemuli firosmanis cxovrebis ambavi, yvelaze seriozu- 

li naSromebia misi Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb wminda profesiuli analizis mxriv. 

„avroras“ gamocemas darTuli aqvs sruli anotirebuli da dasuraTebuli 

katalogi, Sedgenili q.bagratiSvilis mier). 

30. k. zdaneviCi. niko firosmaniSvili. Tb., 1963, gv. 38–39. 

31. Г. Хоштариа. Творчество Пиросманашвили и его место в новой 

грузинской живописи. Тбилиси, 1985 г. (автореферат).

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