Pozne lekcije iz zgodnjih svaril: previdnostno načelo 1896-2000

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Vsebina Vsebina Predgovor Predgovor ............................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................7 ............................................................................................................... Zahvala Zahvala ............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. 10 10 1. 1. Uvod Uvod Uvod ............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. 15 15 1.1 1.1 Pozne Pozne lekcije lekcije iz iz zgodnjih zgodnjih svaril: svaril: u~enje u~enje na na podlagi podlagi dogodkov dogodkov iz iz iz preteklosti preteklosti......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... 15 15 1.2 1.2 Kaj Kaj je je previdnostno previdnostno na~elo? na~elo? .................................................................. .................................................................. 17 17 1.3 1.3 Za~etki Za~etki uporabe uporabe previdnostnega previdnostnega na~ela: na~ela: London, London, 1854 1854 ........................ ........................ ........................ 18 18 1.4 1.4 Prepre~evanje Prepre~evanje Prepre~evanje nesre~: nesre~: povezovanje povezovanje povezovanje znanosti znanosti in in javne javne politike politike ............... ............... 19 19 1.5 1.5 Viri Viri ........................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................ 20 20 2. 2. Ribi{tvo: Ribi{tvo: Ribi{tvo: prelov prelov /Malcolm /Malcolm /Malcolm /Malcolm /Malcolm MacGarvin/ MacGarvin/ MacGarvin/ MacGarvin/ MacGarvin/ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ 22 22 2.1 2.1 Zgodnja Zgodnja svarila svarila ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... 22 22 2.2 2.2 Angle{ko Angle{ko ribi{tvo ribi{tvo ribi{tvo v v 19. 19. stoletju stoletju ............................................................. ............................................................. 22 22 2.3 2.3 2.3 Ribolov Ribolov sardel sardel v v Kaliforniji Kaliforniji od od dvajsetih dvajsetih let let do do leta leta 1942 1942 ........................ ........................ ........................ 25 25 2.4 2.4 2.4 Novofundlandska Novofundlandska trska trska ......................................................................... ......................................................................... 26 26 2.5 2.5 2.5 Var ar arovanje ar ovanje postane postane postane neizogibno neizogibno .............................................................. .............................................................. 29 29 2.6 2.6 2.6 Ekosistemski Ekosistemski pristop pristop.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. 31 31 2.7 2.7 2.7 Pozne Pozne lekcije lekcije ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ 33 33 2.8 2.8 Viri Viri ........................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................ 34 34 3. 3. Sevanje: Sevanje: Zgodnja Zgodnja svarila, svarila, pozni pozni pozni odzivi odzivi /Barrie /Barrie /Barrie /Barrie /Barrie Lambert/ Lambert/ Lambert/................................... Lambert/ Lambert/ ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... 38 38 3.1 3.1 Rentgenski Rentgenski ‘arki ‘arki ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... 38 38 3.2 3.2 Radioaktivnost Radioaktivnost Radioaktivnost in in radioaktivne radioaktivne snovi snovi ...................................................... ...................................................... 39 39 3.3 3.3 Prvi Prvi ukrepi ukrepi za za za nadzor nadzor izpostavljenosti izpostavljenosti sevanju sevanju ....................................... ....................................... 40 40 3.4 3.4 Povojno Povojno razpotje: razpotje: razpotje: opravi~ljivost, opravi~ljivost, opravi~ljivost, optimizacija, optimizacija, optimizacija, omejitev omejitev .......................... .......................... 41 41 3.5 3.5 3.5 Sklepne Sklepne ugotovitve ugotovitve............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... 43 43 3.6 3.6 Viri Viri Viri ........................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................ 44 44 4. 4. Benzen: Benzen: zgodovinski zgodovinski pregled pregled pregled na na ameri{ko ameri{ko in in evropsko evropsko obravnavanje obravnavanje obravnavanje poklicne poklicne poklicne izpostavljenosti izpostavljenosti /Peter /Peter /Peter /Peter /Peter FF F. FF . . . . Infante Infante Infante Infante Infante / / / / / .................................................... .................................................... .................................................... .................................................... .................................................... 45 45 4.1 4.1 Zgodnja Zgodnja svarila svarila ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... 45 45 4.2 4.2 4.2 Ukrepanje Ukrepanje in in neukrepanje neukrepanje ..................................................................... ..................................................................... 46 46 4.3 4.3 4.3 Razprava Razprava ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... 49 49 4.4 4.4 4.4 Sklepne Sklepne ugotovitve ugotovitve in in lekcije lekcije za za prihodnost prihodnost .......................................... .......................................... 53 53 4.5 4.5 Viri Viri ........................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................ 55 55 5. 5. Azbest: Azbest: Azbest: od od ~ude‘ne ~ude‘ne ~ude‘ne do do nevarne nevarne nevarne rudnine rudnine rudnine /David /David /David /David /David Gee Gee Gee Gee Gee in in in in in dr dr dr. dr dr. . . . Mor Mor Morris Mor Morris ris ris ris Gr Gr Greenber Gr Greenber eenber eenberg/ eenberg/ g/ g/ g/ .............................................................. .............................................................. .............................................................. .............................................................. .............................................................. 60 60 5.1 5.1 Uvod Uvod .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... 60 60 5.2 5.2 5.2 Prva Prva zgodnja zgodnja svarila svarila o o o azbestozi azbestozi in in nekaj nekaj nekaj odzivov odzivov ................................... ................................... 61 61 5.3 5.3 Prva Prva svarila svarila o o o azbestnem azbestnem raku raku ............................................................... ............................................................... 62 62 5.4 5.4 Zgodnja, Zgodnja, pretresljiva pretresljiva svarila svarila svarila o o mezoteliomu mezoteliomu ........................................... ........................................... 63 63 5.5 5.5 Ukrepanje Ukrepanje Ukrepanje in in neukrepanje neukrepanje zakonodajnih zakonodajnih organov organov in in drugih drugih ................... ................... 64 64 5.6 5.6 Stro{ki Stro{ki Stro{ki in in prednosti prednosti ukrepanja ukrepanja in in neukrepanja neukrepanja ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... 66 66 5.7 5.7 5.7 Katera Katera Katera so so sporo~ila sporo~ila zgodbe zgodbe zgodbe o o azbestu? azbestu? ................................................. ................................................. 67 67 5.8 5.8 5.8 Viri Viri ........................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................ 70 70 70 6. 6. PCB-ji PCB-ji in in previdnostno previdnostno na~elo na~elo na~elo /Janna /Janna /Janna /Janna /Janna G. G. G. G. G. Koppe Koppe Koppe Koppe Koppe in in in in in Jane Jane Jane Jane Jane Keys/ Keys/ Keys/ Keys/ Keys/ ....................... ....................... 73 73 6.1 6.1 6.1 Uvod Uvod .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... 73 73 6.2 6.2 6.2 ^edalje ^edalje ve~ ve~ dokazov dokazov o o o obstojnosti, obstojnosti, prisotnosti prisotnosti in in strupenosti strupenosti ................ ................ 75 75 6.3 6.3 Ukrepi Ukrepi industrije industrije in in vlad vlad v v sedemdesetih sedemdesetih letih letih ....................................... ....................................... 75 75
6.4 6.4 Znanstveno Znanstveno razumevanje razumevanje se se poglobi poglobi ..................................................... ..................................................... 76 76 6.5 6.5 6.5 Ukrepi Ukrepi vlad vlad v v osemdesetih osemdesetih in in devetdesetih devetdesetih letih letih letih ................................... ................................... ................................... 79 79 6.6 6.6 Na~ini Na~ini {irjenja {irjenja PCB-jev PCB-jev v v okolje okolje ............................................................. ............................................................. 79 79 79 6.7 6.7 Zadnja Zadnja Zadnja nesre~a nesre~a s s PCB-ji PCB-ji ......................................................................... ......................................................................... 80 80 6.8 6.8 Sklepne Sklepne ugotovitve ugotovitve............................................................................... ugotovitve ugotovitve............................................................................... ............................................................................... 81 81 81 6.9 6.9 Viri Viri Viri ........................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................ 83 83 7. 7. 7. Halogenirani Halogenirani ogljikovodiki, ogljikovodiki, ozonska ozonska plast plast in in previdnostno previdnostno na~elo na~elo /Joe /Joe /Joe /Joe /Joe Farman/ Farman/ Farman/ Farman/ Farman/ ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. 86 86 7.1 7.1 Pregled Pregled ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. 86 86 7.2 7.2 Zgodnje Zgodnje obdobje obdobje .................................................................................. .................................................................................. 88 88 7.3 7.3 Trideseta rideseta leta leta leta 20. 20. stoletja stoletja – – industrija industrija industrija klor klorofluor klor klor ofluor ofluoroogljikovodikov ofluor oogljikovodikov (CFC) (CFC) (CFC) je je rojena rojena ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... 89 89 7.4 7.4 Sedemdeseta Sedemdeseta leta leta – – seme seme dvoma dvoma .......................................................... .......................................................... 90 90 7.5 7.5 Montrealski Montrealski protokol protokol protokol in in ozonska ozonska luknja luknja .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. 91 91 7.6 7.6 Pozne Pozne lekcije lekcije ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ 92 92 7.7 7.7 Viri Viri ........................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................ 94 94 8. 8. Zgodba Zgodba o o DES: DES: dolgoro~ne dolgoro~ne posledice posledice izpostavljenosti izpostavljenosti izpostavljenosti pred pred rojstvom rojstvom /Dolores /Dolores /Dolores /Dolores /Dolores Ibarreta Ibarreta Ibarreta Ibarreta Ibarreta in in in in in Shanna Shanna Shanna Shanna Shanna H. H. H. H. H. Swan/ Swan/ Swan/............................................................. Swan/ Swan/ ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. 95 95 8.1 8.1 Uvod Uvod .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... 95 95 8.2 8.2 Optimisti~ni Optimisti~ni za~etki za~etki ............................................................................... ............................................................................... 95 95 8.3 8.3 Tragi~ne ragi~ne posledice posledice ................................................................................ ................................................................................ 96 96 96 8.4 8.4 DES DES neu~inkovit neu~inkovit pri pri prepre~evanju prepre~evanju spontanega spontanega splava splava ......................... ......................... ......................... 97 97 8.5 8.5 Ocenjevanje Ocenjevanje Ocenjevanje obsega obsega {kode {kode ................................................................... ................................................................... 98 98 98 8.6 8.6 Lekcije Lekcije zgodbe zgodbe o o DES DES ........................................................................... ........................................................................... ........................................................................... 99 99 8.7 8.7 Viri Viri ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... 102 102 9. 9. Antibiotiki Antibiotiki Antibiotiki kot kot pospe{evalci pospe{evalci rasti rasti - - skregano skregano z z zdravo zdravo pametjo pametjo /Lars-Erik /Lars-Erik /Lars-Erik /Lars-Erik /Lars-Erik Edqvist Edqvist Edqvist Edqvist Edqvist in in in in in Knud Knud Knud Knud Knud Børge Børge Børge Børge Børge Pedersen/ Pedersen/ Pedersen/ Pedersen/ Pedersen/ ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. 105 105 9.1 9.1 Uvod Uvod .................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. 105 105 9.2 9.2 Prva Prva svarila svarila svarila ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... 106 106 9.3 9.3 9.3 Nadaljnje Nadaljnje ukrepanje ukrepanje ali ali neukrepanje neukrepanje ................................................... ................................................... 106 106 9.4 9.4 Prednosti Prednosti in in pomanjkljivosti pomanjkljivosti uporabe uporabe pospe{evalcev pospe{evalcev rasti rasti .................... .................... .................... 109 109 109 9.5 9.5 Sklepne Sklepne ugotovitve ugotovitve in in lekcije lekcije za za prihodnost prihodnost prihodnost ........................................ ........................................ 110 110 9.6 9.6 Viri Viri ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... 111 111 10. 10. 10. @veplov @veplov dioksid: dioksid: od od za{~ite za{~ite ~love{kih ~love{kih plju~ plju~ do do obnove obnove odmaknjenih odmaknjenih jezer jezer /Arne /Arne /Arne /Arne /Arne Semb/ Semb/ Semb/ Semb/ Semb/ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ 113 113 10.1 10.1 Mrtve Mrtve ribe, ribe, ribe, umirajo~i umirajo~i gozdovi gozdovi .............................................................. .............................................................. 114 114 10.2 10.2 Pr Protokol Pr otokol CLR CLRTAP CLR AP AP (1985) (1985) in in nadaljnji nadaljnji dogodki dogodki ....................................... ....................................... 117 117 10.3 10.3 Pozne Pozne lekcije lekcije lekcije ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... 119 119 10.4 10.4 Viri Viri ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... 120 120 120 11. 11. MTBE MTBE v v bencinu bencinu bencinu kot kot nadomestilo nadomestilo nadomestilo za za svinec svinec /Martin /Martin /Martin /Martin /Martin Krayer Krayer Krayer Krayer Krayer von von von von von Krauss Krauss Krauss Krauss Krauss in in in in in Poul Poul Poul Poul Poul Harremoës/ Harremoës/ Harremoës/ Harremoës/ Harremoës/ ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. 122 122 11.1 11.1 Uvod Uvod Uvod .................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. 122 122 11.2 11.2 Svinec Svinec v v bencinu bencinu ................................................................................ ................................................................................ 122 122 11.3 11.3 11.3 Primer Primer MTBE MTBE ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... 122 122 11.4 11.4 Koristi Koristi MTBE MTBE ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... 123 123 123 11.5 11.5 Vplivi Vplivi MTBE MTBE ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ 123 123 11.6 11.6 11.6 Odzivi Odzivi Odzivi ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. 125 125 11.7 11.7 11.7 Dana{nje Dana{nje Dana{nje usmeritve usmeritve usmeritve ............................................................................ ............................................................................ 127 127 11.8 11.8 Razprava Razprava v v povezavi povezavi s s previdnostnim previdnostnim na~elom na~elom .................................... .................................... .................................... 128 128 11.9 11.9 Sklepne Sklepne ugotovitve ugotovitve............................................................................. ugotovitve ............................................................................. 132 132 132 11.10 11.10Viri 11.10 Viri ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... 133 133
Page 1 and 2: ISBN 961-6324-19-5 9 7 8 9 6 1 6 3
Page 4 and 5: Poro~ilo Poro~ilo o o okoljskih oko
Page 6: IZVIRNIK IZVIRNIK Uredni{ki Uredni{
Page 9 and 10: Prvo jasno in verodostojno zgodnje
Page 11: Zahvala Zahvala Ekipi urednikov se
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Pozne lekcije iz zgodnjih svaril: previdnostno načelo 1896-2000

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