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INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL 226 The Global Land Information Explosion GIS-ACSM-GLIS-GSDI-GITA-URISA-GE AND THE ATLANTIC INSTITUTE 4 GUNTHER GREULICH, BOSTON In Amerika haben der Begriff »Geographic Information Systems« und die entsprechende Abkürzung GIS schnell die etwas sperrige Bezeichnung des »Multipurpose Cadastre« (Multifunktionales Kataster) ersetzt; letztere bildete 1980 den Titel einer Studie des National Research Council (Nationaler Forschungsrat). Amerikanische und kanadische Landdatenspezialisten, z. B. Geodäten, Vermesser und Kartographen, entwickelten dieses neue Daten- management-Instrument und wurden dabei von Vertretern anderer Disziplinen unterstützt, die alle das enorme Potenzial von GIS erkannten. Eine Reihe nationaler und internationaler Organisationen, die sich GIS widmen, wurde in den letzten Jahren ins Leben gerufen. Sogar in Europa, das eine fast 300-jährige Tradition der Daten- erfassung und des Datenmanagements unter dem Begriff »Kataster« aufweist, wurde der Begriff GIS adaptiert und trug zu neuen, koordinierten Entwicklungen bei. Schon seit langem hat sich dabei insbesondere eine Organisation, The Atlantic Institute, dem Ziel gewidmet, zwischen den USA und Kanada auf der einen und Europa auf der anderen Seite eine professionelle GIS-Verbindung aufzubauen und zu pflegen. In den USA haben bundesstaatliche Regierungen damit begonnen, ihr eigenes, einzigartiges GIS zu entwickeln, und wurden dabei oft von lokalen, visionären Landvermessern inspiriert. GIS wächst weltweit und wird nicht aufzuhalten sein. Veröffentlicht in: Surveying and Land Information Science, Dec. 2004, by Greulich, Gunther. Copyright: American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, Dec. 2004. Provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. ABSTRACT In America, the label Geographic Information Systems, or GIS for short, has quickly replaced the somewhat awkward tide “Multipurpose Cadastre,” which had been assigned to a 1980 study by the National Research Council. American and Canadian land data specialists, such as geodesists, surveyors, and cartographers, developed the new land management tool and were joined by other related disciplines, which all recognized the enormous potential of GIS. Several national and international organizations, devoted to GIS, have sprung up in recent years. Even in Europe, which has nearly a 300-year tradition of land recording and management under the heading of “Cadastre,” the term has been embraced and inspired new coordinated developments. Early on, one particular organization, The Atlantic Institute, has focused on building and maintaining a professional GIS bridge between USA / Canada and Europe. In the USA, state governments have begun to create their own unique GIS, often inspired and prompted by local visionary land surveyors. GIS is growing worldwide and will be unstoppable. INTRODUCTION When in 1980 the National Research Council of the National Academy of Science published its landmark study “Need for a Multipurpose Cadastre,” it inspired new concepts for an old problem and triggered a slew of new acronyms. Cadaster is an old parcel-based European system of land registration, presumably introduced by Napoleon. Although not totally unknown in the United States – the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has used the term – it did not fly in America. Even its broadening to “Multipurpose Cadastre” did not have the desired appeal. And so, Geographic Information Systems or GIS came into being and made the idea popular – very popular! American and Canadian geodesists, cartographers, photogrammetrists, surveyors, geographers, and land tenure administrators quickly recognized the value of the emerging new instrument of land management. The traditional land information professionals of surveying and mapping were soon joined and even overtaken by related disciplines, such as computer experts and geographic information specialists. These, in turn, branched out into use-oriented entities, where GIS was enthusiastically developed into an unlimited range of applications. There is still no end in sight to the GIS expansion. While some traditional surveying and mapping professionals have seen the trend as an encroachment on their discipline, others now see it as a challenge and opportunity. NATIONAL GIS ORGANIZATIONS Reliable Geographic Information Systems require a broad educational effort in order to function efficiently and to be economically viable. Besides the National Geodetic Survey (NGS), one of the first new organizations to pay attention to GIS was the Urban and Regional Information System Association. URISA is an association of government information technology professionals interested in applying and facilitating spatial information technology in public agencies. Details can be found on the Internet at www.neurissa.org. The American Congress on Surveying and Mapping (ACSM) has represented spatial data professionals since 1941. In response to the emerging technology, members formed a new division in 1993, now called Geographic and Land Information Society, Inc. (GLIS). One of its missions is to bring cooperation among the various mapping disciplines (Zimmer 2003). Its new website is www.glismo.org. The Geospatial Information & Technology Association (GITA) is another GIS organization promoting education and information exchange by focusing on the infrastructure of the life lines of our society and on utility applications worldwide. Its website is www.gita.org. GLOBAL SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE In order to promote international GIS cooperation and collaboration, a brand new international organization was founded in 2003. The Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Association (GSDI) has among its founding members some leading American organizations, such as the US Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) with strong support from USGS, ESRI, and Intergraph. Its main goal is to “foster spatial data infrastructure that supports sustainable social, economic, and environmental systems integrated from local to global scales.” Its international membership is open to individuals and organizations, both public and private, whose programs and purpose are consistent with the mission of GSDI. A very important part of that mission is the promotion of informed and responsible use of geographic information for the benefit of society. It is claimed that the overall concept stems from “an originally European initiative” (Aktuell 2004). In fact, we understand that GSDI is very strong and strongly supported in Europe. Its current American headquarters are at 43351 Spinks Ferry Road, Leesburg, VA 20016. For more information try jampoler@gsdiassociation.org. 4 227
INTERNATIONAL 228 GEOMETER EUROPAS European surveyors have indeed been active and energetic in GIS matters since the 1980s. Leading among them has been the regional German government institution of the North- Rhein Westphalia Mapping Agency under the direction of Mr. Klaus Barwinski. An umbrella organization has been created in Bregenz, Austria, in 1996, by European surveyors under the name “Geometer Europas” (GE). Its leading founders are Rudolf Gutmann of Austria and Mathias Hoffmann of Switzerland. Its by-laws are based on Belgian law. Brussels, Belgium, is the seat of this European Union which includes Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Luxemburg, and Switzerland. The UK is not yet part of GE, but its lingua franca is English (Schuster 2004a). The seven GE countries represent about 4500 private surveyors' offices with roughly two to seventy employees each. Geometer Europas' current president is Dr. Ing. Otmar Schuster, a private surveyor in Germany. There is a general concern that the traditionally entrenched bureaucracy in European countries may overly restrict free market forces by limiting free flow of geo-information and by over-regulating private practice. Although small in statistical numbers, historically, geodesy, i.e., land surveying and geomatics, has always been linked to economic development. New technology and global market economy have accelerated that trend. Nevertheless, the economic significance of geodesy has been mostly underestimated (Schuster 2004b). In Europe, professional isolation, fear of competition, and an increase in bureaucratic regulations hamper the free market opportunities of the private practitioner. To overcome these obstacles may still be “light years away,” warned Schuster (id.). Geometer Europas has drafted a Multilateral Agreement on mutual recognition of professional qualifications of Public Appointed Geometers. It is designed to provide “confidence in the security of the legal system relating to land and property” (Multilateral Agreement 2004). That agreement was reviewed and approved by an EU Commission on November, 24, 2004, at the ACCORD 3 Conference in Brussels; the seven GE member countries jointly agreed and signed the Multilateral Agreement, as written. High educational standards in the study of administrative law, land law, and building and planning law are considered essential for private surveying practice across Europe. In addition to a baccalaureate degree in surveying technology, five years of university study are required. The goal is to achieve a "harmonization" of land recording laws, of surveying systems, and of geodetic education for the benefit of a united Europe. For more information try http://www.geometer-europas.org. Similar to the 50 states of the USA, each European nation / country has its own laws for registration or licensing of pro- 4 fessional land surveyors. Each country has “geometers” (private surveyors) who are authorized to perform public functions. Their official titles may be of interest, as follows: Austria Ingenieurkonsulent für Vermessungswesen Belgium Géomètre-Expert / Landmeter-Expert Denmark Praktiseerende Landinspektoerer France Géomètre-Expert Germany Öffentlich bestellter Vermessungsingenieur Luxembourg Géomètre-Officiel Switzerland Patentierter Ingenieurgeometer / Ingénieur géomètre breveté While Europe is celebrating its new size and has big plans for 2010, it is already plagued by “greed …, party economy and nepotism” (Schuster 2004a). This notwithstanding, it is hoped that high qualification requirements for surveyors and transparency of regulations across Europe will be consistent with the great public responsibility, trust, and performance expected of private practitioners. Geometer Europas intends to make itself heard on this matter, loud and clear. Geometer Europas and GSDI have succeeded in causing the European Parliament to create a EU-Commission to establish an “Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the Community” – INSPIRE for short (Aktuell 2004). The Commission has proposed a directive that creates a legal framework for an infrastructure for spatial information in Europe. The key objective of INSPIRE at this time is to make spatial data available to local communities for the implementation of environmental policies. At a later date INSPIRE may be extended to agriculture, transport, and energy. The awareness of the need for “quality geo-referenced” information and “harmonized” (or standardized) spatial data is growing in Europe (INSPIRE 2004). With an expected investment of Euro 3.6 to 5.4 million per year per EU member country, a cost-benefit ratio of 7.5 is estimated. The GALILEO navigation system and access to GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) by 2008 are considered essential new tools in support of value-added joint initiatives. Details are outlined in 34 articles to be adopted by the European Parliament. This should be good news, not only for European surveyors, but also for the American bridge builders, who have diligently established and maintained professional contacts across the Atlantic Ocean since the 1980s. THE ATLANTIC INSTITUTE Spearheading the Atlantic Institute on the American side were ACSM members Fritz Petersohn, PLS, of Massachusetts and Dr. John McLaughlin of the University of New Brunswick, Canada. On the European side were Klaus Barwinski of Germany and Michael Brand of Northern Ireland. Current major partners include two professors each at the University of New Brunswick (UNB), Université Laval of Québec, and the University of Maine at Orono (UMO). Over the years, the Atlantic Institute has organized several GIS Think Tank sessions across the world. The next session has been planned for August 2005, to be held in Boston, Massachusetts (most likely at MIT). For further information check with its current chairman, Dr. David Coleman at UNB, dcolman@unb.ca. The mission of the Atlantic Institute is to encourage easy and intelligent use of geospatial information and technologies that help foster equitable, sustainable economic growth and improve peace and security throughout the world. Recognizing that at least 50 nations now have serious spatial data infrastructure efforts underway, the Institute has captured the attention of the United Nations and the World Bank (Coleman 2004). Among its several goals are to promote awareness, to stimulate the business community, to share and transfer knowledge, to facilitate merging of multipurpose land and geospatial information, and to work with other institutions. Acutely aware of the need for a coordinated approach to geospatial frameworks, the former director of US FGDC, John Moeller, has been advocating for a common set of data layers, such as transportation, hydrography, soils, and land use. Adhering to global standards, the Atlantic Institute is eager to work with other, like-minded organizations such as GSDI, ACSM / GLIS, FIG, GITA, and GE to facilitate the move from local to global standards. THE GIS DICHOTOMY The enormous proliferation of GPS devices and the explosion of computer use worldwide have brought both progress and problems. Governments are facing the GIS dichotomy of openness and access vs. privacy and security. Geodetic science provides coordination arid the basis for location. Parcel-based land records provide specific private information that may or may not be wise to share with everybody. As an example, at the annual New England's Geospatial Information Summit – NEGIS 2004 – a GIS manager of a small town in Massachusetts reported that she had received a request from the local chief of police for a map, identifying all street addresses of dog owners. It seemed that the police were regularly hampered in the execution of their duty when responding to an emergency 911 call to a house where a dog stood guard. They were finally fed up with being bitten and discovered the marvel of local GIS. The GIS manager was able to provide the information based on local dog tax records. Needless to say, the particular GIS data map sheets are not available to the general public – to the great disappointment of potential burglars. The program of the NEGIS 2004 conference was a good indicator of the multipurpose and multifaceted components and issues related to geodata. David Doyle of NGS explained the concepts of the National Spatial Reference System, three USGS representatives outlined the development of the National Map of New England, Harlan Onsrud of UMO discussed GIS legal issues, local private surveyors reported on their GIS surveying activities. Other topics included master address files of urban communities, GIS in banking, emergency management, remote sensing, utility applications, base map scale issues, database update strategies, coastal environment, homeland security, web-based public access to GIS, data quality, and the new GIS certification program. GIS CERTIFICATION The Geographic and Land Information Society (GLIS) has recently joined URISA which has initiated GIS certification for professional individuals (GLIS 2003). They have engaged the GIS Certification Institute (GISCI) of lllinois to accept, process, review, and certify individual applicants. Several pages of their application form inquire about education, experience and achievements. Since this is a new voluntary certification of a new science, GISCI has provided a grandfathering clause during a “Transition Period." It entitles certain experienced applicants, such as surveyors and cartographers, to obtain a GIS certification without all the modern educational requirements. A code of ethics will have to be signed. The grandfathering provision expires on December 11, 2008. All interested are encouraged to apply at the GIS Certification Institute at http://gisci.org. EAST AND WEST COAST GIS In 1996, county surveyors of the State of Washington began to develop the Nation's first web-based warehouse for survey control data (DLT Solutions, ACSM Bulletin 2004). Inspired by a Japanese colleague at the Geophysical Institute of Sapporo, the Washington Council of County Surveyors (WCCS) gradu- INTERNATIONAL 4 229
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