grani qavTaria demokratia Zvel saberZneTSi demokratia (demos _ ...
grani qavTaria demokratia Zvel saberZneTSi demokratia (demos _ ...
grani qavTaria demokratia Zvel saberZneTSi demokratia (demos _ ...
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<strong>demokratia</strong> <strong>Zvel</strong> <strong>saberZneTSi</strong><br />
<strong>grani</strong> <strong>qavTaria</strong><br />
<strong>demokratia</strong> (<strong>demos</strong> _ xalxi, kratos _ Zala-ufleba), rogorc<br />
marTva-gamgeobis sistema, <strong>Zvel</strong> <strong>saberZneTSi</strong> Camoyalibda. misi<br />
dabadeba ioniis qalaqebSi moxda, magram klasikur formas balkane-<br />
Tze (aTenSi) miaRwia.<br />
berZnuli civilizaciis ayvavebis xanaSi aTenma da spartam gabatonebuli<br />
mdgomareoba daikaves da arsebiTi roli Seasrules elinuri<br />
samyaros politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul cxovrebaSi.<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom demokratiis Camoyalibeba aTensa da spartaSi<br />
gansxvavebuli formebiT warimarTa. berZeni avtorebi pirdapir werdnen,<br />
rom spartasa da aTenSi gansxvavebuli saxelmwifo wyobileba<br />
arsebobda. mizezad asaxelebdnen demokratiuli nakadis sisustes<br />
spartaSi. saistorio wyaroebis ganmartebiT, sparta uCveulo da<br />
saidumloebiT moculi polisi iyo, romelic saukuneebis manZilze<br />
rCeboda umniSvnelovanes politikur da samxedro Zalad, elinuri<br />
samyaros bedis ganmsazRvrelad.<br />
spartis Zlierebis mwvervals warmoadgenda gamarjveba peloponesis<br />
omSi, magram man saberZneTis saTaveSi dgoma ver SeZlo da damarcxebul<br />
mxares (aTens) gauTanabrda. sruluflebiani spartelis<br />
brZolisunarianoba bavSvobidanve iwrToboda, xolo zrdasruli<br />
elinur samyarosa da mis sazRvrebs gareTac Seudarebel meomrad<br />
iTvleboda. 1<br />
did berZnul kolonizaciaSi sparta ar CarTula, misi interesebi<br />
peloponesis naxevarkunZuls ar gascdenia. igi Caiketa pelopon-<br />
1 am realobis SesaniSnav dadasturebas warmoadgens saxelovani istorikosis qsenofontis<br />
informacia, romelSic aRwerilia sparseTis dinastiur omSi berZeni moqiravneebis<br />
monawileobis faqti (Zv. w. 401 wels). berZen molaSqreTa rigebSi myofi<br />
aTeneli qsenofonti xazgasmiT miuTiTebs, rom aqemenidebis taxtis pretendenti<br />
kirosi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ekideboda lakedemoneli (sparta lakedemonis<br />
qalaqi iyo) meomrebis daqiravebas (qsenofonti, anabasisi, I, I, 6).
114 <strong>grani</strong> <strong>qavTaria</strong><br />
esSi da CamoSorda saerTo berZnul ganviTarebas. amgvarma gandgomam<br />
uaryofiTad imoqmeda spartis saSinao mdgomareobaze. amis gamo, ar<br />
aris SemTxveviTi, rom elinuri samyaros warmatebani klasikur xanaSi<br />
politikis, ekonomikurisa da gansakuTrebiT kulturis sferoSi,<br />
spartis monawileobis gareSe iqna miRweuli.<br />
spartis saxelmwifo wyobilebis fuZemdeblad miCneulia naxevrad<br />
legendaruli kanonmdebeli likurgosi. werilobiT wyaroebSi<br />
misi moRvaweoba bundovnad aris gadmocemuli, magram kanonebs<br />
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi cvlileba ar ganucdia. likurgosis dawesebuli<br />
normebi cxovrebis yvela sferos moicavda da maTi odnavi<br />
darRvevac samSoblos Ralats utoldeboda, samSoblos Ralati ki,<br />
umkacresad isjeboda. spartis kanonebi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis<br />
ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli debulebebis siuxviT gamoirCeoda. mis<br />
amRiarebels warTmeuli hqonda damoukidebeli moqmedebis unari,<br />
rac iwvevda danarCeni elinuri polisebisagan izolirebas da sulieri<br />
sferos dakninebas. spartaSi uaryofili iyo adamianis harmoniuli<br />
ganviTarebis principebi da saxelmwifos umTavres amocanas<br />
spartelis fizikur Zlierebaze zrunva Seadgenda.<br />
likurgosis kanonebiT dauSvebeli iyo, codnis gaRrmavebis<br />
mizniT, mSobliuri qalaqis datoveba. spartisagan gansxvavebiT, ber-<br />
Znuli polisebis moqalaqeebi wlebis ganmavlobaSi mogzaurobdnen<br />
Soreul qveynebSi (egvipteSi, babilonSi da sxv.) da ecnobodnen<br />
ucxoeTSi dagrovil miRwevebs mecnierebisa da xelovnebis sferoebSi.<br />
am dainteresebam ganapiroba azrovnebis miuwvdomeli simaRle,<br />
romelmac saberZneTi gadaaqcia <strong>Zvel</strong>i samyaros sulieri kulturis<br />
kanonmdeblad. elinuri saocrebis am did zeimSi spartas monawileoba<br />
ar miuRia. peloponesis naxevarkunZulze Caketili mtkiced<br />
ganagrZobda Tavis yazarmul cxovrebas da moqalaqis daniSnulebad<br />
mxolod brZolis velze Tavis gamoCena miaCnda. amis gamo, did berZen<br />
moazrovneTa Soris (literatura, filosofia, xelovneba, istoria)<br />
spartelis saxeli ar figurirebs.<br />
spartis izolirebis mizezebs antikuri mwerloba iq arsebul<br />
kanonebSi xedavda. plutarqe wers, `likurgosi nebas ar aZlevda<br />
arc erT msurvels samSoblodan gamgzavrebuliyo da sxva qveynebSi<br />
exetiala. igi SiSobda, spartidan wasulebs ar SemoetanaT ucxo<br />
Cvevebi da ar miebaZaT sxvebis uweso cxovrebisa da nair-nairi saxelmwifo<br />
wyobilebisaTvis. spartaSi Camosul ucxoelebs aZevebda<br />
qalaqidan... ucxo pirebTan erTad qalaqSi ucxo sityvebic Semodis...<br />
axali sityvebi axal azrebs iwvevs: es ki Tavis mxriv did vnebas<br />
ayenebs ers, mraval survils badebs da damkvidrebul saxelmwifo
<strong>demokratia</strong> <strong>Zvel</strong> <strong>saberZneTSi</strong><br />
115<br />
wyobilebaSi iseT arev-darevas iwvevs, rogorsac Seuxmatkbilebeli<br />
xmebi musikaSi. likurge fiqrobda, qalaqi cudi Cvevebisagan ufro<br />
metad unda daecva, vidre Semotanili gadamdebi senisagan~ (plutarqe,<br />
likurgosi, 27). likurgosis kanonmdebloba efuZneboda<br />
TavisufalTa qonebriv gaTanabrebas, cxovrebis mkacri wesebis danergvas,<br />
simdidrisa da fufunebis sagnebis uaryofas. `likurgosma<br />
moZravi qonebis gadanawilebac ganizraxa. mas surda am RonisZiebiT<br />
Zirfesvianad moespo jer kidev arsebuli uTanasworoba moqalaqeTa<br />
Soris. magram roca dainaxa, spartelebi winaaRmdegobis gauwevlad<br />
pirad qonebaze Znelad Tu aiRebdnen xels, sxva gzas mimarTa da dafaruli<br />
xerxebiT bolo mouRo TanamemamuleTa sixarbes. man jer<br />
akrZala oqrosa da vercxlis fuli da xmarebaSi SemoiRo rkinis<br />
fuli, romelic mcire RirebulebebTan erTad... mZime iyo... rkinis<br />
fulis SemoRebiT likurgosma mravali saxis boroteba gandevna<br />
lakedemoniidan~ (plutarqe, likurgosi, 9).<br />
imave politikis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda brZola xelovnebis<br />
winaaRmdeg. `likurgosma spartidan gaaZeva yovelgvari usargeblo<br />
da uqmi xelovneba. Tumca romc ar gaeZevebina, xelovnebis didi<br />
nawili <strong>Zvel</strong> fulTan erTad TavisTavad gaqreboda. sakuTari nawarmis<br />
gasaReba SeuZlebeli gaxdeboda... fufuneba, romelsac waerTva<br />
is, rac mas sicocxlesa da Zalas aZlevda, TandaTanobiT TviTonve<br />
daWkna. mdidrebi upiratesobiT veRar sargeblobdnen, maT qonebas<br />
Zala daekarga. spartelebma SesaniSnavad daiwyes keTeba yoveldRiurad<br />
saxmari iseTi aucilebeli sagnebisa, rogoricaa sawoli, skami,<br />
magida. sparteli xelosnebi iZulebuli gaxdnen uqmi saqmeebisaTvis<br />
Tavi daenebebinaT da TavianTi didostatoba aucilebeli sagnebis<br />
damzadebaSi gamoeCinaT~ (likurgosi, 9).<br />
spartis Tavisufali moqalaqeebis gaTanabrebis saukeTeso sa-<br />
Sualebad likurgosma miiCnia sajaro sasadiloebi _ sisitiebi.<br />
srulasakovani spartelebi valdebulni iyvnen Sekrebiliyvnen da<br />
erTad esadilaT saerTo sasadiloSi. sakvebi (sakmaod ugemuri) kanoniT<br />
iyo dadgenili. akrZaluli iyo sakuTar ojaxSi kerZis mirTmeva.<br />
vinc am wess daarRvevda, mkacrad kicxavdnen, rac spartelis<br />
RirsebisaTvis Seuferebeli iyo. kanons emorCilebodnen mefeebic.<br />
sisitiebis danergviT simdidrem dakarga mimzidveloba. plutarqe<br />
wers, rom mdidarTa protests likurgosi TavganwirviT aRudga win<br />
da sisitiebi, rogorc cxovrebis gansxvavebuli forma, dakanonda.<br />
saerTo sasadiloSi TiToeul moqalaqes yovelTviurad unda mietana<br />
gansaRvruli raodenobis sursaTi. farTod iyenebdnen Sewirulobasac:<br />
nadirobidan dabrunebul spartels, nanadirevis saukeTeso
116 <strong>grani</strong> <strong>qavTaria</strong><br />
nawili sisitiaSi unda mietana. visac sapatio mizezi hqonda, ufleba<br />
eZleoda, saxlSi esadila.<br />
likurgosis kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebda, rogorc werilobiT,<br />
ise dauwerel kanonebs, romelTac RvTisagan momdinared Tvlida.<br />
misi azriT, `yvelaze mniSvnelovansa da fasdebuls saxelmwifos<br />
keTildReobisa da RirsebisaTvis fesvebi mtkiced unda hqondes<br />
gadgmuli moqalaqeTa xasiaTsa da qcevaSi. nebisyofa... iZulebaze<br />
ufro Zlieri borkilia. aseT nebisyofas ki adamianSi qmnis aRzrda,<br />
romelsac am SemTxvevaSi namdvili kanonmdeblis Zala eniWeba~ (likurgosi,<br />
13).<br />
meore retrad plutarqes dasaxelebuli aqvs brZola simdidrisa<br />
da fufunebis winaaRmdeg. masSi gaidealebulia ubralo saxli,<br />
Raribuli avejiT.<br />
mesame retra `spartelebs ukrZalavda erTsa da imave mterze<br />
xSirad laSqrobas, raTa es mteri Tavdacvas ar daCveoda da mamaci<br />
mebrZoli ar gamxdariyo.~ 2<br />
likurgosi Tanmimdevrulad icavda gvarovnuli aristokratiis<br />
privilegiebs. hilotebsa da periekebze batonobis SenarCuneba<br />
moiTxovda mudmiv saomar mzadyofnas. am ideas emsaxureboda spartis<br />
Zlierebis safu<strong>Zvel</strong>i _ spartanuli skola da aRzrda. likurgosi<br />
bavSvTa patriotuli suliskveTebiT aRzrdis winapirobad<br />
miiCnevda ojaxisa da qorwinebis problemas. am kuTxiT sayuradReboa<br />
is faqti, ron kanonmdebeli ar zRudavda qalebs da maTTvisac<br />
moiTxovda mamakacebisaTvis aucilebel rTul fizikur varjiSebs,<br />
radgan kanonmdeblis azriT, jansaRi qalebi jansaR STamomavlobas<br />
miscemdnen spartas.<br />
berZnul polisebSi (gansakuTrebiT aTenSi) farTod gavrcelebul<br />
harmoniuli ganaTlebis sistemas upirispirdeboda spartanuli<br />
skola, romelSic mTavari yuradReba fizikur wvrTnas eqceoda. sparteli<br />
bavSvebi, 8 wlidan 18 wlamde, ojaxs mowyvetilebi gadiodnen<br />
mkacr samxedro momzadebas. skolis ZiriTadi mizani iyo samSoblos<br />
Rirseuli damcvelis aRzrda. momaval meomars bavSvobidanve unda<br />
aeTvisebina iaraRis flobis sirTule. yoveldRiuri varjiSi amtan<br />
da Zlier meomrad Camoyalibebas uwyobda xels. spartanul skolaSi<br />
wera-kiTxvas elementarul doneze aswavlidnen, radgan es sfero meo-<br />
2 plutarqes azriT, likurgosis anderZis daucvelobam sparta seriozul damarcxebamde<br />
miiyvana. igi wers, `amitom iyo, rom SemdgomSi metismetad kicxavdnen<br />
mefe agesilaoss, romelmac beotiaSi xSiri laSqrobiT da TavdasxmebiT Tebelebi<br />
spartelTa dari meomrebi gaxada. TebelebTan daWrili agesilaosi rom ixila, antalkidem<br />
uTxra: `kargi jildo ki miiRe Tebelebisagan, romelTac maSin aswavle<br />
brZola, roca es arc undodaT da arc icodneno~ (plutarqe, likurgosi, 13).
<strong>demokratia</strong> <strong>Zvel</strong> <strong>saberZneTSi</strong><br />
117<br />
rexarisxovnad iTvleboda. amis gamo, mcire ganaTlebis mqone spartelebi<br />
mokrZalebulad iyvnen naziarebni <strong>Zvel</strong>berZnuli kulturisa<br />
da azrovnebis Seudarebel simaRleebs.<br />
sisitiebSi sadiloba da mcirediT dakmayofileba, simdidrisa<br />
da fufunebis sagnebis uaryofa, spartelTa Tanasworobis principisa<br />
da sxva mravali SemzRudavi moTxovnis dacva, kanonmdebels<br />
spartis Zlierebis sayrdenad miaCnda. rogorc plutarqe likurgosisa<br />
da solonis kanonebis Sedarebisas aRniSnavda, likurgosma miaRwia<br />
imas, rom moqalaqeTa Soris aravin yofiliyo arc mdidari da<br />
arc Raribi. solonis kanonebiT ki uflebriv mdgomareobas gansaz-<br />
Rvravda qonebrivi mdgomareoba. likurgosi icavda gvarovnuli<br />
aristokratiis interesebs. solonis kanonmdebloba mimarTuli iyo<br />
gvarovnuli aristokratiis winaaRmdeg.<br />
likurgosis zrunvis obieqts warmoadgenda ojaxuri siwminde.<br />
sayovelTao pativiscemiT sargeblobdnen kargi Svilebis aRmzrdelebi.<br />
mkacrad isjebodnen ucolo mamakacebi. isini miCneulni<br />
iyvnen kanonierebis damrRvevebad da mraval damamcirebel qmedebasTan<br />
erTad ekrZalebodaT apolonisadmi miZRvnil dResaswaulze<br />
daswreba. likurgoss sakmaod ucnauri wesebis damkvidrebac hqonia<br />
ganzraxuli, rac nebismieri sazogadoebisaTvis Znelad misaRebad<br />
gamoiyureba. plutarqe erT-erT aseT faqtze amaxvilebs yuradRebas:<br />
keTilSobil spartels Tu lamazi qali moewoneboda, SeeZlo<br />
miemarTa misi qmrisaTvis eTxovebina coli, dabadebuli bavSvi daetovebina<br />
TavisTvis, xolo qali daebrunebina qmrisTvis. an kidev,<br />
asakovan kacs, romelsac hyavda axalgazrda coli, ufleba hqonda<br />
micemuli colTan mieSva keTilSobili Wabuki, bavSvi ki Tavisad<br />
mieCnia. Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad eguebodnen spartelebi amgvar<br />
uCveulo wesebs, magram faqtia, rom sparteli qalebi, eladis danarCeni<br />
polisebis qalebisagan gansxvavebiT, meti TavisuflebiT<br />
sargeblobdnen.<br />
likurgosis kanonmdeblobis kategoriuli moTxovna iyo arsebuli<br />
mdgomareobis SenarCuneba. igi aidealebda cxovrebis patriarqalur<br />
normebs. brZolas ucxadebda gare samyarosTan savaWro da<br />
kulturul urTierTobas. yovelive es gadaiqca spartis CamorCenilobis<br />
mTavar faqtorad.<br />
spartis saxelmwifos arseboba arademokratiuli mimarTulebiT<br />
warimarTa. plutarqes sityvebiT, `likurgosma zomieri saxelmwifo<br />
wyobileba daamyara, magram mere, roca misma momdevno moRvaweebma<br />
dainaxes, oligarqia Tavs gavida, gayoyoCda da kidev ufro Zlieri<br />
gaxda, aiRes da eforTa sagamgeblo SemoiRes~ (likurgosi, 7).
118 <strong>grani</strong> <strong>qavTaria</strong><br />
spartaSi gansakuTrebuli uflebebiT sargeblobdnen eforebi<br />
(efori _ meTvalyure). saxalxo kreba yovelwliurad irCevda xuT<br />
efors. eforati kolegialuri dawesebuleba iyo. erT-erTi efori,<br />
efori-eponimi aZlevda wels Tavis saxels.<br />
spartaSi arsebobda ori samefo gvari da ori mefe. mSvidobianobis<br />
dros mefeebis Zalaufleba umniSvnelo iyo, magram funqciebi<br />
ezrdebodaT omianobis SemTxvevaSi; Tumca umeTvalyureod arc br-<br />
Zolis velze stovebdnen, maT saqmianobas ori efori akontrolebda.<br />
isini ganikiTxavdnen mefeebis mier daSvebul Secdomebs da Tu<br />
aRmoCndeboda, rom darRveuli hqondaT kanoni, an cdilobdnen<br />
uflebamosilebis gafarToebas, dasvamdnen sakiTxs maTi gadayenebis<br />
Sesaxeb da moxdeboda axal mefeTa arCeva imave gvaridan. amrigad,<br />
spartis mefeebi iyvnen eforTa kolegiisa da saxalxo krebis<br />
gadawyvetilebaTa Semsruleblebi.<br />
gvarovnuli wyobilebis gadmonaSTad iTvleba uxucesTa sabWo<br />
_ gerusia. misi Semadgenloba gansazRvruli iyo 28 wevriT, emateboda<br />
ori mefe. sruli saxiT gerusia 30 wevrisagan Sedgeboda.<br />
gerusia arCeviTi organo iyo. mis SemadgenlobaSi irCevdnen 60<br />
wels gadacilebul gamorCeul spartelebs, romelnic Tavisufalni<br />
iyvnen samxedro samsaxurisgan. gerusiaSi moxvedra damsaxurebis<br />
seriozuli dadastureba iyo. arCeva xdeboda saxalxo krebaze da<br />
gamarjvebuli mTeli sicocxle rCeboda kolegiis wevrad. gerusia<br />
adgenda saxalxo krebis dRis wesrigs, mis funqciebSi Sedioda,<br />
agreTve, mniSvnelovan sasamarTlo saqmeTa warmoeba (saxelmwifo<br />
danaSauli, mefeebis winaaRmdeg aRZruli saqmeebi). droTa ganmavlobaSi,<br />
eforebis kolegiis gaZlierebam, gerusiis roli daaknina.<br />
peloponesis omis dros, mTeli rigi sakiTxebi uxucesTa sabWos<br />
monawileobis gareSe ganixileboda.<br />
spartaSi funqcionirebda saxalxo kreba _ apela, romlis<br />
uflebamosileba sakmaod SezRuduli iyo. qveynis politikur<br />
cxovrebaze gavleniT igi aTenis saxalxo krebas ver Seedreboda. arqaul<br />
xanaSi krebas iwvevdnen mefeebi, klasikuri periodidan misi<br />
warmarTvis funqciebi gadavida eforebis xelSi. krebas iwvevdnen<br />
TveSi erTxel (gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda misi riggareSe<br />
mowvevac). krebaze daswreba SeeZloT 30 wlis moqalaqeebs,<br />
magram sxdomaze sityviT gamosvlis ufleba mxolod Tanamdebobis<br />
pirebs hqondaT. rigiTi spartelebi, krebis muSaobaSi monawileobas<br />
ar iRebdnen, maT mxolod xmis micema evalebodaT. spartis saxalxo<br />
krebaze xmis micema xdeboda sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT _<br />
yviriliT. gamarjvebulad iTvleboda is winadadeba an is pirovneba,
<strong>demokratia</strong> <strong>Zvel</strong> <strong>saberZneTSi</strong><br />
119<br />
romelic Zlier yvirils daimsaxurebda. daeWvebis SemTxvevaSi Catardeboda<br />
xmis micemis Semowmeba _ yvirili ganmeorebiT.<br />
likurgosis ideebis erTgulebam sparta mrude gziT waiyvana.<br />
demokratiuli sawyisebis SezRudulobam spartelTa mTeli energia<br />
fizikur varjiSebs dauqvemdebara. qalaqi samxedro yazarmis<br />
STabeWdilebas stovebda. peloponesis omSi mopovebulma gamarjvebam,<br />
saerToelinuri interesebi ver daakmayofila. konservatuli<br />
ideologia saberZneTze hegemonobis SesanarCuneblad sakmarisi ar<br />
aRmoCnda. TebesTan dapirispirebam wertili dausva antikuri avtorebis<br />
mier spartis gaidealebul uZlevelobas.<br />
spartaSi arsebuli reJimi miCneulia anomaliad, saerTo ber-<br />
Znuli samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kanonzomierebidan gadaxrad.<br />
dakanonebuli wesebis uryevma dacvam ganapiroba sazogadoebrivi<br />
cxovrebis gayinva da kulturuli ganviTarebis SeCereba.<br />
berZnuli <strong>demokratia</strong> klasikuri formiT Camoyalibda aTenSi.<br />
antikuri tradiciis Tanaxmad, legendaruli mefis kodrosis gardacvalebis<br />
Semdeg (Zv. w. XI saukuneSi) Seiqmna xelisuflebis arCeviTi<br />
magistratura, romelic cnobilia arqontis saxelwodebiT. Zv.<br />
w. VII saukunidan Tanamdeboba gadaiqca kolegialur dawesebulebad<br />
da irCevdnen 9 arqonts erTi wlis vadiT. aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas<br />
saTaveSi edga arqonti eponimi, misi saxeli eZleoda wels.<br />
arqonti basilevsi ganagebda kultis sakiTxebs. arqonti polemarqosi<br />
iTvleboda mxedarTmTavrad. danarCen eqvs arqonts ewodebodaT<br />
TesmoTetebi _ maT funqciebSi Sedioda sasamarTlo sakiTxebi.<br />
arqontebi umaRles xelisuflebas flobdnen Zv. w. VI saukunis<br />
bolomde. klisTenes reformebiT (Zv. w. 509 wels) realuri Zalaufleba<br />
gadavida strategosebis xelSi (arqontTa kolegia sapatio<br />
gaxda).<br />
mmarTvelobis demokratiuli sistemis damyareba umwvaves brZolebSi<br />
mimdinareobda. gvarovnuli aristokratia Seupovrad gamodioda<br />
Tavisi privilegiebis SesanarCuneblad. mis batonobas pirveli<br />
seriozuli dartyma miayena poetma da reformatorma, Svid brZen-<br />
Tagan erTerTma, solonma. Zv. w. 594 wels solonis gatarebulma<br />
timokratiulma reformam safu<strong>Zvel</strong>i gamoacala aristokratiis<br />
pretenziebs, daawesa qonebrivi cenzi.<br />
reformis Tanaxmad, wliuri Semosavlebis mixedviT, aTenis sruluflebiani<br />
mosaxleoba daiyo oTx klasad. pirvel klasSi Sevidnen<br />
isini, romelTa wliuri Semosavali Seadgenda 500 medimns<br />
(medimni _ wonis sawyao erTeuli), meoreSi _ samass, mesameSi _<br />
orass, danarCenebs 200 medimnze dabali Semosavali hqondaT. qone-
120 <strong>grani</strong> <strong>qavTaria</strong><br />
brivi cenzi gaxda politikuri uflebebis ganmsazRvreli. pirveli<br />
da meore klasis moqalaqeebs SeeZloT umaRlesi Tanamdebobis dakaveba.<br />
mesame klasis moqalaqeebi sargeblobdnen pasiuri uflebebiT.<br />
ar SeiZleboda maTi arqontad arCeva da areopagSi (uxucesTa sab-<br />
WoSi) moxvedra. meoTxe klasi sargeblobda xmis uflebiT, magram<br />
vercerT Tanamdebobas ver daikavebda.<br />
qonebrivi cenzis dawesebam xelisuflebas CamoaSora evpatridebi<br />
(gvarovnuli aristokratia). reformam gza gauxsna monaTmflobeluri<br />
polisis ganviTarebis axal safexurs da saTave daudo demokratiuli<br />
institutebis Camoyalibebas. dawesebulma cenzma evpatridebi,<br />
romelTa qonebrivi mdgomareoba sakmaod mokrZalebuli iyo, atikis<br />
sruluflebiani mosaxleobis rigiT wevrebad gadaaqcia.<br />
solonma Seqmna mmarTvelobis demokratiuli organoebi: oTxasTa<br />
sabWo _ bule, nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo _ helieia, gaafarTova<br />
saxalxo krebis funqciebi, Seamcira areopagisa da arqontTa<br />
kolegiis uflebamosileba.<br />
demokratiul kanonTa Soris aRsaniSnavia savalo kabalis gauqmeba<br />
(sisaxTia (tvirTis moxsna). kabalisagan gaTavisuflebul moqalaqes<br />
gza exsneboda xelosnobisa da vaWrobisaken. reformatori<br />
iTvaliswinebda imas, rom atikis mwiri miwa ver uzrunvelyofda mis<br />
mkvidrT da saWiro iyo damatebiTi saarsebo saSualebebi. aseTad<br />
miiCnia xelosnoba da vaWroba. soloni xelosnobis waxalisebasac<br />
aqcevda yuradRebas. am mizniT, gamosca kanoni, romlis ZaliTac Svili<br />
ar iyo valdebuli erCina mama, Tu igi raime xelobas ar Seaswavlida~<br />
(plutarqe, soloni, 22). solonis demokratiuli gardaqmnebis<br />
seria Seaferxa pisistrates tiraniam (560-527). pisistrate aTens<br />
erTpirovnulad marTavda, Tumca kanonebi ucvlelad (umoqmedod)<br />
datova. pisistrates tiraniam Seasusta demokratiuli nakadi, magram<br />
udidesi roli Seasrula aTenis ekonomikuri da kulturuli<br />
cxovrebis aRmavlobaSi.<br />
solonis kanonmdeblobis gaRrmavebas warmoadgenda klisTenes<br />
reformebi (gatarda Zv. w. 509 wels), romelmac ganamtkica aTenis<br />
<strong>demos</strong>is mdgomareoba. reformebiT gvarovnul aristokratias kidev<br />
ufro Seumcirda uflebebi. gvarovnul gaerTianebebs mxolod<br />
sakulto funqciebi SerCaT. didi mniSvneloba hqonda imasac, rom<br />
oTxi gvarovnuli files nacvlad, atika dahyo aT teritoriul<br />
filed. reformireba ganicada sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisuflebis TiTqmis yvela sferom. demokratiis dacvas emsaxureboda<br />
ostrakismosis daweseba, romlis mizansac Seadgenda tiraniis<br />
saSiSroebis Tavidan acileba.
<strong>demokratia</strong> <strong>Zvel</strong> <strong>saberZneTSi</strong><br />
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gatarebuli reformebiT <strong>demokratia</strong>m, rogorc relobam, srulyofilebas<br />
miaRwia. aTenis amaRlebis paralelurad gamanadgurebeli<br />
tragedia ganicades mcire aziis berZnulma polisebma. Zv. w. VI<br />
saukunis dasawyisSi maTi damoukidebloba xelyo lidiis samefom,<br />
xolo saukunis dasasruls aqemenidurma sparseTma ayvavebuli qalaqebi<br />
miwasTan gaaswora. gadarCenili mosaxleobis didma nawilma<br />
kontinentur saberZneTs miaSura. aTenis mzardi ekonomika farTod<br />
uRebda kars sparsTa monobis uRlisagan Tavdaxsnil Tvistomebs.<br />
vaWar-xelosnebTan erTad aTens Seafares Tavi kulturisa da mecnierebis<br />
warmomadgenlebmac. rodesac aqemenidebis imperiam maxvili<br />
egeosis zRvis kunZulebsa da balkaneTze mimarTa, demokratiuli<br />
aTeni mtkiced aRudga win sparsul agresias.<br />
berZen-sparselTa naxevarsaukunovan omSi aTenma daamtkica Tavisi<br />
upiratesoba danarCen berZnul polisebze. igi saTaveSi Caudga<br />
eladas da SeZlo mrisxane mtris mogerieba. gamarjvebam aTenis<br />
avtoriteti ganuzomlad gazarda da <strong>demokratia</strong>s saberZneTze batonobis<br />
pretenziac gauCnda. pirvelobis ambiciam gamoiwvia dapirispireba<br />
spartasTan, rasac Sedegad mohyva peloponesis omi.<br />
aTenis Zliereba ganamtkica atika-delosis sazRvao kavSirSi wamyvani<br />
rolis Sesrulebam. <strong>demokratia</strong>m aTenSi ganviTarebis mwvervals<br />
perikles epoqaSi miaRwia (Tumca perikles <strong>demokratia</strong>ze antikuri<br />
avtorebi seriozulad kamaTobdnen).<br />
Zv. w. V saukunis aTenSi qveynis beds Tavisufali moqalaqeebi ganagebdnen.<br />
demokratiuli kanonmdebloba mxolod sruluflebian<br />
moqalaqeebze vrceldeboda. privilegirebul moqalaqeTa kategoriaSi<br />
atikis mosaxleobis mcire nawili Sedioda.<br />
klasikuri periodis aTenSi, demokratiis umaRles organos warmoadgenda<br />
saxalxo kreba _ eklesia. mis muSaobaSi monawileobis<br />
ufleba hqondaT 30 wels gadacilebul sruluflebian moqalaqeebs.<br />
daswreba SeeZloT, magram xmis ufleba ar hqondaT moqalaqeobamiRebul<br />
20-dan 30 wlamde axalgazrdebsac.<br />
saxalxo kreba ar iyo mTeli atikis mosaxleobis interesTa gamomxatveli.<br />
misi obieqti mxolod sruluflebiani moqalaqeebi iyvnen.<br />
kreba ar cnobda metekebs (aTenSi mudmivad mcxovreb ucxoelebs).<br />
sruluflebiani moqalaqis uflebebiT ar sargeblobdnen, agreTve,<br />
Sereuli qorwinebis Sedegad dabadebuli pirebi. aTenis moqalaqisa<br />
da sxva berZnuli polisis moqalaqis daqorwineba ar iZleoda imis<br />
garantias, rom STamomavloba aTenis moqalaqeobas miiRebda.<br />
aTenis demokratiis kanonebiT, qalebi Tavisufal moqalaqeebad<br />
iTvlebodnen, magram politikuri uflebebiT ar sargeblobdnen,
122 <strong>grani</strong> <strong>qavTaria</strong><br />
xmis ufleba ar hqondaT. aqedan gamomdinare, maTi Tavisufleba<br />
arasrulyofili iyo.<br />
saxalxo kreba monebis, rogorc arasrulfasovani adamianebis<br />
sakiTxs saerTod ar ganixilavda. 3<br />
saxalxo krebas iwvevdnen TveSi erTxel (saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
dasaSvebi iyo riggareSe mowvevac). kreba imarTeboda Ria cis qveS. amitom<br />
wvimis, Weqa-quxilis, miwisZvris, daRamebis SemTxvevaSi, xdeboda<br />
misi gadadeba meore dRisTvis. krebis mudmivi damswreni da monawileni<br />
iyvnen aTenisa da mimdebare sofelTa mkvidrni. mniSvnelovani<br />
gadawyvetilebis misaRebad sakmarisi iyo 6 aTasi moqalaqis xma.<br />
saxalxo kreba iyo, rogorc sakanonmdeblo, ise marTva-gamgeobis<br />
umaRlesi instancia. krebaze wydeboda omisa da zavis sakiTxebi,<br />
mtkicdeboda xelSekrulebebi, ganixileboda armiisa da flotis<br />
md gomareoba. saxalxo krebaze xdeboda moqalaqeobis miniWeba da<br />
Ca m orTmeva, kreba ismenda angariSebs Tanamdebobis pirebisagan, mis kompetenciaSi<br />
Sedioda atika-delosis kavSirSi Semaval polisebTan urTierTobis<br />
garkveva. aristoteles azriT, `saxalxo kreba aris yvelaze<br />
mTavari xelmZRvaneli organo~ (aristotele, politika, VI, I).<br />
saxalxo krebaze xdeboda kanonebis (nomos) da dadgenilebebis<br />
(fsefizma) miReba. kreba iwyeboda winaswar Sedgenili dRis wesrigiT,<br />
romelic ganxiluli hqonda xuTasTa sabWos (bules) da axlda misi<br />
daskvna. Tu warmodgenili winadadebebi kamaTs ar iwvevda, maT uproblemod<br />
iRebdnen. Tu sakiTxi bundovani iyo, iwyeboda dava, gawafuli<br />
oratorebis Widili. saboloo Sedegs kenWisyra gadawyvetda.<br />
saxalxo kreba didi sifrTxiliT ekideboda moqalaqeobis mini-<br />
Webas. daeWvebis SemTxvevaSi maZieblis saqme gadaecemoda nafic<br />
msajulTa sasamarTlos. sasamarTlo safuZvlianad Seiswavlida<br />
aRniSnuli piris warmomavlobas da krebas warudgenda Sesabamis<br />
daskvnas. mxolod amis Semdeg dadgeboda sakiTxi dRis wesrigSi.<br />
moqalaqeobis maZiebels nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos winaSe unda<br />
waredgina mSoblebisa da winaprebis, rogorc aTenis moqalaqeebis<br />
damadasturebeli sabuTebi, romeli demidan iyvnen isini da sad mdebareobda<br />
maTi akldamebi. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi yuradReba eqceoda<br />
mowmeebis Cvenebebsac.<br />
moqalaqeobis miniWebis garTulebuli procedura dakavSirebuli<br />
iyo perikles saxelTan, romlis iniciativiTac Zv. w. 451 wels<br />
3 gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom atikis mosaxleoba Zv. w. V saukuneSi Seadgenda daax.<br />
400 aTas mcxovrebs. aqedan sruluflebiani moqalaqis statusiT sargeblobda 40<br />
aTasi. danarCenSi igulisxmebian qalebi, bavSvebi, monebi, metekebi. saxalxo kreba<br />
am 40 aTasi kacis Tanasworuflebianobis damadasturebel saxelmwifo dawesebulebas<br />
warmoadgenda.
<strong>demokratia</strong> <strong>Zvel</strong> <strong>saberZneTSi</strong><br />
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kanonSi Seitanes uamravi SemzRudavi barieri. ramdenime wlis Semdeg<br />
kanoni TviT perikles winaaRmdeg amoqmedda. rodesac misi vaJi<br />
gaxda oci wlis, moqmedi kanonis ZaliT igi moqalaqeobas ver miiRebda,<br />
radgan misi deda aspazia warmoSobiT mileteli iyo. imdroindeli<br />
aTenis yvelaze gavleniani politikosi perikle ramdenjerme<br />
gamovida saxalxo krebaze, rom misi Svilis mimarT daeSvaT gamonaklisi<br />
da mieniWebinaT moqalaqeoba. saxalxo krebam xangrZlivi kama-<br />
Tis Semdeg daakmayofila demokratiis beladis Txovna.<br />
saxalxo krebaze moqalaqeobis problemas xSirad svamdnen<br />
politikuri brZolebis dros. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba davasaxeloT<br />
<strong>demos</strong>Tenes da esqines dapirispireba, romelSic kargad<br />
Cans imdroindel aTenSi makedonur da antimakedonur dajgufebaTa<br />
Seurigebloba da am fonze nebismieri bundovani faqtis wina planze<br />
wamoweva. oratorma esqinem <strong>demos</strong>Tenes winaaRmdeg wamoyenebul<br />
braldebaTa Soris eWvis qveS daayena misi moqalaqeobis sinamdvile.<br />
braldebis Tanaxmad <strong>demos</strong>Tenes dedis bebia araaTeneli iyo. <strong>demos</strong>Tenem<br />
brwyinvale sityvaSi uaryo braldeba da daamtkica Tavisi<br />
winapris aTeneloba. sainteresoa imis xazgasmac, rom bralmdebeli<br />
moiTxovda <strong>demos</strong>Tenes, rogorc damnaSavis aTenidan gaZevebas.<br />
<strong>demos</strong>Tenem Tavisi sityva ise warmarTa, rom sxdomas mimarTuleba<br />
Seucvala da krebaze esqines sakiTxic dadga. xmis micemis Sedegad<br />
aRmoCnda, rom aTenelTa umravlesobam esqines gaZevebas dauWira<br />
mxari. oratoric saxalxo krebis gadawyvetilebas daemorCila da<br />
mTeli sicocxle gaZevebaSi gaatara.<br />
saxalxo krebaze aTenis sruluflebian moqalaqes, romelic sxdomas<br />
eswreboda, SeeZlo sakuTari azris gamoTqma. es wesi garantias<br />
iZleoda gaesworebinaT kanonebSi daSvebuli uzustobani. yoveli<br />
wlis dasawyisSi krebis Tavmjdomare (epistatesi), romelsac erTi<br />
dRiT irCevdnen, sxdomis gaxsnisas dasvamda kiTxvas, xom ar Tvlidnen<br />
saWirod moqmed kanonebSi cvlilebebis Setanas. Catardeboda<br />
xmis micema. Tu miiCnevdnen, rom cvlilebebi aucilebeli iyo, winadadebis<br />
avtors xuTasTa sabWoSi unda Seetana axali kanonproeqti.<br />
sabWo ganixilavda proeqts da ubrunebda saxalxo krebas. kanonis<br />
saboloo damtkiceba xdeboda nafic msajulTa sasamarTloSi. amdeni<br />
instanciis gavlis miuxedavad, kanoni mainc ar iyo dazRveuli<br />
gadacdomisagan an calkeul pirTa mxridan ganzrax daSvebuli<br />
uzustobisagan. aseT SemTxvevaSi amoqmeddeboda kanonmdeblobis<br />
dacvis araordinaluri meqanizmi _ grafe paranomon _ saCivari<br />
ukanonobis winaaRmdeg.<br />
grafe paranomonis aRmZvreli valdebuli iyo fici daedo, rom
124 <strong>grani</strong> <strong>qavTaria</strong><br />
ar gamoiyenebda miniWebul uflebamosilebas aTenis sazianod. am<br />
proceduris Catarebis Semdeg warmoadgenda igi Tavis saCivars. warmodgenil<br />
saCivars kreba gadascemda nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos.<br />
sasamarTlo gamohyofda kanonmdeblebis (nomoTetebis) komisias,<br />
romelsac evaleboda grafe paranomonis kanonTa mimarTebis dadgena.<br />
proeqtis avtors nomoTetTa winaSe unda daemtkicebina, rom<br />
moqmedi kanoni an dadgenileba Seicavda Seusabamobas da aucilebeli<br />
iyo misi gasworeba. mopasuxed gamodioda is piri, romelmac Tavis<br />
droze aRniSnuli kanoni warudgina saxalxo krebas. nomoTetebi<br />
mousmendnen orive mxares. saboloo sityva maT ekuTvnodaT. Tu<br />
komisia miiCnevda, rom grafe paranomon aRZruli iyo samarTlianad,<br />
misi avtori miecemoda pasuxismgeblobaSi da daekisreboda fuladi<br />
jarima, mZime darRvevebis dros _ samSoblodan gaZevebac. ase-<br />
Tive pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda grafe paranomonis Semtansac. Tu<br />
daumtkicdeboda, rom igi cdilobda saxalxo krebisa da nomoTet-<br />
Ta komisiis SecdomaSi Seyvanas da kanonebis araswor ganmartebas,<br />
kanoni mTeli simkacriT amoqmeddeboda mis winaaRmdeg, gasamarTldeboda<br />
da jarima an gaZeveba ar acdeboda.<br />
aTenis sruluflebiani moqalaqeoba niSnavda xelSeuxeblobis<br />
garantias, magram gansazRvrul movaleobasac gulisxmobda, romlis<br />
darRveva mkacrad isjeboda.<br />
<strong>Zvel</strong>i eladis politikuri azrovnebis udidesi miRweva _ aTenis<br />
<strong>demokratia</strong> _ uzrunvelyofda Tavisufali moqalaqis uflebebs,<br />
demokratiuli kanonmdeblobis arealSi moqceuli iyvnen mxolod<br />
aTenis moqalaqeebi da igi odnavadac ar iTvaliswinebda atika-delosis<br />
kavSirSi Semavali polisebis moqalaqeTa uflebebs.<br />
aTenis demokratiis umniSvnelovanes aRmasrulebel dawesebulebas<br />
warmoadgenda xuTasTa sabWo (bule). misi winamorbedi iyo solonis<br />
mier Seqmnili oTxasTa sabWo. imis gamo, rom atika dayofili<br />
iyo oTx gvarovnul filed, reformatorma TiToeuli filedan<br />
masSi Seiyvana 100 wevri. solonma sabWo daupirispira gvarovnuli<br />
aristokratiis dasayrdens-areopags. kanonmdebelma klisTenem (Zv.<br />
w. 509 wels) oTxasTa sabWo Secvala xuTasTa sabWoTi. cvlileba<br />
dakavSirebuli iyo axal teritoriul dayofasTan. klisTenem oTxi<br />
files nacvlad atika dahyo aT filed. Sesabamisad TiToeuli file<br />
warmomadgenlobiT organoSi irCevda ormocdaaT wevrs, ramac ganapiroba<br />
bules Semadgenlobis gazrda xuTasamde.<br />
xuTasTa sabWos _ bules wevrad irCevdnen 30 wlis asaks gadacilebul<br />
sruluflebian moqalaqes, erTi wlis vadiT. erTi da imave<br />
piris orjer arCeva ar SeiZleboda, ufro zustad, SeiZleboda, ma-
<strong>demokratia</strong> <strong>Zvel</strong> <strong>saberZneTSi</strong><br />
125<br />
gram mas Semdeg, roca yvela moqalaqe gaivlida am safexurs, rac<br />
warmoudgenlad gamoiyureboda.<br />
bule idga saxalxo krebis gverdiT da warmoadgenda mis samuSao<br />
organos. xuTasTa sabWos did mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs is<br />
faqtic, rom aTenis saxalxo krebis gadawyvetileba iwyeboda sityvebiT:<br />
`daadgina bulem da <strong>demos</strong>ma~. xuTasTa sabWo farTo uflebebiT<br />
sargeblobda. mis prerogativaSi Sedioda saxalxo krebaze<br />
gansaxilveli sakiTxebis gansazRvra. sabWos daskvnis gareSe saxalxo<br />
krebaze sakiTxi ver gavidoda. bules winaswar ganuxilvelad<br />
saxalxo krebas gadawyvetilebis gamotana ar SeeZlo, da, rac mTavaria,<br />
rogorc umaRlesi administraciuli dawesebuleba, valdebuli<br />
iyo saxalxo krebis sxdomidan sxdomamde gaekontrolebina<br />
da aResrulebina saxalxo krebis gadawyvetilebani. am kuTxiT igi<br />
aRmasrulebeli organos funqcias asrulebda.<br />
xuTasTa sabWos wevrs movaleobis Sesrulebis ufleba eZleoda<br />
mas Semdeg, rodesac wina mowvevis bules winaSe gaivlida mkacr<br />
Semowmebas _ dokimasias. mas unda warmoedgina sruluflebiani<br />
moqalaqis damadasturebeli cnoba da daesaxelebina sagvareulo<br />
akldama. savaldebulo iyo imis dadgena, bules wevri ramdenad<br />
keTilsindisierad ixdida gadasaxadebs da rogor ekideboda samxedro<br />
samsaxurs. xazgasmiT iyo miTiTebuli mSoblebisadmi pativiscemis<br />
gamoxatvis garkveuli normebic. dauSvebeli iyo sasjelmoxdili<br />
moqalaqis arCeva bules wevrad. im SemTxvevaSi Tu vinme<br />
Seecdeboda komisiis SecdomaSi Seyvanas, maSinve amoiRebdnen siidan<br />
da jarimas daakisrebdnen.<br />
dokimasiis mizans Seadgenda bules wevris RirsebaTa dadgena,<br />
ramdenad Seesabameboda misi monacemebi demokratiis moTxovnebs.<br />
dokimasiis dros, sadavo sakiTxebis wamoWrisas kandidats SeeZlo<br />
mowmeebis moxmoba.<br />
xuTasTa sabWos wevrebi, vidre saqmianobas Seudgebodnen, fics<br />
sdebdnen, rom kanonis sruli dacviT Seasrulebdnen dakisrebul<br />
movaleobas. erTi wlis Semdeg isini waradgendnen angariSs da Tanamdebobas<br />
stovebdnen.<br />
bule xelSeuxeblobis garantias ar iZleoda. danaSaulis Cadenis<br />
SemTxvevaSi nebismier dros SeiZleboda misi wevris winaaRmdeg<br />
saCivris aRZvra.<br />
xuTasTa sabWo warmarTavda aTenis administraciul, samxedrosazRvao,<br />
savaWro, kulturul da sxv. cxovrebis, qveynis finansebi<br />
mTlianad sabWos kompetenciaSi Sedioda. akontrolebda Semosavalsa<br />
da gasavals, awesebda gadasaxadebis moculobas, gaweuli
126 <strong>grani</strong> <strong>qavTaria</strong><br />
daxmarebis kanonzomierebas. bule awesrigebda urTierTobas gare<br />
samyarosTan, iRebda elCebs da waradgenda saxalxo krebaze, uflebamosili<br />
iyo gaeformebina xelSekrulebebi. bule ismenda diplomatiuri<br />
misiiT wargzavnil pirTa angariSebs. Tanamdebobis pirebi<br />
valdebulni iyvnen sabWosTvis moexsenebinaT, ra keTdeboda qveyanaSi<br />
da rogori gegmebi hqondaT. Tavis mxriv bule regularulad<br />
abarebda angariSs saxalxo krebas (finansebTan da sxva sakiTxebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT).<br />
xuTasTa sabWo SedarebiT dabali instanciis sasamarTlo xelisuflebasac<br />
flobda, Tumca misi ganaCenis gasaCivreba SeiZleboda.<br />
bule warmoadgenda aTenis kanonmdebelTa (soloni, klisTene)<br />
did gamarjvebas. Tavidanve gamoikveTa misi mTavari daniSnuleba:<br />
demokratiuli Rirebulebebis samsaxuri. xuTasTa sabWo, saxalxo<br />
krebasTan erTad iyo is safu<strong>Zvel</strong>i, romelsac eyrdnoboda aTenis<br />
<strong>demokratia</strong>.<br />
demokratiis mniSvnelovan organos warmoadgenda aTenis nafic<br />
msajulTa sasamarTlo _ helieia.<br />
sasamarTlos reformac solonma gaatara. Tu misi kanonmdeblobiT,<br />
nebismier Tanamdebobaze irCevdnen qonebrivi cenzis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, helieias wevrobaze SezRudva ar arsebobda.<br />
mosamarTleoba SeeZloT meoTxe kategoriis moqalaqeebsac (Tetebs).<br />
mosamarTleTa raodenoba gansazRvruli iyo 5 aTasi kaciT (emateboda<br />
aTasi saTadarigo mosamarTle. mTlianobaSi gamodioda 6 aTasi).<br />
helieias wevroba misawvdomi iyo aTenis yvela Tavisufali moqalaqisaTvis,<br />
magram vidre airCevdnen, sxva Tanamdebobis pirebis msgavsad<br />
utardebodaT mkacri Semowmeba. mas moeTxoveboda warmomavlobis<br />
damadasturebeli cnoba, saxeldobr, rom iyo aTenis sruluflebian<br />
moqalaqeTa STamomavali. ar unda hqonoda gadauxdeli vali.<br />
dauSvebeli iyo sasjelmoxdilis arCeva mosamarTled. Tu vinme Seecdeboda<br />
daefara Tavisi warsuli, magram siyalbe gamJRavndeboda,<br />
mis saqmes calke ganixilavdnen, sasjels ganuaxlebdnen da jarimas<br />
daakisrebdnen.<br />
mosamarTleebi fics debdnen, rom daicavdnen arsebul kanonebs,<br />
iqnebodnen obieqturni da ar Caidendnen qveynis sawinaaRmdego<br />
qmedebas. mosamarTleTa ficSi xazgasmuli iyo, rom moiqceodnen<br />
keTilsindisierad, kanonis morCilni da mousyidvelni. danaSaulis<br />
Camden mosamarTleebs mkacrad sjidnen. mcire gadacdomisaTvis<br />
adebdnen fulad jarimas. danaSaulis zrdasTan erTad izrdeboda<br />
sasjelic: kanoni iTvaliswinebda moqalaqeobis uflebis CamorTmevas,<br />
samSoblodan gaZevebas da sikvdiliT dasjasac ki. aseTi sim-
<strong>demokratia</strong> <strong>Zvel</strong> <strong>saberZneTSi</strong><br />
127<br />
kacre sakmaod formalurad gamoiyureba, radgan mosamarTleTa<br />
saocrad didi ricxvi mosyidvasa da angarebas gamoricxavda. amis<br />
garantias iZleoda is faqti, rom sasamarTlos mTeli Semadgenloba<br />
(5000 mosamarTle) dayofili iyo aT nawilad. TiToeul meaTeds<br />
ewodeboda dikasteria. gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis sakiTxebs ori<br />
(1000 mosamarTle) an sami (1500 mosamarTle) dikasteria arCevda.<br />
mosamarTleTa ricxvis gazrda xdeboda maSin, roca braldebuli<br />
iyo saxelmwifos umaRlesi Tanamdebobis piri (cnobilia, rom<br />
samma dikasteriam gaarCia perikles winaaRmdeg aRZruli saCivari,<br />
romelsac bralad edeboda Tanamdebobis borotad gamoyeneba. procesi<br />
perikles gamarjvebiT damTavrda. _ plutarqe, perikle, 32).<br />
mosamarTleTa obiqeturobis garantias zrdida isic, rom sxdomis<br />
dRes helieias aTive dikasteria cxaddeboda sasamarTlosTan,<br />
tardeboda kenWisyra da romel dikasteriasac mouwevda, is darCeboda<br />
saqmis gasarCevad, danarCenebi Tavisufalni iyvnen. amrigad,<br />
rogori simdidris mflobelic ar unda yofiliyo braldebuli da<br />
misi naTesav-megobrebi, ramdenime aTasi kacis gafrTxileba praqtikulad<br />
SeuZlebeli iyo.<br />
aseTi zRudeebis miuxedavad, helieias mravali kritikosi hyavda.<br />
am mxriv aRsaniSnavia oratori lisiasi, romelmac sakuTar ojaxze<br />
ganicada sasamarTlos usamarTlo ganaCeni. komediografi aristofane<br />
mosamarTleebs meqrTameebs da borotebis msaxurebs uwodebda.<br />
demokratiis stabilurobis periodSi aTenis nafic msajulTa<br />
sasamarTlo kanonierebis sadarajoze idga, magram peloponesis<br />
omiT gamowveulma krizisma is Zalmomreobis iaraRad aqcia da xSirad<br />
iRebda ara samarTlebriv, aramed politikur gadawyvetilebebs.<br />
mraval faqtTa Soris sakmarisia oris dasaxeleba: perikle umcrosis<br />
(didi perikles Svilis) da filosofos sokratesi.<br />
peloponesis omis miwuruls (Zv. w. 405 wels) perikles, rogorc<br />
strategoss, brali dasdes arginusis koncxTan gamarTuli brZolis<br />
dros daRupul meomarTa dakrZalvis ritualis SeusruleblobaSi.<br />
helieiam moqalaqeTa uSualo zemoqmedebiT gamoitana aSkarad usamarTlo<br />
ganaCeni da perikles da masTan erTad ramdenime strategoss<br />
sikvdili miusaja. qsenofontis sityvebiT, sasamarTlo moqmedebda<br />
ara WeSmaritebis, aramed boroti adamianebis survilis<br />
dasakmayofileblad (qsenofonti, saberZneTis istoria, I, 7).<br />
demokratiisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili sokrate helieiam cilismwamebluri<br />
braldebiT, TiTqos igi uRmerTobas qadagebda,<br />
gaasamarTla da dasaja.<br />
sokrates sasamarTlo procesi vrclad aqvT aRwerili didi fi-
128 <strong>grani</strong> <strong>qavTaria</strong><br />
losofosis mowafeebs: platons (`sokrates apologia~, dialogi<br />
`kritoni~) da qsenofonts (`mogonebebi sokrateze~, `sokrates<br />
apologia~), romlebmac gamokveTilad aCvenes helieias ara samarTlebrivi,<br />
aramed politikuri mxare.<br />
sokrate politikur saqmianobaSi ar monawileobda, magram macrad<br />
akritikebda mmarTvelobis demokratiul formebs (<strong>demokratia</strong>ze<br />
uaryofiTi azrisani iyvnen momdevno filosofosebic, platoni<br />
da aristotele). sokrates popularobas da mis gansxvavebul pozicias<br />
aTenis <strong>demokratia</strong> ver urigdeboda da cru mowmeTa Cvenebebis<br />
safu<strong>Zvel</strong>ze saCivari aRZra nafic msajulTa sasamarTloSi. braldebis<br />
Tanaxmad, filosofosi axalgazrdebs ryvnida uRmerTobis qadagebiT.<br />
sasamarTlo procesze sokratem brwyinvaled daicva Tavi,<br />
magram amas marTlmsajulebaze gavlena ar mouxdenia. helieias 500<br />
wevridan filosofosis sikvdiliT dasjas xma misca 280-ma. politikuri<br />
angariSsworebis process mxari ar dauWira 220 naficma msajulma.<br />
gaimarjva umravlesobam. Zv. w. 399 wlis maisSi sokratem<br />
aTenis nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos ganaCeni TviTon aRasrula:<br />
cikutiT savse Tasi mSvidad dalia da amqveyniur cxovrebas daemSvidoba.<br />
Zv. w. V saukunis bolosaTvis samarTlianobis simbolod miCneuli<br />
helieia usamarTlobis msaxur dawesebulebad gadaiqca.<br />
misi Tavdapirveli saxis dakargvaze gadamwyveti gavlena moaxdina<br />
peloponesis omiT gamowveulma politikuri azrovnebis krizisma.<br />
sisxlianma aTwleulebma Seaviwroves demokratiuli nakadi da gza<br />
gauxsnes bneli Zalebis aqtiurobas. politikurma da ekonomikurma<br />
krizisma daaknina demokratiis amaRlebuli ideebi da saeWvo demagogebis<br />
gavlenis qveS moaqcia.<br />
klasikur periodSi <strong>demokratia</strong>s pirovnebisa da saxelmwifos<br />
urTierToba SesaniSnavad hqonda dalagebuli. aTenelma reformatorebma<br />
(solonma, klisTenem, mogvianebiT efialtem) gvarovnul<br />
aristokratias gamoacales sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli<br />
uflebamosilebani da gadasces Tanasworuflebianobis principze<br />
dafuZnebul demokratiul formebs.<br />
aTenis demokratiis seriozul naklad unda miviCnioT moqalaqeobis<br />
miniWebis garTulebuli moTxovnebi.<br />
<strong>demokratia</strong> didmpyrobelurad eqceoda atika-delosis kav-<br />
SirSi Semaval polisebs. nebayoflobiT gaerTianebas ganixilavda<br />
qveSevrdomobad da protestis SemTxvevaSi mkacrad uswordeboda.<br />
demokratiis uaryofiTi qmedebani gamokveTilad gamovlinda peloponesis<br />
omis dros, rodesac demagogebi xalxs araswori mimar-
<strong>demokratia</strong> <strong>Zvel</strong> <strong>saberZneTSi</strong><br />
129<br />
TulebiT atarebdnen, ramac aTeni Zlierebis mwvervalidan dacemamde<br />
miiyvana.<br />
demokratiuli principebis erTguleba xSirad irRveoda da<br />
calkeuli politikosebi demagogiuri nakadis moWarbebiT, mrude<br />
gzaze gadahyavdaT, magram iyvnen Rirseulebic, romlebmac didi<br />
roli Seasrules aTenis istoriaSi. am mxriv gansakuTrebul simaRleze<br />
dgas perikle. demokratiis ayvavebasa da aTenis gaZlierebas<br />
perikles damsaxurebad miiCneven. Tumca antikur avtorebTan sawinaaRmdego<br />
Sefasebebsac vxvdebiT: sityviT demokratiuli, saqmiT<br />
erTi kacis mmarTveloba (plutarqe, perikle, 9; Tukidide, istoria,<br />
II, 65). aseTi daxasiaTebis miuxedavad, perikle didi pasuxismgeblobiT<br />
ekideboda saxelmwifos umaRles organoebTan urTierTobas.<br />
amas adasturebs plutarqes cnoba. alkibiades biografiaSi igi<br />
wers, alkibiadem erTxel periklesTan Sexvedra moindoma da misi<br />
saxlis kars miadga. uTxres: perikles ar scalia, aTenelebisaTvis<br />
warsadgen angariSze fiqrobso. gamobrunebisas alkibiades uTqvams:<br />
`gana ar ajobebda, is moifiqros, rogor ar Caabaros angariSi aTenelebs?~<br />
(plutarqe, alkibiade, 7).<br />
oratorul xelovnebas Rrmad dauflebuli perikle momnusxvel<br />
STabeWdilebas tovebda msmenelebze. saxalxo kreba monacemebis<br />
gamovlenis saukeTeso saSualebas aZlevda, rac mis popularobas<br />
kidev ufro zrdida.<br />
efialtes reformiT areopagma da arqontTa magistraturam dakarga<br />
uflebebi. periklem arqontis Tanamdebobaze, romelic mainc<br />
sapatiod iTvleboda, dauSva mesame kategoriis (Zevgitebis) arCeva,<br />
rac qonebrivi cenzis gauqmebas niSnavda.<br />
perikles iniciativiT helieias, xuTasTa sabWos wevrebs da<br />
Tanamdebobis pirebs daeniSnaT xelfasi (anazRaureba iyo simboluri).<br />
Rarib mosaxleobas eZleoda Teatralur sanaxaobebze dasaswrebi<br />
fuli _ Teorikoni.<br />
atika-delosis sazRvao kavSiris xazinis aTenSi gadataniT mokav-<br />
Sireebma forosze dakarges kontroli. samokavSireo Tanxas perikle<br />
aTenis interesebs axmarda, romelTagan mTavari iyo grandiozuli<br />
mSeneblobani (gvirgvins warmoadgenda aTenis akropolisi).<br />
perikles epoqaSi (garkveuli gadaxrebis miuxedavad) kanonmdeblobis<br />
yuradRebis centrSi idga sruluflebiani moqalaqis xel-<br />
Seuxebloba. aristotelec demokratiuli saxelmwifos ZiriTad<br />
principad Tavisuflebas acxadebda (politika, VI, I).<br />
klasikuri periodis aTenis politikur azrovnebaSi Camoyalibda<br />
moqalaqis cneba, amave dros gansazRvruli iyo misi valdeb-
130 <strong>grani</strong> <strong>qavTaria</strong><br />
ulebebi. Zneli iyo moqalaqis uflebebis mopoveba, magram kanonebis<br />
darRvevisaTvis advilad SeiZleboda misi dakargva.<br />
aTenis <strong>demokratia</strong> emyareboda Tavisufal adamianTa mcire jgufis<br />
Tanasworobis ideas, romlis ZiriTad amocanas Seadgenda misi<br />
obieqtis upiratesobis dacva. demokratiis amRiarebeli fena srulad<br />
sargeblobda misi privilegiebiT.<br />
<strong>demokratia</strong>m gauxsna gza Tavisufal azrovnebasa da ganaTlebis<br />
harmoniul sistemas. berZnuli kulturis ayvaveba arsebiTad demokratiis<br />
damsaxureba iyo. aTenSi eswrafodnen aRiarebas nebismier<br />
polisSi mcxovrebi elinebi. aTeni gaxda saerTo berZnuli kulturis<br />
centri. aTenSi izeimes gamarjveba literaturis, filosofiis,<br />
xelovnebis, istoriis didma warmomadgenlebma, aqve Caeyara<br />
safu<strong>Zvel</strong>i Teatralur sanaxaobebs. demokratiuli aTeni gaxda cnobili<br />
oratorebis saasparezo arena.<br />
elinebma aRmosavlur civilizaciebSi dagrovebuli codna mecnierebad<br />
aqcies. es simaRle Seiqmna im didi aRmoCeniT, romelic<br />
mmarTvelobis demokratiuli formebis saxeliTaa cnobili.
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