anzor ToTaZe demografiuli viTareba da eris sulieri cxovreba werili ...
anzor ToTaZe demografiuli viTareba da eris sulieri cxovreba werili ...
anzor ToTaZe demografiuli viTareba da eris sulieri cxovreba werili ...
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
<strong>anzor</strong> <strong>ToTaZe</strong><br />
<strong>demografiuli</strong> <strong>viTareba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eris</strong> <strong>sulieri</strong> <strong>cxovreba</strong><br />
<strong>werili</strong> pirveli<br />
saqarTvelos mosaxleoba istoriulad yvelaze mravalricxovani<br />
iyo XIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi. 1254 wels Catarebuli aRw<strong>eris</strong><br />
mixedviT misi mosaxleoba 8 milion kacs udri<strong>da</strong>. gamudmebuli Semosevebis<br />
Sedegad mosaxleoba 1770 wlisaTvis 761 aTasamde Semcir<strong>da</strong>,<br />
xolo 1800 wels man 675 aTasi kaci Seadgina. am periodSi Savi Wiris<br />
gavrcelebis Sedegad, rogorc istoriuli wyaroebi cxadyofen,<br />
misi mosaxleoba TiTqmis ganaxevr<strong>da</strong>. ruseTis imperiis mosaxleobis<br />
1897 wlis sayovelTao aRw<strong>eris</strong> mixedviT, saqarTvelos mosaxleobam<br />
2 milion 109 aTasi kaci Seadgina <strong>da</strong> erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi<br />
TiTqmis 5,5-jer gaizar<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ukanasknel wlebSi saqarTvelos mosaxleoba yvelaze mravalricxovani<br />
iyo 1992 wels _ 5 467 aTasi kaci. cnobili mizezebis<br />
gamo am droi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli saqarTveloSi mosaxleoba ganuxrelad<br />
mcirdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mxolod bolo periodSi odnav gaizar<strong>da</strong>, ris<br />
Sedega<strong>da</strong>c 2011 wels man 4 469 aTasi kaci Seadgina.<br />
2002 wlis aRw<strong>eris</strong> monacemebis mixedviT, afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> cxinvalis<br />
regionis gar<strong>da</strong>, saqarTveloSi 3 661 aTasi qarTveli cxovrob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
romlis wilmac mTel mosaxleobaSi 83,8 procenti Seadgina.<br />
arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi yvelaze meti<br />
bavSvi (104 aTasi) 1961 wels <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong>, xolo 1960-1990 wlebSi yovelwliurad<br />
saSualod 93 aTasi bavSvi ibadebo<strong>da</strong>, 1991-2010 wlebSi ki<br />
_ 55 aTasi.<br />
istoriulad samxreT kavkasiaSi saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, raodenobrivad<br />
yovelTvis aRematebo<strong>da</strong> somxeTisa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis mosaxleobas.<br />
magaliTad, 1926 wels saqarTvelos mosaxleoba samxreT<br />
kavkasiis mTeli mosaxleobis 45,5 procents Seadgen<strong>da</strong>, azerbaijanisa<br />
_ 39,5-s, xolo somxeTisa _ 15,0 procents. aRsaniSnavia,
<strong>demografiuli</strong> <strong>viTareba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eris</strong> <strong>sulieri</strong> <strong>cxovreba</strong> 105<br />
rom 1965 wlamde saqarTvelos mosaxleobis raodenoba Warbob<strong>da</strong><br />
azerbaijanis mosaxleobas. amis Semdeg azerbaijanis mosaxleoba<br />
swrafad gaizar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> 2009 wels man 8 897 aTasi kaci Seadgina, xolo<br />
imave wels saqarTveloSi mxolod 4 385 aTasi, anu 4 512 aTasi kaciT<br />
naklebi cxovrob<strong>da</strong>. amave periodSi mTeli samxreT kavkasiis mosaxleoba<br />
16 520 aTas kacs udri<strong>da</strong>. aqe<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelos mosaxleobis<br />
wili mxolod 26,5 procents Seadgen<strong>da</strong>, somxeTisa _ 19,6 procents,<br />
xolo azerbaijanisa ki ukve 53,9 procents.<br />
mosaxleobis raodenobis Semcireba gansakuTrebiT saSiSia Cveni<br />
qveynisaTvis, radgan igi iseT unikalur, mravalganzomilebian regionSi<br />
mdebareobs, sa<strong>da</strong>c msoflios uZlieresi saxelmwifoebis interesTa<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>kveTis wertilebi sakmaod bevria <strong>da</strong> amdenad sakuTari<br />
interesebis <strong>da</strong>cva _ gaZnelebuli.<br />
qveyanaSi Seqmnil demografiul <strong>viTareba</strong>s pirvel rigSi arTulebs<br />
Sobadobis donis mkveTri Semcireba. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom<br />
1980-1989 wlebSi, anu 10 weliwadSi, saqarTveloSi 455 aTasi gogona<br />
<strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong> (Semdgom periodebTan Sesa<strong>da</strong>risobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT<br />
1980-1989 wlebis monacemebs gamoklebulia afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> yofili<br />
samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi <strong>da</strong>badebuli gogonebis raodenoba),<br />
xolo 1990-1999 wlebSi (isev 10 weliwadSi) mxolod 306 aTasi<br />
gogona. bolo, isev aT weliwadSi (2000-2009 wlebi) <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong> 236<br />
aTasi gogona, anu 219 aTasiT naklebi 1980-1989 wlebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />
cxrili 1<br />
saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>badebuli gogonebis raodenoba<br />
aTwleulebis mixedviT<br />
wlebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>ba<strong>da</strong>buli gogonebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
1960-1969 466 622<br />
1970-1979 433 361<br />
1980-1989 454 960<br />
1990-1999 306 395<br />
2000-2009 236 681<br />
wyaro: cxrili gaangariSebulia Cven mier, statistikis erovnuli<br />
samsaxuris monacemebis safuZvelze.<br />
es imas niSnavs, rom Sobadoba, arsebuli pirobebis SenarCunebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, 2012-2030 wlebSi, sagrZnoblad Semcirdeba <strong>da</strong> piks
106 <strong>anzor</strong> <strong>ToTaZe</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 2020-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi miaRwevs. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, rom xelisufleba Sobadobis afeTqebaze <strong>da</strong> ramdenjerme<br />
gazr<strong>da</strong>ze saubrobs, isev maTive oficialuri monacemebiT, qveyanaSi<br />
ukve <strong>da</strong>wyebulia Sobadobis mniSvnelovani Semcireba. magaliTad,<br />
2009 wels <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong> 63 aTasi bavSvi (rac metad saeWvoa), magram 2010<br />
wels Sobadobam 62 aTasi bavSvi Seadgina, xolo 2011 wels qveyanas<br />
ukve 5 aTasi bavSviT naklebi _ 57 aTasi bavSvi moevlina. qorwinebaTa<br />
ricxvic 2010-2011 wlebSi 34 aTasi<strong>da</strong>n 30 aTasamde Semcir<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amJamad <strong>da</strong>badebuli bavSvebis dedebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d 1980-1989 wlebSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>badebuli gogonebi (455 aTasi) arian, romlebic TiTqmis 2-jer<br />
Warboben 2000-2010 wlebSi <strong>da</strong>badebul gogonaTa raodenobas (236<br />
aTasi). yovelgvari zusti gaangariSebis gareSec cxadia, rom Tu rame<br />
ar viRoneT <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti zomebi ar miviReT, mSobadi kontingentis<br />
sagrZnoblad Semcirebis gamo, Semdeg aTwleulebSi Sobadobac<br />
orjer Semcirdeba <strong>da</strong> 2020 wlis mimdebare periodSi saqarTveloSi<br />
25 aTasi bavSvi <strong>da</strong>ibadeba. aqe<strong>da</strong>n didi-didi 15-18 aTasi bavSvi iyos<br />
qarTveli, xolo gogona 7-8 aTasi. amis Semdeg rogori RonisZiebebic<br />
ar un<strong>da</strong> gavataroT, mdgomareobas veRar gamovasworebT, magram<br />
qveynis <strong>demografiuli</strong> katastrofa amiT ar mTavrdeba. momavalSi<br />
ekonomikis zrdis paralelurad Tavs iCens adgilobrivi SromiTi<br />
resursebis mwvave naklebobis problema. samwuxarod, globalizacias<br />
ar ainteresebs mkvidri mosaxleobis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi.<br />
mas aintersebs, rom msoflio ekonomikur `landSaftSi~ esa<br />
Tu is sivrce ukacrieli, auTvisebeli ar iyos. misTvis mTavaria<br />
samuSao Zalis ara eTnikuri kuTvnileba, misi erovnuli niSan-<br />
Tvisebebi, aramed samuSao Zala, rogorc aseTi, misi profesiuli,<br />
saqmiani Tvisebebi. amitom Cvens qveyanaSi SromiTi resursebis naklebobas<br />
aucileblad moyveba metad saSiSi, arasasurveli imigraciuli<br />
procesebi. Cvens sulier <strong>cxovreba</strong>s Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT Caenacvleba<br />
sxva kultura, religiuri aRmsarebloba <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis wesi, globaluri,<br />
erovnulobisagan ganZarculi <strong>sulieri</strong> faseulobebi <strong>da</strong>ikavebs<br />
cxovrebis scenas.<br />
Sobadobis Semcirebisa <strong>da</strong> sikvdilianobis matebis Sedegad,<br />
ukanasknel wlebSi, mniSvnelovnad Semcir<strong>da</strong> bunebrivi mateba, gansakuTrebiT<br />
soflad.<br />
saqarTveloSi arsebuli umZimesi <strong>demografiuli</strong> <strong>viTareba</strong> ganpirobebulia<br />
mis calkeul regionebSi <strong>demografiuli</strong> problemebis<br />
gamwvavebiT. zogierTi gamonaklisis gar<strong>da</strong> (aWara, qvemo qarTli,<br />
samcxe-javaxeTi), saqarTvelos, upiratesad qarTvelebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebul<br />
regionebSi, <strong>demografiuli</strong> <strong>viTareba</strong> metad mZimea.
<strong>demografiuli</strong> <strong>viTareba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eris</strong> <strong>sulieri</strong> <strong>cxovreba</strong> 107<br />
cxrili 2<br />
saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis bunebrivi mateba (kleba)<br />
regionebis mixedviT 1980-1989 <strong>da</strong> 2000-2009 wlebSi<br />
1980-1989 2000-2009<br />
saqarTvelo 433 064 53 584<br />
Tbilisi 87 384 29 057<br />
aWara 51 387 21 296<br />
guria 8 101 -3 448<br />
imereTi 50 654 -8 282<br />
kaxeTi 32 827 -9 752<br />
mcxeTa-mTianeTi 10 112 -1 735<br />
raWa-leCxumi <strong>da</strong> qvemo svaneTi -1 901 -4 154<br />
samegrelo-zemo svaneTi 30 005 1 177<br />
samcxe-javaxeTi 34 656 5 456<br />
qvemo qarTli 100 231 18 426<br />
Si<strong>da</strong> qarTli 29 608 5 543<br />
wyaro: cxrili gaangariSebulia Cven mier, statistikis erovnuli<br />
samsaxuris monacemebis safuZvelze.<br />
calkeuli regionebis mixedviT, mosaxleobis bunebrivma matebam,<br />
bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi, krizisul maCvenebelsac ki miaRwia,<br />
xolo zogierT regionSi mniSvnelovnad Semcir<strong>da</strong> kidec. magaliTad,<br />
ukanaskneli 21 wlis (1990-2010 ww.) ganmavlobaSi, imereTSi, rogorc<br />
saqarTvelos yvelaze mravalricxovan <strong>da</strong> ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d qarTvelebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxlebul regionSi, mosaxleobis bunebrivma matebam 6 580 kaci<br />
Seadgina, maSin roca wina 21 weliwadSi (1969-1989 ww.) imereTSi 114<br />
863 kaciT meti <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong>, vidre gar<strong>da</strong>icvala. ufro metic, calkeul<br />
wlebSi imereTis bunebrivi mateba imaze metic ki iyo, vidre mTel,<br />
1990-2010 wlebis periodSi. kerZod, 1970 wels imereTis bunebrivma<br />
matebam 6 830 kaci Seadgina, maSin rodesac imereTis mosaxleobis<br />
bunebrivi mateba 1990-2010 wlebSi, rogorc iTqva, mxolod 6 580<br />
kacs Seadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
saqarTvelos zogierT regionSi imdenad Semcir<strong>da</strong> Sobadoba <strong>da</strong><br />
gaizar<strong>da</strong> mokv<strong>da</strong>oba, rom SeuZlebeli xdeba TaobaTa erTi <strong>da</strong> imave<br />
raodenobiT ganaxleba. Tu ase gagrZel<strong>da</strong>, qveynis zogierTi istoriuli<br />
provincia mosaxleobisagan <strong>da</strong>icleba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>carielebul adgi-
108 <strong>anzor</strong> <strong>ToTaZe</strong><br />
lebs sxva erovnebis xalxi <strong>da</strong>ikavebs _ sxva kulturiT, religiuri<br />
aRmsareblobiTa <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis sxva wesiT. magaliTad, raWaSi<br />
1990-2010 wlebSi arc erTi weli ar yofila iseTi, rom mosaxleoba<br />
sagrZnoblad ar Semcirebuliyo. am periodSi mosaxleobis bunebrivma<br />
klebam raWaSi 7 346 kaci Seadgina, e. i. raWaSi yovelwliurad<br />
saSualod 350 kaciT meti kvdebo<strong>da</strong>, vidre ibadebo<strong>da</strong>. swored amisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> intensiuri migraciuli procesebis gamo, bolo aTwleulebSi,<br />
raWis mosaxleoba 67-<strong>da</strong>n 23 aTas kacamde Semcir<strong>da</strong>. Tu ase gagrZel<strong>da</strong><br />
or-sam aTwleulSi raWis gaukacrieleba gar<strong>da</strong>uvalia. msgavsi<br />
mdgomareobaa leCxumSi, yazbegsa <strong>da</strong> zogierT sxva mTian raionSi.<br />
qveynis mosaxleobis gamravlebis mZime Sedegebi ukve saxezea.<br />
magaliTad, 2000-2009 wlebSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis bunebrivma<br />
matebam aTjer naklebi Seadgina, vidre amas adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> 1960-1969<br />
an Tun<strong>da</strong>c 1950-1959 wlebSi, maSin rodesac saqarTvelos mosaxleoba<br />
amJamindelTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT gacilebiT naklebi iyo.<br />
cxrili 3<br />
saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraoba<br />
wlebi Sobadoba mokv<strong>da</strong>oba bunebrivi<br />
mateba<br />
1950-1959 799 453 248 048 551 405<br />
1960-1969 850 908 276 034 574 874<br />
1970-1979 792 371 339 014 453 357<br />
1980-1989 833 624 400 560 433 064<br />
1990-1999 623 013 495 258 127 755<br />
2000-2009 502 296 448 712 53 584<br />
wyaro: cxrili gaangariSebuli Cven mier, statistikis erovnuli<br />
samsaxuris monacemebis safuZvelze<br />
zemoT aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo, rac SeiZleba male un<strong>da</strong> gatardes<br />
aqtiuri <strong>demografiuli</strong> politika, raTa qveynis umravles<br />
regionSi SevaCeroT ukve Camoyalibebuli mosaxleobis depopulacia,<br />
xolo Semdeg vizrunoT mosaxleobis gafarToebul gamravlebaze.<br />
Tumca aqve un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom aqtiuri <strong>demografiuli</strong> politikis<br />
gatarebis SemTxvevaSic ki, sasurvel Sedegs mxolod sakmao<br />
drois Semdeg mivaRwevT. saerTod <strong>demografiuli</strong> procesebi myisier<br />
cvlilebas TiTqmis ar ganicdis. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi umwvavesi
<strong>demografiuli</strong> <strong>viTareba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eris</strong> <strong>sulieri</strong> <strong>cxovreba</strong> 109<br />
<strong>demografiuli</strong> viTarebis <strong>da</strong>Zleva, raodeni saxrsebic ar un<strong>da</strong> gaviRoT,<br />
SeuZlebeli iqneba. xvalindeli dRe <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia dRes<br />
<strong>da</strong>badebuli bavSvebis raodenobasa <strong>da</strong> aRzrdis xarisxze.<br />
XIX saukunis politikosebi <strong>da</strong> ekonomistebi aRniSnavdnen: `rac<br />
ufro met qvanaxSirs xarjavs <strong>da</strong> rac ufro met xorcs moixmars<br />
romelime saxelmwifos mosaxleoba, miT ufro mdi<strong>da</strong>ria igi~. aseTi<br />
saxelmwifoebis mosaxleoba inteleqtualura<strong>da</strong>c ufro ganviTarebuli<br />
iyo. Cvens metad cvalebad epoqaSi inteleqtualobisa <strong>da</strong> simdidris<br />
sazomi eleqtrobac gax<strong>da</strong>. cnobili amerikeli fsiqologi<br />
d. maiersi aRniSnavs: iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c aris eleqtroba, a<strong>da</strong>mianebi savsebiT<br />
ganviTarebulni arian inteleqtualurad, xolo sa<strong>da</strong>c igi ar aris<br />
<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianebi wvebian Zalian adre <strong>da</strong>saZineblad <strong>da</strong> alionze dgebian,<br />
isini naklebad ganviTarebulni arian. 1 SeiZleba es mosazreba energiis<br />
moxmarebaze<strong>da</strong>c gavavrceloT. magaliTad, 2010 wels msoflio<br />
mosaxleobis erT sulze moixmar<strong>da</strong> 1820kvt. energias (komerciuli<br />
pirveladi energiis yovelwliuri moxmareba _ qvanaxSiri, ligniti,<br />
navTobi, bunebrivi gazi <strong>da</strong> hidro, atomuri <strong>da</strong> geoTermuli energia<br />
_ kilogramebSi navTobis eqvivalentisa mosaxleobis erT sulze),<br />
xolo analogiuri maCvenebeli ufro naklebad gan<strong>viTareba</strong>d qveynebSi<br />
309kvt. energias udri<strong>da</strong>. 2<br />
Cvens qveyanaSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri kataklizmebisa <strong>da</strong> araswori ekonomikuri<br />
politikis gatarebis Sedegad veRarc naxSirs vxarjavT, veRarc<br />
xorcs movixmarT <strong>da</strong> veRarc saWiro raodenobiT eleqtroenergias<br />
misi metismetad siZviris gamo. magaliTad, wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
xorcisa <strong>da</strong> xorcis produqtebis moxmareba erT sulze mxolod 17-<br />
18 kilograms Seadgen<strong>da</strong> _ TiTqmis 4-jer naklebs fiziologiur<br />
normasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />
yovelive amis Sedegad qveynis mraval erovnul satkivars <strong>da</strong>emata<br />
umTavresi _ <strong>da</strong>dga <strong>demografiuli</strong> zamTari. qarTveli eri fizikuri<br />
wyvetis, ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis saSiSroebis winaSe aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. uaRresad Semcir<strong>da</strong><br />
Sobadoba, gaizar<strong>da</strong> mokv<strong>da</strong>oba, matulobs erTSviliani ojaxebis<br />
ricxvi, mosaxleoba demografiulad berdeba. es procesebi gansakuTrebiT<br />
gamoikveTa ukanasknel wlebSi <strong>da</strong> winandeburad yvelaze<br />
metad Tavi iCina qarTvel mosaxleobaSi. amitom Cven erovnuli cnobiereba<br />
ki ar un<strong>da</strong> movadunoT, aramed, piriqiT, gavaZlieroT, raTa<br />
<strong>eris</strong> gamravlebis problemebi, am gaWirvebis Jamsac, CvenTvis upirvelesi<br />
sazrunavi gaxdes.<br />
metad mwvaved dgas qveynis winaSe ganaTlebuli moqalaqeebis aRz-<br />
1<br />
Дэвид Майерс, Психология, М., 2001, с. 292.<br />
2<br />
State of World Population 2010, United Nations Population Fund, New York, p. 105.
110 <strong>anzor</strong> <strong>ToTaZe</strong><br />
rdis problema. ukanaskneli 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT<br />
mas Semdeg, rac nacionalebi movidnen qveynis saTaveSi, faqtobrivad<br />
mTlianad moiSala saSualo <strong>da</strong> umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistema. Cveni<br />
axalgazrdebis umravlesobas elementaruli codnac aRar gaaCniaT,<br />
zogad gan<strong>viTareba</strong>ze xom laparakic zedmetia. ganaTlebis sferoSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>usrulebelma, viTom masStaburma, magram arafrismomcemma reformebma<br />
axalgarzdebis didi nawilis codnis done nulamde <strong>da</strong>iyvana.<br />
rogor <strong>da</strong>ujerebla<strong>da</strong>c ar un<strong>da</strong> mogveCvenos umaRlesi saswavleblebis<br />
studentTa sakmao nawils didi ricxvis, vTqvaT, miliardis an milionis<br />
<strong>da</strong>werac ki ar SeuZlia. maT warmodgenac ara aqvT Cvens gamoCenil<br />
moRvaweebze me-20 saukuneSi, rom araferi vTqvaT me-19 saukuneze.<br />
oc<strong>da</strong>xuTkacian jgufSi ilia WavWavaZis <strong>da</strong>badebis TariRi verc erTma<br />
studentma ver <strong>da</strong>asaxela, bolos jgufi SeTanxm<strong>da</strong> imaze, rom ilia<br />
WavWavaZe <strong>da</strong>badebulia 1917 wels. jer kidev am ori-sami wlis winaT<br />
TiTqmis 300 studentis gamokiTxvis dros, arc erTma studentma ar<br />
ico<strong>da</strong> vin iyo akademikosi niko musxeliSvili. ekonomikuri specialobis<br />
studentTa sakmao nawilma procentis gamoangariSebac ki ar icis,<br />
maSin rodesac adre meeqvse-meSvide klasis moswavleebisaTvis procentis<br />
gaangariSeba araviTar siZneles ar warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. zemo aRniSnuli<br />
imasac niSnavs, rom axalgazrdebs warmodgenac ki ara aqvT me-19 <strong>da</strong> me-<br />
20 saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikur, ekonomikur, socialur<br />
<strong>da</strong> kulturul procesebze. Tu vinmes raime saeWvod moeCvena,<br />
<strong>da</strong>mamtkicebeli faqtebi imisa, rac vTqviT, sakmaod mogvepoveba.<br />
mTeli Cveni istoriis ganmavlobaSi qarTveli moRvaweebi upirveles<br />
movaleobad Tvlidnen aRezar<strong>da</strong>T ganaTlebuli momavali<br />
Taoba. jer kidev qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi uamravi cnobaa<br />
<strong>da</strong>culi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogorc zrunavdnen Cveni winaprebi gana-<br />
Tlebuli <strong>da</strong> maRali pirovnuli TvisebebiT Semkuli axalgazrdebis<br />
aRzrdisaTvis. `vTqvaT mravalTagan mciredi~.<br />
XI saukuneSi giorgi xucesmonazonma, romelic ufro giorgi mcires<br />
saxeliTaa cnobili, aRwera Cveni mwerlobis erT-erTi udidesi<br />
warmomadgenlis, giorgi mTawindelis <strong>cxovreba</strong>. nawarmoebSi avtori<br />
did adgils uTmobs axalgazrdebis `swavliTa srulyvnas~, anu dRevandel<br />
terminologias Tu vixmarT, bavSvTa aRzrdis xarisxs. igi<br />
did mniSvnelobas aniWeb<strong>da</strong> axalgazrdobis ormxriv, xorcielad <strong>da</strong><br />
sulierad aRzr<strong>da</strong>s _ sxeulisa <strong>da</strong> grZnobis organoebis ganviTarebis<br />
kval<strong>da</strong>kval gonebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>sulieri</strong> xedvis gan<strong>viTareba</strong>s.<br />
ufro adre, X saukunis moRvawe <strong>da</strong> mwerali ioane bolneli naSromSi<br />
`swavla RvinismsmelTa <strong>da</strong> memTvralelTaTvis~ wer<strong>da</strong>: `ekrZaleniT<br />
memTvraleobas RviniTa, Cemno Zmano, Cemno sayvarelno! Rirse-
<strong>demografiuli</strong> <strong>viTareba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eris</strong> <strong>sulieri</strong> <strong>cxovreba</strong> 111<br />
biTa <strong>da</strong> swavliT vcxondebodeT <strong>da</strong> gulsmodgined <strong>da</strong> wadierebiT~.<br />
ukeTesad albaT verc Tanamedrove ityo<strong>da</strong>: `qarTlis <strong>cxovreba</strong>~ kidev<br />
wmin<strong>da</strong> wignad iyo miCneuli, radgan igi, rogorc akad. sim. yauxCiSvili<br />
aRniSnavs, Seicav<strong>da</strong> qarTuli warsuli cxovrebis iseT mimoxilvas,<br />
romelsac un<strong>da</strong> aRezar<strong>da</strong> axalgazrdoba maRali moralis<br />
mcnebebiT. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom vaxuSti batoniSvili Tavis fun<strong>da</strong>mentur<br />
naSroms `aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~ Semdegi sityvebiT<br />
iwyebs: `yoveli Jami igi warwymdes, romelica swavlasa ze<strong>da</strong> ara<br />
saxmar vyoT~.<br />
mcirericxovani <strong>eris</strong>aTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs misi gana-<br />
Tlebis dones. am mxriv Cveni eri, uJamo JamTa simravlis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />
mainc qmni<strong>da</strong> maradiul faseulobebs <strong>da</strong>, sabednierod, calkeul<br />
periodebSi mZime erovnuli satkivaris mkurnali <strong>eris</strong>kacebic ar<br />
gamolevia. maTi yuradRebis miRma arasodes <strong>da</strong>rCenila <strong>eris</strong> gamravlebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis problemebi. jer kidev giorgi mTawmindeli<br />
brZaneb<strong>da</strong> `romelTa qarTvelTa ganmravlebaÁ iRvawon... saukunomca<br />
ars saxsenebeli <strong>da</strong> kurTxevaÁ maTi~.<br />
SemdegSi, rodesac qveynis mosaxleoba gareSe mtrebTn gamudmebiT<br />
brZolebSi mniSvnelovnad Semcir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>, SeiZleba iTqvas, krizisul<br />
zRvars miaRwia, qveynis mesveurebma <strong>da</strong>iwyes mosaxleobis gamravlebisaTvis<br />
zrunva. am mxriv friad saintereso <strong>demografiuli</strong> cnoba<br />
aqvs motanili t. Wanturias, kerZod, 1703 wlis erT gujarSi weria:<br />
mravalSvilian ojaxs `araferi gamosaRebi ara eTxoebodes ra, ara<br />
Rala, ara kuluxi, ara kodis puri, ara samaspinZlo, ara samoseli,<br />
ara ulayi, mzisa <strong>da</strong> wvimis meti kars ara mogadgebodes ra~. 3<br />
saqarTveloSi, rogorc literaturuli wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> zepirsityvierebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Cans, mravalSvilianobas (albaT, Svidi-rva <strong>da</strong> meti<br />
bavSvis yolas), didi sazogadoebrivi aRiareba ar hqonia. yvelaze<br />
sasurvelad ojaxSi oTxi Svilis yolas miiCnevdnen. amis araerTi<br />
<strong>da</strong> ori magaliTi mogvepoveba. mTel saqarTveloSia gavrcelebuli<br />
Semdegi gamonaTqvami: erTi Svili _ ara Svili, ori Svili _ viTom<br />
Svili, sami Svili _ marTla Svili, oTxi Svili _ ai, Svili. zemoT<br />
aRniSnul giorgi mcires naSromSi, Cveni azriT, iseT mowinave azrebs<br />
vxvdebiT, romlebic, albaT, maSindeli msoflios literaturul<br />
wyaroebSi arc moipoveba. giorgi mcire aRniSnavs: `uwyi, viTarmed<br />
ara umecar xarT SvilTa zr<strong>da</strong>sa, mkÂdrni soflisani, rameTu ukueTu<br />
vis ganumravlden Svilni ufroÁs ricxÂsa, ese igi ars SÂdisa<br />
gina rvisa, raÁzomca mdi<strong>da</strong>ri iyos, didsa Wirsa <strong>da</strong> urvasa STavardebis;<br />
xolo ukueTu glaxaki iyos, yovliT kerZo mware ars cxore-<br />
3<br />
t. Wanturia, Canawerebi, Tb., 2010, gv. 87.
112 <strong>anzor</strong> <strong>ToTaZe</strong><br />
baÁ misi <strong>da</strong> aRsavse vaebiTa~ (T. XXIII).<br />
saqarTvelos bevr kuTxeSi, magaliTad, samcxe-javaxeTSi patar-<br />
Zals am sityvebiT locavdnen: RmerTma mogceT sami vaJi <strong>da</strong> erTi qalio.<br />
ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, Zvel droSi xSirad sasurvelTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT meti<br />
bavSvi ibadebo<strong>da</strong>, rasac gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> umeteswilad gansakuTrebiT<br />
erT wlamde bavSvTa maRali sikvdilianoba, arasasurveli orsulobis<br />
Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebis ucodinaroba <strong>da</strong> sxva faqtorebi. Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
gvian periodSi Sobadobam, rogorc Cans, <strong>da</strong>iwyo Semcireba, rac<br />
zepirsityvierebaSic aisaxa: `es Cveneburi qalebi... TiTo ymawvils<br />
gagviCenen, buzRuniT gamozrdiano~. Cans, es problema ukve awuxeb<strong>da</strong>T<br />
XVIII saukunis saqarTveloSi. demografma m. Seliam k. kekeliZis<br />
xelnawerTa institutis fondSi miakvlia 1782 wliT <strong>da</strong>Tari-<br />
Rebuli ucnobi avtoris metad saintereso demografiul naSroms<br />
`swavla <strong>eris</strong>a simrTelisaTvis misisa~. avtori asaxelebs Sobadobis<br />
Semcirebaze moqmed eqvs ZiriTad faqtors: ekonomikurs, qorwinebaTa<br />
ricxvis Semcirebas, qalaquri cxovrebis wesis gavrcelebas,<br />
nagvianeb qorwinebas, qalTa mZime xasiaTis Sromasa <strong>da</strong> mSobiarobis<br />
dros cud pirobebs. avtoris azriT, swored es mizezebi un<strong>da</strong> aRmoifxvras,<br />
raTa ar `<strong>da</strong>mcirdes <strong>eris</strong> gamravleba~. metad sagulisxmoa,<br />
rom Tanamedrove <strong>demografiuli</strong> mecnierebac ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d swored<br />
aRniSnul faqtorebs asaxelebs Sobadobis Semcirebis mizezebad.<br />
saqarTvelos mTianeTSi <strong>da</strong>, kerZod, xevsureTSi mSoblebs samioTxi,<br />
maqsimum xuTi Svili hyav<strong>da</strong>T. Tu meti Svili eyolebo<strong>da</strong>T, maSin<br />
maT mTeli sofeli sasacilod igdeb<strong>da</strong>. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, aseT <strong>viTareba</strong>s<br />
ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri pirobebi gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong>, radgan mTis<br />
pirobebi, upirveles yovlisa, miwis simcire, ver uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong><br />
mravalSviliani ojaxebis srulyofilad gamokvebas.<br />
es faqtori Tanamedrove pirobebSic gasaTvaliswinebelia. sanam<br />
am sakiTxs SevexebodeT, un<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT, rom tradiciuli mravalSviliani<br />
ojaxebi ukve XIX saukuneSi naklebad iyo gavrcelebuli.<br />
1875-1879 wlebSi Tbilisis guberniis soflebSi mcxovreb yovel<br />
aTas qarTvelze saSualod yovelwliurad 36 bavSvi ibadebo<strong>da</strong>, ma-<br />
Sin rodesac analogiuri maCvenebeli 1885 wlis kievis gubernia-<br />
Si 61 bavSvs udri<strong>da</strong>. 1867-1887 wlebSi ruseTis evropuli nawilis<br />
zogierT guberniaSi marTlmadideblebs erTi qorwinebi<strong>da</strong>n saSualod<br />
cxra bavSvi hyav<strong>da</strong>T. saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong> sxva qveynebSic aseT<br />
maRal Sobadobas ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong> TaobaTa swrafi cvla. erT wlamde<br />
asakSi iRupebo<strong>da</strong> TiTqmis yoveli mesame <strong>da</strong>badebuli bavSvi. ojax-<br />
Si ori-sami bavSvi rom hyolo<strong>da</strong>T, bavSvTa sikvdilianobis maRali<br />
maCveneblobis gamo, SeiZleba aseTi ojaxi uSvilod <strong>da</strong>rCeniliyo.
<strong>demografiuli</strong> <strong>viTareba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eris</strong> <strong>sulieri</strong> <strong>cxovreba</strong> 113<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi jansaRi klimatis gamo bavSvTa<br />
sikvdilianoba ufro <strong>da</strong>bali iyo, vidre zogierT sxva qveyanaSi, rasac<br />
ucxoeli mogzaurebic aRniSnavdnen.<br />
axla erT metad problemur sakiTxsac un<strong>da</strong> SevexoT, rac Cveni<br />
sazogadoebis nawilSi araswora<strong>da</strong>a gagebuli. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs<br />
tradiciuli gagebiT mravali Svilis yola. Tanamedrove epoqaSi<br />
pirovnebis faseulobaTa sistemaSi win wamoiweva maRali donis faseulobaTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis survili, izrdeba profesiuli SesaZleblobebis<br />
mTeli sisruliT gamovlenis mcdeloba. a<strong>da</strong>mianebi<br />
ukve met <strong>da</strong>interesebas iCenen cxovrebis xarisxisadmi, TiToeuli<br />
Svilis aRzrdisadmi, rac met <strong>da</strong>naxarjebs <strong>da</strong> Tavisufal dros<br />
moiTxovs. civilizebul samyaroSi qalebi maTi ganaTlebis donis<br />
amaRlebasTan erTad sul ufro naklebi bavSvis yoliT ifarglebian.<br />
bunebrivia, qali ar SeiZleba gamovabaT samzareulos <strong>da</strong> arc is<br />
un<strong>da</strong> movTxovoT, rom man fiziologiuri SesaZleblobebis<strong>da</strong> mixedviT<br />
aCinos bavSvebi. rodesac ojaxs ar aqvs sacxovrebeli bina, saarsebo<br />
saSualebebi, samuSao, perspeqtivebi, qalma umjobesia ara<br />
mravali Svili gaaCinos, aramed imdeni, ramdenis movlasa <strong>da</strong> aRzr<strong>da</strong>sac<br />
SeZlebs. aki ilia WavWavaZec aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>: mamoba <strong>da</strong> dedoba<br />
marto Svilebis gamravleba <strong>da</strong> ZuZus woveba ar ariso.<br />
Cveni saxelovani momRerlis, baton paata buWulaZis TaosnobiT<br />
saqvelmoqmedo RonisZiebebis Sedegad ukanasknel wlebSi ramdenime<br />
aTeulma gaWirvebulma mravalSvilianma ubinao ojaxma miiRo bina,<br />
magram problemas verc aman uSvela. Cven vnaxeT televiziiT, rogor<br />
ukidures gaWirvebaSi cxovroben, binamiRebuli ojaxebi usaxsrobis<br />
gamo, xolo zogierTma maTganma miRebuli bina, Tavi rom gamoekveba,<br />
gayi<strong>da</strong> kidec. Sobadobis amaRlebisa <strong>da</strong> bavSvTa aRzrdis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
ufro mofiqrebuli RonisZiebebis gatareba gvmarTebs, rodesac<br />
saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis mier am mimarTulebiT gaRebuli<br />
saxsrebi <strong>da</strong> interesebi erTmaneTs Seavsebs, rodesac movaxerxebT<br />
sazogadoebrivi soli<strong>da</strong>robis gacilebiT farTo masStabiT warmodgenas.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos neba mTavaria, romelic, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
umZimesi <strong>demografiuli</strong> viTarebisa, ara<strong>da</strong> ar Cans.<br />
tradiciuli mravalSvilianobis propagan<strong>da</strong>s Sobadobis gazrdis<br />
TvalsazrisiT naklebi Sedegi moaqvs, rasac qvemoT moyvanili<br />
konkretuli monacemebis analizic a<strong>da</strong>sturebs. ukanaskneli 19 wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi, oficialuri monacemebiT, yvelaze maRali Sobadoba<br />
2009 wels aRiniSna _ am wels 63 377 bavSvi <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong>. aqe<strong>da</strong>n 33 651<br />
bavSvi (53,1 procenti) dedebisaTvis pirveli Svili iyo, 21 093 de<strong>da</strong>s<br />
(33,3 procenti) ki meore Svili SeeZina, 6 627 de<strong>da</strong>s (10,5 pro-
114 <strong>anzor</strong> <strong>ToTaZe</strong><br />
centi) _ mesame, xolo 1412 de<strong>da</strong>s (2,2 procenti) _ meoTxe. 375<br />
de<strong>da</strong>s (0,6 procenti) mexuTe bavSvi SeeZina, 128 de<strong>da</strong>s _ meeqvse, 51<br />
de<strong>da</strong>s _ meSvide, 32 de<strong>da</strong>s _ merve, <strong>da</strong> 8 de<strong>da</strong>s _ mecxre. meaTe<br />
bavSvi arc erT de<strong>da</strong>s ar SesZenia; sul ki mexuTe <strong>da</strong> meti Svili am<br />
wels 594 de<strong>da</strong>m gaaCina. aqe<strong>da</strong>n cxadi xdeba, rom, vTqvaT, 8 de<strong>da</strong>,<br />
romelmac mecxre bavSvi gaaCina, Tu kidev erT bavSvs gaaCens, mosaxleoba<br />
8 kaciT gaizrdeba. 594 de<strong>da</strong>, romelmac 2009 wels mexuTe<br />
<strong>da</strong> meti bavSvi gaaCina, Tu kidev erT Svils iyoliebs, qveynis mosaxleoba<br />
594 kaciT moimatebs. samagierod dedebi, romelTac amave<br />
wels pirveli Svili eyolaT, Tu meore Svils gaaCenen, maSin saqarTvelos<br />
<strong>da</strong>matebiT 33 651 bavSvi Seemateba, xolo dedebi, romlebsac<br />
meore Svili hyav<strong>da</strong>T, kidev erT Svils iyolieben _ 21 093 bavSvi. ra<br />
Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, qalebis nawili aCens meore <strong>da</strong> mesame Svils, magram qalTa<br />
didi nawili erTi an ori Svilis amara rCeba.<br />
zemoT aRniSnuli msjelobis Semdeg, bunebrivia, aseTi kiTxvac<br />
<strong>da</strong>isvas: ramdeni Svilia saWiro ojaxSi mosaxleobis optimaluri<br />
gamravlebisaTvis. magram <strong>demografiuli</strong> optimaluri kriteriumis<br />
gansazRvra Zalian Znelia. igi icvleba sazogadoebis istoriuli<br />
ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> pirobebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaobis Sesabamisad.<br />
mainc SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mosaxleobis gamravlebis optimaluri<br />
tipi SesaZlebelia maSin, rodesac saSualod erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong>emTxveva<br />
ojaxisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis <strong>demografiuli</strong> ideali. Sobadobis<br />
saSulo dones naTlad axasiaTebs Sobadobis jamuri koeficienti,<br />
romelic gviCvenebs, Tu ramden bavSvs aCens erTi qali Tavisi sicocxlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi, kerZod, rodesac mas aqvs bavSvis gaCenis<br />
unari. aseTi nayofierebis anu fertilur asakad miCneulia 15-49<br />
wlebi, e. i. fertiluri asaki 35 wels udris. TaobaTa SecvlisaTvis<br />
aucilebelia, rom erTma qalma Tavisi sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi 2,1<br />
bavSvi <strong>da</strong>bados. am SemTxvevaSi xdeba mosaxleobis Tanabari gamravleba<br />
_ TaobaTa ganaxleba erTi <strong>da</strong> igive raodenobiT. marTalia, 2<br />
bavSvis <strong>da</strong>badebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba mSoblebis anazRaureba, magram<br />
mxedvelobaSi miiReba is garemoeba, rom erT wlamde asakSi bavSvTa<br />
mokv<strong>da</strong>oba maRalia, yvela <strong>da</strong>badebuli bavSvi ver miaRwevs fertilur<br />
asaks, rodesac TviTon un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes de<strong>da</strong>, yvela ar gaTxovdeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> ojaxebis nawilic unayofoa. amitom mosaxleobis ricxvis SesanarCuneblad<br />
saWiroa, erTma qalma saSualod 2,1 bavSvi <strong>da</strong>bados. Tu<br />
es maCvenebeli 2,1 bavSvze naklebia, mosaxleoba Semcirdeba, xolo<br />
rodesac qali 2,1 bavSvze mets badebs, maSin mosaxleobis gamravlebas<br />
aqvs adgili. 1993-2007 wlebSi Sobadobis jamuri koeficienti<br />
2,1 bavSvze gacilebiT naklebi iyo <strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis erTi <strong>da</strong>
<strong>demografiuli</strong> <strong>viTareba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eris</strong> <strong>sulieri</strong> <strong>cxovreba</strong> 115<br />
imave raodenobiT gamravlebas, anu TaobaTa cvlas 65-70 procenti<br />
uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong>. aqe<strong>da</strong>n, cxadia, SeiZleba is <strong>da</strong>skvnac gamovitanoT,<br />
rom mosaxleobis gamravlebisaTvis rac SeiZleba male yuradReba<br />
un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eTmos meore <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT mesame bavSvis yolas, aqtiuri<br />
<strong>demografiuli</strong> politikis gatarebas, Tu gvin<strong>da</strong> SevaneloT metad<br />
mZime <strong>demografiuli</strong> procesebi <strong>da</strong> erTi <strong>demografiuli</strong> Taobis anu<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 28 wlis Semdeg mivaRwioT Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT sasurvel Sedegs.<br />
Cven mesame Svilis yolis mniSvnelobaze imitom vamaxvilebT yuradRebas,<br />
rom qarTveli qali, Tavisi mentaluri bunebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
sam bavSvze mets iSviaTad aCens, amasTan saSualod erTi qalis<br />
mier sami bavSvis gaCena savsebiT uzrunvelyofs mosaxleobis gafar-<br />
Toebul gamravlebas. ucxoeTis qveynebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c mosaxleobis depopulaciaa,<br />
meore <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT mesame bavSvis gaCenas uwyoben xels<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva SeRavaTiTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT. mxedvelobaSi un<strong>da</strong> miviRoT is<br />
<strong>da</strong>mafiqrebeli faqtic, rom mosaxleobis 2002 wlis aRw<strong>eris</strong> monacemebis<br />
mixedviT, samcxe-javaxeTSi yoveli aTasi qali 876 bavSviT mets<br />
aCens, vidre TbilisSi <strong>da</strong> 465 bavSviT mets, vidre imereTSi. amasTan<br />
15 wlisa <strong>da</strong> ufrosi asakis yovel aTas qarTvel qals 2 067 bavSvi<br />
hyav<strong>da</strong>, rac 632 bavSviT naklebia qisti qalebisa <strong>da</strong> 583 bavSviT naklebi<br />
azerbaijaneli qalebis Sesabamis maCvenebelTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong> a.<br />
S. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, gamodis rom prezidentis <strong>da</strong>pirebas mesame bavSvis gaCenis<br />
SemTxvevaSi aTasi laris, xolo meoTxe bavSvis <strong>da</strong>badebisas ori<br />
aTasi laris odenobiT erTjerad <strong>da</strong>xmarebas qarTveli qali TiTqmis<br />
ver miiRebs. Tumca SeiZleba am <strong>da</strong>pirebamac, iseTive Cailuris wyali<br />
<strong>da</strong>lios, rogorc 2007 wlis analogiurma <strong>da</strong>pirebam. maSinac, 2008<br />
wlis arCevnebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT 2007 wlis 30 dekembers miiRes kanoni<br />
Raribi ojaxebisaTvis mesame Svilis gaCenis SemTxvevaSi erTjera<strong>da</strong>d<br />
aTasi laris <strong>da</strong>xmarebis gawevis Sesaxeb, romelic 2008 wlis dekemberSi<br />
gaauqmes. radganac am kanonis mimRebma Cinovnikebmac albaT<br />
ician, rom iSviaTi gamonaklisis gar<strong>da</strong>, cxra Tveze adre bavSvi ar<br />
Cndeba, isini imasac mixvdebodnen, rom 2008 wlis april-dekemberSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>orsulebuli qalebi bavSvs mxolod 2009 welSi gaaCendnen <strong>da</strong>, amrigad,<br />
ukve <strong>da</strong>xmarebasac veRar miiRebdnen. Tumca isic sakiTxavia,<br />
saerTod miiRo Tu ara vinmem <strong>da</strong>xmareba.<br />
Sobadobis gazrdis paralelurad gvmarTebs yuradReba gavamaxviloT<br />
axalgazrdebis swavlis xarisxze, maTi erovnuli suliskveTebiT<br />
aRzr<strong>da</strong>ze, raTa, rogorc sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi<br />
ilia II brZanebs, qarTveli qarTveladve <strong>da</strong>rCes.<br />
axalgazrdebis arc Tu umniSvnelo nawili nacionalebma TiTqmis<br />
mTlianad mowyvites erovnul nia<strong>da</strong>gs. axalgazr<strong>da</strong> Jurnalistebis
116 <strong>anzor</strong> <strong>ToTaZe</strong><br />
nawils baton biZina ivaniSvilTan pirveli preskonferenciis dros<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgmuli speqtaklic eyofaT saukunis sircxvilad, rodesac kiTxvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>smis dros, umTavresad samTavrobo televiziebis Jurnalistebs,<br />
erTmaneTTan omi hqon<strong>da</strong>T gamarTuli, raTa erTmaneTisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>eswroT patronebis mier nakarnaxevi yuriT moTreuli kiTxvebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sma <strong>da</strong> preskonferencia CaeSalaT. isini imasac cdilobdnen, rom<br />
sxva kolegebisaTvis kiTxvis <strong>da</strong>smis saSualeba ar miecaT. konferencia<br />
ise <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>, maT baton biZinas pasuxebi arc mousmeniaT,<br />
radgan JurnalistTa am nawils, rogorc vTqviT, amisTvis ar ecala.<br />
mokled, iSviaTi SemTxveva mox<strong>da</strong>: axalgazr<strong>da</strong> Jurnalistebma sajarod<br />
gaibaxes Tavi. sabolood konferencia maTi sruli fiaskoTi <strong>da</strong><br />
biZina ivaniSvilis aseve sruli triumfiT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>.<br />
samwuxarod, xalxis nawili naklebad grZnobs qveynisaTvis pasuxismgeblobas.<br />
nacionalebma yvelaferi gaakeTes imisaTvis, rom<br />
erovnuli grZnoba <strong>da</strong>eClungebinaT, xalxSi erovnuli Tavmoyvareoba<br />
CaeklaT. ase rom ar iyos, verc axalgazr<strong>da</strong> Jurnalistebi gabe<strong>da</strong>vdnen<br />
qveynis Tvalwin ase samarcxvinod moqcevas, ase rom ar iyos, am<br />
oriode wlis win guriaSi erTi qarTveli qali ar etyo<strong>da</strong> prezidents<br />
saqveynod: kidev kargi wyaldidoba mox<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>, miSa gnaxeo. es<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT nadirobis moyvaruli kaxeTis mefis aleqsandres naTqvams<br />
hgavs: `ax, netarZi oxer meqmnes kaxeTi, raTa maqundes sanadironi<br />
mravlad~.<br />
dRes Cveni xalxis winaSe mdgar problemebs Soris erT-erTi<br />
aris ganaTlebis donis amaRleba. mcirericxovani eri mxolod gana-<br />
Tlebuli moqalaqeebiT fasobs. jer kidev vaJa-fSavela aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>:<br />
`an gavnaTldeT <strong>da</strong> an gavmravldeT, <strong>da</strong> orive Tu erTad moxerxdeba,<br />
is ukeTesia~, radgan uswavleli, ubiri a<strong>da</strong>miani qveyanas wyluls<br />
ver mobanso. qveynis didma moamagem <strong>da</strong>inaxa, rom ganaTleba <strong>da</strong> gamravleba<br />
sWirdebo<strong>da</strong> Cvens xalxs. SemdegSi es azri galaqtionma<br />
erT Tavis leqsSi gamoxata; `erTxel mgosani vaJa dReebs acli<strong>da</strong><br />
rides: `un<strong>da</strong> gavnaTldeT, maSa? un<strong>da</strong> gavmravldec kidec?~ <strong>da</strong>igrialos<br />
SoriT qartexilebmac Tun<strong>da</strong>: un<strong>da</strong> gavmravldeT swored, un<strong>da</strong><br />
gavmravldeT, un<strong>da</strong>!~ am saWiroebam zepirsityvierebaSic pova asaxva:<br />
`ganaTldes Cveni qveyana, gamravldes Cveni eria~.<br />
ase Tu ise, Cven, rac ar un<strong>da</strong> gulmodgined vaZagoT komunistebis<br />
periodi, maSin gamravalebac SevZeliT <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis miRebac.<br />
ukanaskneli 20 weliwadSi <strong>eris</strong> siZli<strong>eris</strong> es orive maCvenebeli<br />
katastrofulad Semcir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ufskrulis piras aRmovCndiT. warmoudgenlad<br />
Semcir<strong>da</strong> ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis kerebi, wignebis,<br />
Jurnalebisa <strong>da</strong> gazeTebis gamocemaTa tiraJi. Tu 1989 wels saqarT-
<strong>demografiuli</strong> <strong>viTareba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eris</strong> <strong>sulieri</strong> <strong>cxovreba</strong> 117<br />
veloSi funqcionireb<strong>da</strong> 4300 masobrivi <strong>da</strong> universaluri bibloTeka,<br />
2007 wels am maCvenebelma 672 Seadgina. 1988-2005 wlebSi wignebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
broSurebis tiraJi Semcir<strong>da</strong> 23,5 milioni egzemplari<strong>da</strong>n 0,3 milion<br />
egzemplaramde; Jurnalebisa <strong>da</strong> sxva perioduli gamocemebis wliuri<br />
tiraJi Semcir<strong>da</strong> 30,5 milioni egzemplari<strong>da</strong>n 1,1 milion egzemplaramde,<br />
gazeTebis wliuri tiraJi 790 milioni<strong>da</strong>n 17,9 milionamde,<br />
xolo erTjeradi tiraJi 3,7 milioni<strong>da</strong>n 0,4 milionamde. Teatralur<br />
speqtaklebze <strong>da</strong>mswreTa ricxvi 1988 wels 3,8 milion kacs Seadgen<strong>da</strong>,<br />
xolo 2007 wels _ 438 aTass. amave wlebSi muzeumebis <strong>da</strong>mTvariebel-<br />
Ta ricxvi 6,5 milioni kaci<strong>da</strong>n 446 aTas kacamde Semcir<strong>da</strong>. 4 vfiqrobT,<br />
motanili monacemebi komentars ar saWiroeben.<br />
am procesebis mosalodneli <strong>da</strong>mRupveli Sedegebi SesaniSnavad<br />
gaanaliza cnobilma qarTvelma mweralma guram fanjikiZem, romlis<br />
moulodneli gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba ara marto qarTuli mwerlobis,<br />
aramed mTeli Cveni <strong>eris</strong>Tvis uaRresad didi <strong>da</strong>naklisi iyo. guram<br />
fanjikiZe swored axla sWirdebo<strong>da</strong> yvelaze metad qarTvel xalxs,<br />
rodesac ar cxrebian Cveni <strong>sulieri</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>gvarebis mosurneni, Tumca,<br />
man, jer kidev TiTqmis TxuTmeti wlis winaT, SesaniSnavad gaanaliza<br />
Cvens sulier <strong>cxovreba</strong>Si SemoWrili mankieri tendenciebi <strong>da</strong> mogviwo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
gavfrTxilebodiT mTavars _ a<strong>da</strong>mianis suls: `mwerlobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> xelovnebis ganviTarebis gza uwyveti procesia. misi gawyveta ar<br />
SeiZleba, radgan erTi wliT Seferxebis Sedegebis aRmofxvrasa <strong>da</strong><br />
procesis gamTlianebas, SeiZleba xuTi <strong>da</strong> aTi welic ki ar eyos.<br />
nu CavidenT sabediswero Secdomas.<br />
nu <strong>da</strong>vtovebT upatronod mwerlobasa <strong>da</strong> xelovnebas.<br />
nu <strong>da</strong>vtovebT qarTvel ers, qarTvel axalgazrdobas kooperativebis<br />
mier gamocemuli makulaturisa <strong>da</strong> im videokasetebis amara,<br />
mkvlelobas, Zaladobas, SiSvel <strong>da</strong> aRreul seqss rom amkvidreben<br />
sazogadoebaSi.<br />
puri Tu a<strong>da</strong>mianis sxeuls Sia, mSveniereba a<strong>da</strong>mianis sulis sazrdoa.<br />
nu <strong>da</strong>gvaviwydeba, sxeuli miwieria, suli ki _ RvTiuri <strong>da</strong><br />
maradiuli.<br />
puris problema mainc ufro iolad ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelia <strong>da</strong> igi aucileblad<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>iWreba kidec. a<strong>da</strong>mianis suls ki, Tu mSveniereba droulad<br />
ar mivaSveleT, igi sxva, sabediswero sazrdos iSovis...<br />
gavufrTxildeT a<strong>da</strong>mianis suls! _ esaa Cveni umTavresi moTxovna,<br />
esaa Cveni sicocxlisa <strong>da</strong> moRvaweobis umTavresi mizani~. 5 ase-<br />
4<br />
Народное хозяйство СССР в 1989 г., М., 1990, с. 210-213, 216-220. saqarTvelos<br />
statistikuri weliwdeuli 2008, Tb., 2009.<br />
5 gaz. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 18-24 aprili, 2003.
118 <strong>anzor</strong> <strong>ToTaZe</strong><br />
Tivea yoveli WeSmariti qarTvelis moTxovnac, miT umetes gareSe<br />
Tu garkveuli Sinauri Zalebis mier Cveni <strong>sulieri</strong> cxovrebis <strong>da</strong>kninebis<br />
mcdelobis pirobebSi. e. w. vardebis revoluciis dRi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
TiTqos<strong>da</strong> revoluciaSi <strong>da</strong>msaxurebebis gamo, patara biWebma <strong>da</strong>angries<br />
erovnuli institutebi. xalxSi <strong>da</strong>Teses siZulvili, a<strong>da</strong>mianebi<br />
erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong>upirispires. imdeni SeZles, rom TiTqmis mTlianad<br />
gawyvites kavSiri axalgazrdobasa <strong>da</strong> ufros Taobas Soris. Suaxnis<br />
gamocdili specialistebi <strong>da</strong>iTxoves samsaxurebi<strong>da</strong>n, asakobrivi<br />
zRvari <strong>da</strong>udves inteleqtualur Sromas, rac erovnuli energiis<br />
gaflangvis tolfasia. es yovlad <strong>da</strong>uSvebeli iyo. arc erT ers ar<br />
gaaCnia imis fufuneba, rom Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT asakovan Taobas ase moeqcnen.<br />
mecnierebaSi ukve TiTqmis gawyvetilia kavSiri Taobebs Soris. am<br />
kavSiris aRdgenas aTwleulebi <strong>da</strong>sWirdeba. <strong>cxovreba</strong> metad mZime,<br />
erTferovani <strong>da</strong> uintereso gax<strong>da</strong>. aprobirebuli programebiT axalgazrdebis<br />
advilad samarTavad, jiutad nergaven im azrs, TiTqos<br />
cxovrebis mizani mxolod fulis keTeba <strong>da</strong> seqsia. a<strong>da</strong>mianuri faseulobebi<br />
Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT toveben cxovrebis scenas. axalgazrdebs<br />
gonebas uxednaven, rogor <strong>da</strong>tkben seqsiT, TiTqos maTma winaprebma<br />
ar icodnen seqsi <strong>da</strong> `gar<strong>da</strong>reuli siyvaruli~. intimi yovelTvis<br />
iyo a<strong>da</strong>mianuri cxovrebis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawili, magram<br />
mxolod Semadgeneli nawili <strong>da</strong> ara cxovrebis arsi, rogorc axla<br />
cdiloben warmoaCinon. Zveli berZeni filosofosi demokrite seqss<br />
droebiT gabruebas uwodeb<strong>da</strong>, axla ki surT yvela gabruebuli<br />
iyos <strong>da</strong> ara mxolod droebiT.<br />
ze<strong>da</strong>pirze motivtive axalgazr<strong>da</strong> nacionalebi <strong>da</strong>epatronen <strong>eris</strong><br />
<strong>cxovreba</strong>s. gare<strong>da</strong>n mxar<strong>da</strong>Werilma Zalam aRmarTi moxna.<br />
dRes yoveli moazrovne qarTveli cxa<strong>da</strong>d xe<strong>da</strong>vs, rom qarTveli<br />
xalxi ekonomikurad ganadgurebuli <strong>da</strong> sulierad <strong>da</strong>beCavebulia.<br />
nacionalebma yvelaferi gaakeTes amisaTvis. qarTveli eri fizikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>sulieri</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis realuri safrTxis winaSe dgas. xelisuflebaSi<br />
mosvlis dRi<strong>da</strong>n nacionalebi mxolod antierovnuli<br />
saqmianobiT arian <strong>da</strong>kavebulni. rogorc erT Zvel qarTul nawarmoebSia<br />
aRniSnuli, `vidre mTaTa ze<strong>da</strong> qarni qrodes <strong>da</strong> zRvaTa Sigan<br />
wyali <strong>da</strong> Tevzi ipoebodes, bnelsa Ramesa siSave hqondes, caTa Sigan<br />
varskvlavi ipoebodes~, nacionalebi aseT saqmes ver moiSlian.<br />
amJamad, nacionalebisaTvis qarTul sivrceSi adgili namdvilad<br />
ar moipoveba, Tumca, rom ara qarTveli xalxis bedis ukuRmarToba,<br />
maTi adgili Cvens sazogadoebaSi arc arasodes yofila. nacionalebis<br />
moSoreba namdvilad ar iqneba nacionaluri <strong>da</strong>nakargi.
Change language