راهنماي جامع تشخیص و درمان دیابت15647. Pyorala K, Pedersen TR, Kjeksus J, Faergeman O, Olsson AG, Thorgeirsson G: Cholesterol lowering withsimvastatin improves prognosis of diabetic patients with coronary heart disease: a subgroup analysis of theScandinavian Simvastatin Study (4S). Diabetes Care 20:614 –620, 199748. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, Rutherford JD, Cole TG, Brown L, Warnica JW, Arnold JM,Wun CC, Davis BR, Braunwald E, for the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial Investigators: The effectof pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction I patients with average cholesterol levels:Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 335:1001– 1009, 199649. Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group: Prevention ofcardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range ofinitial cholesterol levels: the Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) StudyGroup. N Engl J Med 339:1349– 1357, 199850. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, Whitney E, Shapiro DR, Beere PA, Langendorfer A, Stein EA, Kruyer W,Gotto AM Jr: Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with averagecholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS: Air Force/ Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis PreventionStudy. JAMA 279:1615–1622, 199851. Frick MH, Elo O, Haapa K, Heinonen OP, Heinsalmi P, Helo P, Huttunen JK, Kaitaniemi P, Koskinen P,Manninen V: Helsinki Heart Study: primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middleaged men withdyslipidemia: safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease. N Engl JMed 317:1237–1245, 198752. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, Fye CL, Anderson JW, Elam MB, Faas FH, Linares E, Schaefer EJ,Schectman G, Wilt TJ, Wittes J: Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in menwith low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: Veterans Affairs High-Density LipoproteinCholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 341:410–418, 199953. The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of HighBlood Cholesterol in Adults(Adult Treatment Panel III): Executive summary of the third report of the NationalCholesterol Education Program(NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High BloodCholesterol in Adults(Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285:2486–2497, 200154. Elam MB, Hunninghake DB, Davis KB, Garg R, Johnson C, Egan D, Kostis JB, Sheps DS, Brinton EA:Effect of niacin on lipid and lipoprotein levels and glycemic control in patients with diabetes and peripheralarterial disease. JAMA 284: 1263–1270, 200055. Grundy SM, Vega GL, McGovern ME, Tulloch BR, Kendall DM, Fitz-Patrick D, Ganda OP, Rosenson RS,Buse JB, Robertson DD, Sheehan JP: Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of once-daily niacin for the treatment ofdyslipidemia associated with type 2 diabetes. Arch Intern Med 162:1568–1576, 200256. Expert Panel on Blood Cholesterol Levels in Children and Adolescents: Treatment recommendations of theNational Cholesterol Education Program Report of the Expert Panel on Blood Cholesterol Levels in Children andAdolescents. Pediatrics 89 (Suppl.):525–584, 199257. Bhatt DL, Marso SP, Hirsch AT, Ringleb PA, Hacke W, Topol EJ: Amplified benefit of clopidogrel versusaspirin in patientrs with diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 90:625–628, 200258. US Preventive Services Task Force: Counseling to prevent tobacco use. In Guide to Clinical PreventiveServices. 2 nd ed. Baltimore, MD, Williams & Wilkins, 1996, p. 597–60959. Fiore M, Bailey W, Cohen S: Smoking Cessation: Clinical Practice Guideline Number 18. Rockville, MD, USDepartment of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 199660. Garg J, Bakris GL: Microalbuminuria: marker of vascular dysfunction, risk fac-tor for cardiovascular disease.J Vasc Med 7:35–43, 200261. Gall MA, Hougaard P, Borch-Johnsen K, Parving HH: Risk factors for development of incipient and overtdiabetic ne-phropathy in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: prospective, observationalstudy. BMJ 314:783–788, 199762. Ravid M, Lang R, Rachmani R, Lishner M: Long-term renoprotective effect of angiotensin-convertingenzyme inhibition in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a 7-year follow-up study. Arch Intern Med156:286–289, 199663. Reichard P, Nilsson B-Y, Rosenqvist U: The effect of long-term intensified insulin treatment on thedevelopment of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 329:304–309, 199364. The DCCT Research Group: Effect of intensive therapy on the development and progression of diabeticnephropathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). Kidney Int 47:1703–1720, 199565. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD, for the Collaborative Study Group: The effect ofangiotensin-convertingenzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med 329:1456–1462, 1993
157معیارهاي مراقبتهاي پزشکی در دیابت66. Laffel LMB, McGill JB, Gans DJ, the North American Microalbuminuria Study Group (NAMSG): Thebeneficial effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with captopril on diabetic nephropathy innormotensive IDDM patients with microalbuminuria. Am J Med 99:497–504, 199567. Bakris GL, Williams M, Dworkin L, Elliott WJ, Epstein M, Toto R, Tuttle K, Douglas J, Hsueh W, SowersJ: Preserving renal function in adults with hypertension and diabetes: a consensus approach: NationalKidney Foundation Hypertension and Diabetes Executive Committees Working Group. Am J Kidney Dis36:646–661, 200068. Ravid M, Lang R, Rachmani R, Lishner M: Long-term renoprotective effect of angiotensin-convertingenzyme inhibition in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a 7-year follow-up study. ArchIntern Med 156:286–289, 199669. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, Berl T, Pohl MA, Lewis JB, Ritz E, Atkins RC, Rohde R, Raz I:Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due totype 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:851–860, 200170. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, Keane WF, Mitch WE, Parving HH, Remuzzi G, Snapinn SM,Zhang Z, Shahinfar S: Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861–869, 200171. Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J, Gomis R, Andersen S, Arner P: The effect of irbesartan onthe development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:870–878, 200172. Anderson S, Tarnow L, Rossing P, Hansen BV, Parving HH: Renoprotective effects of angiotensin IIreceptor blockade in type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 57:601–606, 2000K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, Classification, andStratification. Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative. Am J Kidney Disease 39 (Suppl. 2):SI–S246, 200273. Levey S, Bosch J, Lewis B, Greene T, Rogers N, Roth D: A more accurate method to estimate glomerularfiltration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation: Modification of Diet in Renal Disease StudyGroup. Ann Intern Med 130:461–470, 199974. Levinsky N: Specialist of evaluation in chronic kidney disease: too little, too late. Ann Intern Med137:542–43, 200275. American Diabetes Association: Diabetic nephropathy (Position Statement). Diabetes Care 26 (Suppl.1):S94 –S98, 200376. Aiello LP, Gardner TW, King GL, Blankenship G, Cavallerano JD, Ferris FL, Klein R: Diabetic retinopathy(Technical Review). Diabetes Care 21:143–156, 199877. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group: Effect of pregnancy on microvascularcomplications in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Care 23:1084–1091, 200078. Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group: Preliminary report on effects of photocoagulation therapy. mJOphthalmol 81:383–396, 197679. Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group: Four risk factors for severe visual loss in diabetic retinopathy:the third report of the Diabetic Retinopathy Study. Arch Opthalmol 97:654 –655, 197980. Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group: Design, methods, and baseline results: DRS report no. 6. nvestOphthalmol Vis Sci 21:149 –209, 198181. Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group: Photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabeticretinopathy: clinical application of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) findings: DRS report number 8.Opthalmology 88:583–600, 198182. Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group: Indications for photocoagulation treatment of diabeticretinopathy: DRS report no. 14. Int Opthalmol Clin 27: 239–253, 198783. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group: Photocoagulation for diabetic macularedema: ETDRS report no. 1. Arch Opthalmol 103:1796–1806, 198584. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group: Treatment techniques and clinical guidelinesfor photocoagulation of diabetic macular edema: ETDRS report number 2. Opthalmology 94:761–774, 198785. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group: Techniques for scatter and local photocoagulationtreatment of diabetic retinopathy: ETDRS report no. 3. Int Ophthalmol Clin 27:254–264, 198786. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group: Photocoagulation for diabetic macularedema: ETDRS report no. 4. Int Opthalmol Clin 27:265–272, 198787. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy: Study design and baseline patient characteristics: ETDRS reportnumber 7. Opthalmology 98:741–756, 199188. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group: Effects of aspirin treatment on diabeticretinopathy: ETDRS report number 8. Opthalmology 98 (Suppl.):757–765, 1991
- Page 1 and 2:
انجمن دیابت آمریکا
- Page 3 and 4:
تلفن: 8553429مرکز مدی
- Page 7 and 8:
افت قند خون و استخد
- Page 9:
در خاتمه، امیدوار
- Page 14 and 15:
يها14راهنماي جامع ت
- Page 16 and 17:
16راهنماي جامع تشخی
- Page 18 and 19:
رب18راهنماي جامع تش
- Page 20 and 21:
زن20راهنماي جامع تش
- Page 22 and 23:
يده رنيده رند.ون22را
- Page 24 and 25:
24راهنماي جامع تشخی
- Page 26 and 27:
26راهنماي جامع تشخی
- Page 28 and 29:
د.ان28راهنماي جامع ت
- Page 30 and 31:
30راهنماي جامع تشخی
- Page 32 and 33:
32راهنماي جامع تشخی
- Page 34 and 35:
34راهنماي جامع تشخی
- Page 36 and 37:
36راهنماي جامع تشخی
- Page 38 and 39:
يده38راهنماي جامع ت
- Page 40 and 41:
40راهنماي جامع تشخی
- Page 42 and 43:
42راهنماي جامع تشخی
- Page 44 and 45:
؛)44راهنماي جامع ت
- Page 46 and 47:
يها46راهنماي جامع ت
- Page 48 and 49:
48راهنماي جامع تشخی
- Page 50 and 51:
؛)50راهنماي جامع ت
- Page 52 and 53:
52راهنماي جامع تشخی
- Page 54 and 55:
54راهنماي جامع تشخی
- Page 56 and 57:
يها56راهنماي جامع ت
- Page 58 and 59:
58راهنماي جامع تشخی
- Page 60 and 61:
؛)60راهنماي جامع ت
- Page 62 and 63:
62راهنماي جامع تشخی
- Page 64 and 65:
64راهنماي جامع تشخی
- Page 66 and 67:
66راهنماي جامع تشخی
- Page 68 and 69:
68راهنماي جامع تشخی
- Page 70 and 71:
يها70راهنماي جامع ت
- Page 72 and 73:
72راهنماي جامع تشخی
- Page 74 and 75:
74راهنماي جامع تشخی
- Page 76 and 77:
76راهنماي جامع تشخی
- Page 78 and 79:
78راهنماي جامع تشخی
- Page 80 and 81:
و(80راهنماي جامع ت
- Page 82 and 83:
ؤث82راهنماي جامع ت
- Page 84 and 85:
84راهنماي جامع تشخی
- Page 86 and 87:
86راهنماي جامع تشخی
- Page 88:
88راهنماي جامع تشخی
- Page 91:
91ورزش و دیابتبراي پ
- Page 97 and 98:
97ورزش و دیابتپایش گ
- Page 99:
99آنچه از «کارآزما
- Page 103 and 104:
103آنچه از «کارآزم
- Page 105 and 106: آنچه از «کارآزمای
- Page 107 and 108: يها107آسپیرین و دیاب
- Page 109 and 110: 109آسپیرین و دیابتهر
- Page 111 and 112: آسپیرین و دیابت111
- Page 113 and 114: 113معیارهاي مراقبته
- Page 115 and 116: 115معیارهاي مراقبته
- Page 117 and 118: يوه117معیارهاي مراق
- Page 119 and 120: 119معیارهاي مراقبته
- Page 121 and 122: 121معیارهاي مراقبته
- Page 123 and 124: 123معیارهاي مراقبته
- Page 125 and 126: يره125معیارهاي مراق
- Page 127 and 128: 127معیارهاي مراقبته
- Page 129 and 130: يها129معیارهاي مراق
- Page 131 and 132: 131معیارهاي مراقبته
- Page 133 and 134: اب133معیارهاي مراقب
- Page 135 and 136: 135معیارهاي مراقبته
- Page 137: 137معیارهاي مراقبته
- Page 144 and 145: بیماران راراهنماي
- Page 147 and 148: يره147معیارهاي مراق
- Page 149 and 150: 149معیارهاي مراقبته
- Page 151 and 152: 151معیارهاي مراقبته
- Page 153 and 154: 153معیارهاي مراقبته
- Page 155: 155معیارهاي مراقبته
- Page 159 and 160: 159معیارهاي مراقبت پ
- Page 163 and 164: 163بحرانهاي هیپرگلی
- Page 165 and 166: 165بحرانهاي هیپرگلی
- Page 167 and 168: يده167بحرانهاي هیپر
- Page 169 and 170: يها169بحرانهاي هیپر
- Page 171 and 172: 171بحرانهاي هیپرگلی
- Page 173 and 174: مد173بحرانهاي هیپرگ
- Page 175 and 176: 175بحرانهاي هیپرگلی
- Page 177 and 178: 177بحرانهاي هیپرگلی
- Page 179 and 180: 179بحرانهاي هیپرگلی
- Page 181 and 182: 181بحرانهاي هیپرگلی
- Page 183 and 184: 183مراقبت از کودکان
- Page 185 and 186: 185مراقبت از کودکان
- Page 187 and 188: 187مراقبت از کودکان
- Page 189 and 190: 189مراقبت از کودکان
- Page 191 and 192: 191مراقبت از کودکان
- Page 193 and 194: و1193مراقبت از کو
- Page 195 and 196: مراقبت از کودکان مب
- Page 197 and 198: 197نفروپاتی دیابتیک
- Page 199 and 200: Test for microalbuminuria+ for albu
- Page 201 and 202: 201نفروپاتی دیابتیک
- Page 203 and 204: 203نفروپاتی دیابتیک
- Page 205 and 206: نفروپاتی دیابتیک205
- Page 207 and 208:
207اصول تغذیه مبتنی
- Page 209 and 210:
209اصول تغذیه مبتنی
- Page 211 and 212:
رب211اصول تغذیه مبتن
- Page 213 and 214:
213اصول تغذیه مبتنی
- Page 215 and 216:
زن215اصول تغذیه مبتن
- Page 217 and 218:
217اصول تغذیه مبتنی
- Page 219 and 220:
219اصول تغذیه مبتنی
- Page 221 and 222:
يدهيده221اصول تغذیه
- Page 223 and 224:
223اصول تغذیه مبتنی
- Page 225 and 226:
225اصول تغذیه مبتنی
- Page 227 and 228:
227اصول تغذیه مبتنی
- Page 229 and 230:
يوه229اصول تغذیه مبت
- Page 231 and 232:
231پیشگیري یا بهتأخ
- Page 233 and 234:
233پیشگیري یا بهتأخ
- Page 235 and 236:
235پیشگیري یا بهتأخ
- Page 237 and 238:
237پیشگیري یا بهتأخ
- Page 239 and 240:
ان239پیشگیري یا بهتا
- Page 241 and 242:
زنيوه241پیشگیري یا ب
- Page 243 and 244:
243پیشگیري یا بهتأخ
- Page 245 and 246:
245پیشگیري یا بهتأخ
- Page 247 and 248:
247پیشگیري یا بهتأخ
- Page 249 and 250:
249توصیههایی پیرامو
- Page 251 and 252:
251توصیههایی پیرامو
- Page 253 and 254:
253توصیههایی پیرامو
- Page 255 and 256:
255توصیههایی پیرامو
- Page 257 and 258:
توصیههایی پیرامون
- Page 259 and 260:
259مراقبتهاي قبل از
- Page 261 and 262:
261مراقبتهاي قبل از
- Page 263 and 264:
263مراقبتهاي قبل از
- Page 265 and 266:
265مراقبتهاي قبل از
- Page 267 and 268:
267مراقبتهاي قبل از
- Page 269 and 270:
269مراقبتهاي قبل از
- Page 271 and 272:
271مراقبتهاي قبل از
- Page 273 and 274:
273مراقبتهاي قبل از
- Page 275 and 276:
رب275ایمنسازي و پیشگ
- Page 277 and 278:
277ایمنسازي و پیشگیر
- Page 279 and 280:
279ایمنسازي و پیشگیر
- Page 281 and 282:
يده281ادارهي دیابت د
- Page 283 and 284:
283ادارهي دیابت در ا
- Page 285 and 286:
285ادارهي دیابت در ا
- Page 287 and 288:
287ادارهي دیابت در ا
- Page 289 and 290:
يده289ادارهي دیابت د
- Page 291 and 292:
ادارهي دیابت در ارد
- Page 293 and 294:
293بیمهي شخص ثالث بر
- Page 295 and 296:
295بیمهي شخص ثالث بر
- Page 297 and 298:
297استانداردهاي ملی
- Page 299 and 300:
یای؛)299استاندارده
- Page 301 and 302:
يوه301استانداردهاي
- Page 303 and 304:
يها303استانداردهاي
- Page 305 and 306:
م«يها305استاندارد
- Page 307 and 308:
رب307استانداردهاي م
- Page 309 and 310:
309استانداردهاي ملی
- Page 311 and 312:
311استانداردهاي ملی
- Page 313 and 314:
313استانداردهاي ملی
- Page 315 and 316:
315استانداردهاي ملی
- Page 317 and 318:
317استانداردهاي ملی
- Page 319 and 320:
پیشگیري از دیابت نو
- Page 321 and 322:
يها321مراقبت پیشگیر
- Page 323 and 324:
323مراقبت پیشگیرانه
- Page 325 and 326:
325سیگار و دیابتسیگا
- Page 327 and 328:
327سیگار و دیابتمطب
- Page 329 and 330:
زد329سیگار و دیابتپر
- Page 331 and 332:
سیگار و دیابت331
- Page 333 and 334:
333تجویز انسولینشرک
- Page 335 and 336:
335تجویز انسولینهیچ
- Page 337 and 338:
337تجویز انسولینمور
- Page 339 and 340:
339تجویز انسولینسود
- Page 341 and 342:
ظمن341تجویز انسولین
- Page 343 and 344:
343تجویز انسولینپیو
- Page 345 and 346:
تجویز انسولین345
- Page 347 and 348:
347تجویز انسولینPH خو
- Page 349 and 350:
349اداره و درمان دیا
- Page 351 and 352:
شرو351اداره و درمان
- Page 353 and 354:
353اداره و درمان دیا
- Page 355 and 356:
355اداره و درمان دیا
- Page 357 and 358:
ک(357اداره و درمان
- Page 359 and 360:
359اداره و درمان دیا
- Page 361 and 362:
361اداره و درمان دیا
- Page 363 and 364:
363اداره و درمان دیا
- Page 365 and 366:
365اداره و درمان دیا
- Page 367 and 368:
367اداره و درمان دیا
- Page 369 and 370:
يدهيوه369اداره و درم
- Page 371 and 372:
371اداره و درمان دیا
- Page 373 and 374:
373اداره و درمان دیا
- Page 375 and 376:
375تشخیص و طبقهبندي
- Page 377 and 378:
يوه377تشخیص و طبقهبن
- Page 379 and 380:
379تشخیص و طبقهبندي
- Page 381 and 382:
381تشخیص و طبقهبندي