Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3472

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2 State Identification 37 or not. However, we can be sure that it has no distinguishing sequence: there is no way to distinguish equivalent states because such states produce the same output sequence for any applied input sequence. Let us illustrate the above differences with a few examples. b/0 s3 b/1 s1 b/0 a/0 Fig. 2.2. Machine M2. Consider, first, machine M2 shown in Fig. 2.2. This machine is not minimal: its two states s2 and s3 are equivalent. As explained above, M2 cannot have a distinguishing sequence (neither a PDS nor an ADS) because for any input sequence, s1 and s2 produce the same output. Thus, the problem of state identification is to be studied only for minimal machines. When a machine is not minimal, we can start by reducing it and then consider the problem of state identification for the obtained reduced machine. b/0 s3 b/1 a/0 s1 b/0 a/0 Fig. 2.3. Machine M3. a/0 s2 a/0 s2 a/0
38 Moez Krichen Now, even for minimal machines, the existence of a distinguishing sequence (PDS or ADS) is not guaranteed. For instance, consider machine M3 shown in Fig. 2.3. M3 is a minimal machine. Indeed, state s1 can be distinguished from states s2 and s3 by input b, andstatess2 and s3 can be distinguished by input sequence ab. However, machine M3 has no distinguishing sequence. We can see this by arguing as follows. If we start by applying input symbol a on M3 and then observe output symbol 0 we can only deduce that the initial state of the machine is either s1 or s2. Next, whatever we apply in the future the machine will have the same behavior independently of whether its initial state has been s1 or s2. Thus, there is no distinguishing sequence for M3 which starts with input symbol a, because all these input sequences cannot distinguish the two states s1 and s2. In the same manner, a distinguishing sequence of M3 cannot start with input symbol b because such a sequence cannot distinguish the two states s2 and s3. So a distinguishing sequence of M3 can start neither with input a nor with input b. The conclusion is that M3 has no distinguishing sequence. a/0 b/0 s1 s3 a/1 b/0 a/0 s2 s4 b/0 b/1 Fig. 2.4. Machine M4. Let us finally give an example of a machine which has an adaptive distinguishing sequence but no preset distinguishing sequence. Consider machine M4 shown in Fig. 2.4. The reader can check that M4 is a minimal machine, by verifying that for every pair of states there is an input sequence that distinguishes them. The machine M4 has no PDS. We can see this by arguing as follows. First, it is clear that a sequence made only by input symbol a cannot be a PDS for M4, since such a sequence cannot distinguish neither between s1 and s2 nor between s3 and s4. On the other hand, a sequence which contains symbol b cannot be a a/1
Page 1 and 2: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3
Page 3 and 4: Volume Editors Manfred Broy Martin
Page 5 and 6: VI Preface The last part of the boo
Page 7 and 8: VIII Contents 13 Real-Time and Hybr
Page 9 and 10: 2 Part I. Testing of Finite State M
Page 11 and 12: 1 Homing and Synchronizing Sequence
Page 17 and 18: s2 a/1 1 Homing and Synchronizing S
Page 21 and 22: 1.3.2 Computing Synchronizing Seque
Page 35 and 36: A1 A2 Bad 1 Homing and Synchronizin
Page 41: 36 Moez Krichen b/1 a/0 s1 b/1 a/1
Page 45 and 46: 40 Moez Krichen the algorithms for
Page 47 and 48: 42 Moez Krichen ∀ s, s ′ ∈ S
Page 49 and 50: 44 Moez Krichen In this proposition
Page 51 and 52: 46 Moez Krichen Proposition 2.6. If
Page 53 and 54: 48 Moez Krichen Algorithm 5 Checkin
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Page 57 and 58: 52 Moez Krichen graph of this machi
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Page 61 and 62: 56 Moez Krichen B of π, a is a-val
Page 63 and 64: 58 Moez Krichen I = {s1, s2, s3, s4
Page 65 and 66: 60 Moez Krichen Definition 2.19. A
Page 67 and 68: 62 Moez Krichen Algorithm 7 Computi
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Page 73 and 74: 3 State Verification Henrik Björkl
Page 75 and 76: a/1 s1 s3 b/1 a/1 b/1 a/0 s2 s4 3 S
Page 77 and 78: 3 State Verification 73 Thus (s, Q)
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Page 81 and 82: s1 s3 a/0 b/0 a/1 s2 s4 3 State Ver
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Page 87 and 88: 3 State Verification 83 Since the m
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Page 91 and 92: 4 Conformance Testing Angelo Gargan
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4 Conformance Testing 89 the test u
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4 Conformance Testing 91 state. For
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4 Conformance Testing 93 This check
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s1 s1 a b s2 s2 a b s3 4 Conformanc
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4 Conformance Testing 97 Using a Q
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4 Conformance Testing 99 this case
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4.4.5 Cost and Length 4 Conformance
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t τ (t,si−1) x τti−1 ,si si
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si 1 2 w1 t i w 2 3 a: in MS si 1 w
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4 Conformance Testing 107 ti = δ(s
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4 Conformance Testing 109 Example.
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4 Conformance Testing 111 • If on
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114 Part II. Testing of Labeled Tra
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5 Preorder Relations ∗ Stefan D.
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5 Preorder Relations 119 power of r
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5 Preorder Relations 121 To summari
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5 Preorder Relations 123 Two import
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∧ ⊥⊤ ⊥ ⊥⊥ ⊤ ⊥⊤
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5 Preorder Relations 127 Definition
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5 Preorder Relations 129 For one th
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5 Preorder Relations 131 We close t
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s a b t 5 Preorder Relations 133 y
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5 Preorder Relations 135 (1) p ⊑m
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a p ′ τ b p ′′ τ τ a a b 5
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5 Preorder Relations 139 It should
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coin coin e c coin coin τ 5 Preord
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5 Preorder Relations 143 for free.
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5 Preorder Relations 145 condition
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5 Preorder Relations 147 ⊑←→
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5 Preorder Relations 149 The utilit
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152 Valéry Tschaen The labels repr
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154 Valéry Tschaen Intuitively, th
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156 Valéry Tschaen Definition 6.2.
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158 Valéry Tschaen By this theorem
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160 Valéry Tschaen The test suite
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162 Valéry Tschaen each sequence (
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164 Valéry Tschaen and B2 are LOTO
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166 Valéry Tschaen 6.4.2 The CO-OP
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168 Valéry Tschaen a τ q0 τ τ q
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170 Valéry Tschaen Concerning the
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7 I/O-automata Based Testing Machie
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7 I/O-automata Based Testing 175 th
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7 I/O-automata Based Testing 177 in
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7 I/O-automata Based Testing 179 sp
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7 I/O-automata Based Testing 181 na
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7 I/O-automata Based Testing 183 Un
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7 I/O-automata Based Testing 185 We
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7 I/O-automata Based Testing 187 fa
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7 I/O-automata Based Testing 189 Th
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7 I/O-automata Based Testing 191 Ac
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7 I/O-automata Based Testing 193 vi
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7 I/O-automata Based Testing 195 De
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7 I/O-automata Based Testing 197 To
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7 I/O-automata Based Testing 199 In
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8 Test Derivation from Timed Automa
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s0 on, true, {c} off , c =5, ∅ 8
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8.3 Testing Event Recording Automat
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[s1, z], z = con < 5, 8 Test Deriva
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Ψ(S ′ )={PE ′ | E ′ ∈ 2E(S
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{s0}, p0 p0 : tt 8 Test Derivation
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s0 c = ∞ 8 Test Derivation from T
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Example. The Light Switch can be de
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��s0� ,c=0.0 s0 en, on, {c :=
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��s0� ,c=0 s0 8 Test Derivati
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234 Verena Wolf to probabilistic tr
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236 Verena Wolf • A finite trace
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238 Verena Wolf (a, 0.2) v1 sP (a,
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240 Verena Wolf 1 2 sP a b µ λ 1
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242 Verena Wolf (a, 1 4 ) (a, 1 4 )
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244 Verena Wolf 9.6 Test Processes
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246 Verena Wolf We present two appr
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248 Verena Wolf specification proce
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250 Verena Wolf sP (τ, 1 1 ) (c, 3
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252 Verena Wolf sP (a, 1 1 ) (a, 2
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254 Verena Wolf v1 u1 w1 1 2 sP λ
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256 Verena Wolf • P ⊑ must JY Q
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258 Verena Wolf u1 s M ′ 1 (a, r1
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260 Verena Wolf Proposition 9.22. L
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262 Verena Wolf Now let Q min be th
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264 Verena Wolf (8) (⊑BC , ⊑CH
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266 Verena Wolf is that an action a
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268 Verena Wolf can perform τ-tran
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270 Verena Wolf T np,re seq ⊑ tr
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272 Verena Wolf t2 t4 a sT t1 b b t
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274 Verena Wolf model test processe
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Part III Model-Based Test Case Gene
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Part III. Model-Based Test Case Gen
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282 Alexander Pretschner and Jan Ph
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11 Evaluating Coverage Based Testin
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12 Technology of Test-Case Generati
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Increment ∆Counter 12 Technology
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(12.4) ✟ nat(X ′ ) {A/0, B/X
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a: b: (6) α1+1−α2 α2 a: b: PC:
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12.5 Summary 12 Technology of Test-
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13 Real-Time and Hybrid Systems Tes
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Test Driver SUT 13 Real-Time and Hy
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fitness 13 Real-Time and Hybrid Sys
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13.5 Summary 13 Real-Time and Hybri
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390 Part IV. Tools and Case Studies
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392 Axel Belinfante, Lars Frantzen,
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440 Wolfgang Prenninger, Mohammad E
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Part V Standardized Test Notation a
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466 George Din inter-operability te
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468 George Din • Tabular Presenta
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470 George Din 16.3.1 Test Building
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472 George Din Abstract Test System
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474 George Din field can be marked
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476 George Din • omit: the value
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478 George Din altstep Default() ru
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480 George Din alt { [] httpPort.re
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482 George Din • Test Management
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484 George Din Value Type getType()
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486 George Din This task is rather
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488 George Din hosts, of preparing
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490 George Din A B C D MEM = 256 MB
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492 George Din A hardware load moni
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494 George Din ptcType2 ptcType3
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496 George Din communicate with the
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498 Zhen Ru Dai U2TP document is no
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500 Zhen Ru Dai state machines, sta
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502 Zhen Ru Dai TestResult TestCase
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504 Zhen Ru Dai can be mapped to JU
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506 Zhen Ru Dai 17.4 Test Developme
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508 Zhen Ru Dai Slave: Master: SRI
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510 Zhen Ru Dai sa: Slave− Appli
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512 Zhen Ru Dai sdConnect_To_Master
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514 Zhen Ru Dai BluetoothUnitTest
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516 Zhen Ru Dai is returned to the
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518 Zhen Ru Dai (1) /* test configu
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520 Zhen Ru Dai (1) /* test case */
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Part VI Beyond Testing This last pa
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526 Séverine Colin and Leonardo Ma
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19 Model Checking Therese Berg 1 an
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19 Model Checking 559 The first sta
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19 Model Checking 561 function I :
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coffee coin tea 19 Model Checking 5
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AX (φ) :=¬EX (¬φ) AF (φ) :=Atr
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19 Model Checking 567 Another appro
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19 Model Checking 569 has a transit
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19 Model Checking 571 The alternati
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19 Model Checking 573 Obviously the
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19 Model Checking 575 purposes ther
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19 Model Checking 577 otherwise it
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19 Model Checking 579 Expanding a P
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19 Model Checking 581 We conduct an
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• SA ⊆ Σ ∗ is a nonempty fin
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19 Model Checking 585 When OT is cl
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19 Model Checking 587 • se = s
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19 Model Checking 589 the new colum
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19 Model Checking 591 Henceforth th
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19 Model Checking 593 DT , the tran
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19 Model Checking 595 queries. At t
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19 Model Checking 597 Assistant 4.
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19 Model Checking 599 have created
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19 Model Checking 601 Logic (see Se
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19 Model Checking 603 linear time l
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20 Model-Based Testing - A Glossary
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20 Model-Based Testing - A Glossary
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612 Bengt Jonsson a/0 b/0 b/1 s2 s4
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614 Bengt Jonsson of input symbols
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616 Joost-Pieter Katoen The followi
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618 Literature [AFH94] Rajeev Alur,
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620 Literature [BCMD90] J. R. Burch
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622 Literature [BRV95] Ed Brinksma,
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624 Literature [CL97a] Duncan Clark
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626 Literature [DGNP04] Z. R. Dai,
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628 Literature [FHP02] Eitan Farchi
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630 Literature [GL02] Hubert Garave
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632 Literature [Hib61] Thomas N. Hi
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634 Literature [HR01b] Klaus Havelu
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636 Literature [KKL + 01] M. Kim, S
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638 Literature [LPY97] Kim Guldstra
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640 Literature [Müh97] H. Mühlenb
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642 Literature [Pha93] M. Phalippou
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644 Literature [RdBJ00] V. Rusu, L.
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646 Literature [Sch00] Johann M. Sc
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648 Literature [SVG02] S. Schulz an
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650 Literature [Vas73] M. P. Vasile
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Index =⇒ , 175 ioco, 187 ioconf,
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homing sequence, 8 - adaptive, 8, 2
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eset sequence, see synchronizing se
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timed transition system, 223, 360,
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