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Verduurzam<strong>in</strong>g van de maatschappij<br />
> Inmiddels zijn er voor alle sectoren vele opties beschikbaar om een bijdrage te leveren aan een duurzame<br />
samenlev<strong>in</strong>g. Het potentieel is, evenals de kosten van de maatregelen dat zijn, sterk geografisch bepaald.<br />
Overzicht maatregelen die de samenlev<strong>in</strong>g verduurzamen<br />
Potential contribution to net emission reduction, 2030 (GtCO2-eq yr -1 )<br />
Mitigation options<br />
0 2 4 6<br />
W<strong>in</strong>d energy<br />
Solar energy<br />
Nuclear energy<br />
Bioelectricity<br />
Energy<br />
Hydropower<br />
Geothermal energy<br />
Carbon capture and storage (CCS)<br />
Bioelectricity with CCS<br />
Reduce CH4 emission from coal m<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
Reduce CH4 emission from oil and gas<br />
Carbon sequestration <strong>in</strong> agriculture<br />
Reduce CH4 and N2O emission <strong>in</strong> agriculture<br />
AFOLU<br />
Reduced conversion of forests and other ecosystems<br />
Ecosystem restoration, afforestation, reforestation<br />
Improved susta<strong>in</strong>able forest management<br />
Reduce food loss and food waste<br />
Shift to balanced, susta<strong>in</strong>able healthy diets<br />
Avoid demand for energy services<br />
Efficient light<strong>in</strong>g, appliances and equipment<br />
Build<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
New build<strong>in</strong>gs with high energy performance<br />
Onsite renewable production and use<br />
Improvement of exist<strong>in</strong>g build<strong>in</strong>g stock<br />
Enhanced use of wood products<br />
Fuel-efficient light-duty vehicles<br />
Electric light-duty vehicles<br />
Shift to public transportation<br />
Transport<br />
Industry<br />
Other<br />
Shift to bikes and e-bikes<br />
Fuel-efficient heavy-duty vehicles<br />
Electric heavy-duty vehicles, <strong>in</strong>cl. buses<br />
Shipp<strong>in</strong>g – efficiency and optimisation<br />
Aviation – energy efficiency<br />
Biofuels<br />
Energy efficiency<br />
Material efficiency<br />
Enhanced recycl<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Fuel switch<strong>in</strong>g (electr, nat. gas, bio-energy, H2)<br />
Feedstock decarbonisation, process change<br />
Carbon capture with utilisation (CCU) and CCS<br />
Cementitious material substitution<br />
Reduction of non-CO2 emissions<br />
Reduce emission of fluor<strong>in</strong>ated gas<br />
Reduce CH4 emissions from solid waste<br />
Reduce CH4 emissions from wastewater<br />
Net lifetime cost of options:<br />
Costs are lower than the reference<br />
0–20 (USD tCO2-eq –1 )<br />
20–50 (USD tCO2-eq –1 )<br />
50–100 (USD tCO2-eq –1 )<br />
(USD tCO2-eq –1 )<br />
Cost not allocated due to high<br />
variability or lack of data<br />
Uncerta<strong>in</strong>ty range applies to<br />
the total potential contribution<br />
to emission reduction. The<br />
<strong>in</strong>dividual cost ranges are also<br />
associated with uncerta<strong>in</strong>ty<br />
0 2 4 6<br />
GtCO2-eq yr –1<br />
Bron: IPCC/Climate change 2022/Mittigation of climate change<br />
34<br />
<strong>De</strong> branche <strong>in</strong> <strong>2023</strong> |
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