PRODUCTION Of NUTRIENT SOURCES FOR RHIZOBIUM

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Table 1. (Continued). Rhizobium pecies Representative strains Rhizobium etli CFN 42, CE-3 Rhizobium hainanense CCBAU 57015 Sinorhizobium Sinorhizobium meliloti ATCC 9930 Sinorhizobium fredii USDA 205 Sinorhizobium terange ORS 1009 Sinorhizobium saheli ORS 609 Sinorhizobium medicae A 321, CC 169 Mesorhizobium Mesorhizobium loti NZP 2213 Mesorhizobium huakuii CCBAU 2609 Mesorhizobium ciceri UPM-Ca7 Mosorhizobium mediterraneueum UPM-Ca36 Mosorhizobium tianshanense CCBAU 3306 [Rhizobium] [Rhizobium] galegae HAMBI 540 Bradyrhizobium Bradyrhizobium japonicum ATCC 10324 Bradyrhizobium elkanii USDA 76 Bradyrhizobium liaoningense 2281 Azorhizobium Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS 571 Source: Young and Haukka (1996). �
1.1.1� Carbon metabolism in Rhizobium species A) Carbon nutrition in free living rhizobia Many investigations have examined the nutritional diversity of carbon utilization by rhizobia. Mannitol, glucose, sucrose and maltose were established early as useful carbon sources for rhizobia (Fred, 1912; Ziefel, 1911, quoted in Stowers, 1985). One of the earliest delineations of fast- and slow-growing rhizobia was based on carbon nutrition. Some evidences summarized in Table 2, suggests that fast-growing rhizobia are capable of growing on a variety of carbon substrates, whereas slow-growing rhizobia are more limited in their ability to use diverse carbon sources. Fast-growing rhizobia are able to use a broad range of hexoses, pentoses, disaccharides, trisaccharides, and organic acids (Table 2). On the other hand, slow-growing rhizobia are unable to use disaccharides, trisaccharides, and organic acids for growth (Table 2). Mannitol, the traditional carbon source for rhizobia, gave highly variable growth responses with all rhizobia, but in particular the slow growers (Elkan et al., 1968). Gluconate has been recommended for slow-growing rhizobia, but has given poor growth responses with cowpea rhizobia. Glycerol is the most universally used carbon sources among rhizobia (Arias et al., 1976, quoted in Stowers, 1985). As stated in the previous section, rhizobia are able to use a broad range of sugars, sugar alcohols, and organic acids (Table 2) as well as aromatic compounds for growth. A broad distinction has been made between fast-and slow-growing rhizobia in their ability to use disaccharides. Fast-growing rhizobia were able to use sucrose and other disaccharides, whereas slow growers were unable to metabolize sucrose. Sucrose uptake by R. leguminosarum and R. trifolii has been determined to be constitutive. Uptakes of sucrose by R. meliloti and a fast-growing cowpea rhizobia isolate were determined to be inducible. Identical observations were reported for maltose uptake. Lactose uptake was inducible with all fast-growing species. Evidence suggest that fastgrowing rhizobia possess at least two transport mechanisms for disaccharides-one for sucrose, maltose, and trehalose and another for lactose (Stower, 1985). �
Page 1 and 2: PRODUCTION OF NUTRIENT SOURCES FOR
Page 3 and 4: PRODUCTION OF NUTRIENT SOURCES FOR
Page 5 and 6: CHARDCHAI BUROM : PRODUCTION OF NUT
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT (THAI)……
Page 9 and 10: 3.6.1� Determination of the suita
Page 11 and 12: �� 17� Glycerol concent
Page 13 and 14: 40� Time courses of mannitol prod
Page 15 and 16: 59� Effects of various heat shock
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES Table Page ��
Page 19 and 20: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Aw water avai
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION For mass cul
Page 23: available (Burton, 1965). The molec
Page 27 and 28: strains unable to use the carbon so
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2. The fructose bisphosphate
Page 31 and 32: 1.2�Classification of yeasts Mank
Page 33 and 34: Table 3. (continued). Class Order F
Page 35 and 36: Ustilaginales (Oberwinkler, 1987).
Page 37 and 38: f Cystofilobasidium has thick-walle
Page 39 and 40: Table 5. (continued). Sugar alcohol
Page 41 and 42: specific cases, but Brown (1978) pr
Page 43 and 44: KY 6166 was also studied using larg
Page 45 and 46: Figure 5. Important pathways of gly
Page 47 and 48: may be present in different ratios.
Page 49 and 50: amylase systems of the yeast specie
Page 51 and 52: Table 7. (continued). EC Recommende
Page 53 and 54: Table 8. (continued). Species a D.p
Page 55 and 56: Table 9. (continued). Cell product
Page 57 and 58: 2.1.3 Equipment and other materials
Page 59 and 60: Spotted either the supernatant of c
Page 61 and 62: amylase action, the actual reaction
Page 63 and 64: A) Determination of the suitable an
Page 65 and 66: B) Salt-stress conditions Fifty mil
Page 67 and 68: 2.2.8 Cultivation of Bradyrhizobium
Page 69 and 70: The cultured medium of yeast. Quant
Page 71 and 72: intervals for accumulation of gas i
Page 73 and 74: CHAPTER III RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Page 75 and 76:
Glycerol Xylitol Glucose Mannitol S
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Glycerol Xylitol Glucose Mannitol S
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Table 10. Primary screening of glyc
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Table 10. (continued). No. Isolate
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Glycerol in cell lysate (g/l) A Gly
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average were 4-10 g of glycerol per
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were isolated from fresh fruits, Ma
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�third day of incubation (Figure
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Reducing sugars (g/l) Reducing suga
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These results indicated that the co
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3.6.1 Determination of the suitable
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g/l 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4
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Reducing sugars (g/l) 8 6 4 2 0 0 1
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Reducing sugars (g/l) 4.0 3.5 3.0 2
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g/l 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
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g/l g/l g/l 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 1.2 1.0
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Starch fermentation was conducted i
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g/l g/l 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 8 6 4 2 0 0
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g/l g/l 8 6 4 2 0 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4
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g/l g/l 8 6 4 2 0 8 6 4 2 0 0 1 1 2
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g/l g/l 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4
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g/l g/l 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4
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The results showed that amounts var
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g/l g/l 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0
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�� fermentation, but the inc
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g/l g/l 2.0 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.0 3.2
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g/l g/l 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
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�� intracellularly a decreas
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g/l g/l 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 2.5
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g/l g/l 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6
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g/L 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
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g/l 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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�� effected by heat shock po
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Table 15. The comparison of media f
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Table 17. Growth of Bradyrhizobium
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�� Rhizobium (Stowers, 1985;
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�� 3.9 Identification of yea
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KAY1 PIY2 PUY4 Y69 LIY2 COY1 FAY2 C
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�� assimilations were observ
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Table 20. (continued). Yeast strain
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Table 20. (continued). 15. Pichia k
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�� 3.9.5 Ascospore formation
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(a) (b) (c ) (d) (e) �� Figu
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) �� F
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(c) (a) �� Figure 72. Cell m
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�� Metshnikowia (Pitt and Mi
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CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION This study ex
Page 169 and 170:
only a low capital investment. Ther
Page 171 and 172:
�� Barnett, J. A., Payne, R.
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�� De Mot, R., and Verachter
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�� Jennings, D. H. (1995). T
Page 177 and 178:
�� Lie, T. A., Muilenbury M.
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�� Onishi, H., and Suzuki, T
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�� Sinclair, N. A., and Stok
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�� Van Rossum, D., Schuurman
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�� Young, J. P. W., and Hauk
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Acetone Methanol Solvent for mobile
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� 300 µg/ml, 200 µg/ml, and 100
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Soluble Starch 20.0 g Distilled wat
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13.�Nitrate broth KNO 3 1.0 g Glu
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If the sample had been diluted befo
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Table 1D. (continued). Source of ye
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 212 and 213:
E. Additional figures Abs 540 nm (a
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Abs 580 nm 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.
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Figure 7E. Calibration curves for H
Page 218 and 219:
Figure 9E. Example of HPLC chromato
Page 220:
Cell/mL 1.0E+09 8.0E+08 6.0E+08 4.0
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PRODUCTION Of NUTRIENT SOURCES FOR RHIZOBIUM

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