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On modeling pollution-generating technologies January 16, 2011inputs (e.g., coal), there is only one (weakly) technically efficient (minimal) levelof pollution. 17(b) Furthermore, if pollution is generated by inputs such as coal, as is very often thecase, the non-positive trade-offs between pollution generation and inputs (derivedby holding the levels of intended outputs fixed), apparent in (2.9), are inconsistentwith by-production, which implies that this trade-off should be non-negative.How should one interpret the trade-offs observed under single equation modeling ofpollution-generating technologies when one abstracts from abatement options? As discussedabove, these trade-offs are not reflective of the phenomenon of by-production. Rather, thenon-negative trade-offs observed in (2.8) between each intended output and pollution andthe non-positive trade-offs observed in (2.9) between each input and pollution suggest thatthis approach treats pollution like any other input in production: first, increases in itslevel, holding all other inputs fixed, increases intended outputs and, second, pollution is asubstitute for all other inputs in intended production—the same level of intended outputscan be produced by decreasing other inputs and increasing pollution. This also does notseem to be intuitively correct: it is not a correct description of the role pollution plays inintended production. 182.2. The case with abatement output.Consider the case where the technology of a pollution-generating firm is defined by asingle restriction on all inputs and outputs, including the abatement output:T = { 〈x, y, z, y a 〉 ∈ R n+m+m′ +1+∣ f(x, y, z, y a ) ≤ 0 } . (2.10)17 If pollution is caused by some intended outputs (e.g., strong odor from some varieties of cheese producedby a dairy) and (2.9) holds as a strict inequality, then it implies that there exists a rich menu of (weakly)technically efficient 〈x, z〉 combinations, with varying levels of z, that are possible with given levels of allintended outputs. Such a menu is inconsistent with by-production.18 In the literature, the treatment of pollution as any other productive input is often justified by equatingpollution to the assimilative capacities of environmental resources such as air and water to absorb pollution.Murty [2010a,b] argue as follows: (1) qualitatively, these are two different goods—pollution is an output ofthe technology, while the assimilative capacity of environmental resource is an input. A given environmentalresource like air can absorb different types of unintended outputs like CO 2 , SO 2 , etc., and its assimilativecapacity can be different for different pollutants. (2) The technological trade-off between an environmentalresource and an input that causes pollution also does not follow the standard (negative) trade-offs betweeninputs. In particular, input free disposability is violated in the direction of inputs that cause pollution:e.g., for every level of coal, there is a certain minimal level of smoke that is generated, and hence a certainminimal level of the environmental resource that is required. It is not technologically feasible to indefinitelyincrease usage of coal (as is required by the definition of input free disposability) keeping the levels of smokeand, hence, the environmental resource fixed.8
“che, senza essere una definizione dogmatica propriamente detta,e pur con qualche sviluppo, richiesto dalle condizioni spiritualidel nostro tempo, riprende sostanzialmente il Credo di Nicea, ilCredo dell’immortale Tradizione della santa Chiesa di Dio” (PaoloVI, Omelia a conclusione dell’Anno della fede, 30 giugno 1968).— 10 —
Page 1: Lettera pastorale del vescovoPier G
Page 4: SommarioCredo, Signore, ma tu accre
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Page 9: intero questo pensiero e questo pro
Page 14 and 15: 5. Carsismo e viadotti senza nastro
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Page 18 and 19: Nella Costituzione conciliare sulla
Page 20 and 21: za infatti aiuta l’uomo a capire
Page 22 and 23: 9. La dimensione ecclesiale dell’
Page 24 and 25: 10. La dimensione personaleLa fede
Page 26 and 27: 11. La dimensione dogmaticaPiù che
Page 28 and 29: 12. Fede: dono offerto a tuttiQuand
Page 30 and 31: 13. Diverse tipologie di fedeDobbia
Page 32 and 33: 14. A proposito di Nuova Evangelizz
Page 34 and 35: per proclamazione per convocazione
Page 36 and 37: (…) Nell’opera di nuova evangel
Page 38 and 39: 16. Nella linea del Concilio Vatica
Page 40 and 41: ordine, quello tradizionale, già s
Page 42 and 43: problema della liturgia consistesse
Page 44 and 45: Per il Vaticano II essi non sono de
Page 46 and 47: 18. Come distribuire gli altri docu
Page 48 and 49: 19. Calendario delle celebrazioniSu
Page 50 and 51: 18-20 febbraio 2013, Marco Vergotti
Page 52 and 53: 20. Grazie e perdono, SignoreGrazie
Page 54 and 55: E prima di chiudere questa lettera
Page 56 and 57: Combattete la buona battaglia delle
Page 58 and 59: Il Credo del Popolo di DioPronuncia
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sicché andranno alla vita eterna c
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Popolo di Dio pellegrinante quaggi
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il vino consacrati dal Signore nell
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Noi crediamo che la moltitudine del
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Ricordo dell’Omelia di papa Paolo
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dire capacità di rendere il culto
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giudeo, né greco, né scita, né b
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22 “Alla scuola del grande aposto
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Fascicoli preparati per la lectio d
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Impaginazione, stampa e confezioneT
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