PRODUCTION Of NUTRIENT SOURCES FOR RHIZOBIUM

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Figure 3. Metabolic pathways for carbon catabolism in fast-growing rhizobia. Source: Stowers (1985). Figure 4. Metabolic pathways for carbon catabolism in slow-growing rhizobia. Source: Stowers (1985). ��
1.2�Classification of yeasts Mankind has been concerned with fermentations for at least 8,000 years. The ancient people of Sumaria, Babylon, and Ur documented beer making in their artwork, and somewhat later (~ 4,000 B. C.), the Egyptians depicted the baking of leavened bread. Although these processes were eventually used world wide, it was not until 1837 that independent studies by Cagniard de la Tour, Schwann, and Kutzing show yeasts to be responsible for fermentation. S. cerevisiae was the species generally used in baking and brewing, but there were about 600 known yeast species and certain others are also important commercially. The yeasts are a phylogenetically diverse group of fungi whose teleomorphs or sexual states are found among two major taxonomic classes, the Ascomycotina and the Basidiomycotina. Consequently, the term “yeast” is one of convenience that describes predominantly unicellular organisms that undergo vegetative cell division either by budding or by fission. Furthermore, in contrast to higher fungi, the sexual state of a yeast is not enclosed in a fruiting body (Verachtert et al., 1990). 1.2.1 Ascomycetous yeasts Historically, ascomycetes have been placed in two taxonomic classes, or as subclasses in some treatments, the Hemiascomycetes and the Euascomycetes. Hemiascomycetes are characterized by asci that are not enclosed within a fruiting body (ascocarp), whereas Euascomycetes usually form asci within or upon fruiting bodies. Budding yeasts, fission yeasts and yeastlike genera such as Ascoidea, Cephaloascus, and Taphrina are assigned to the Hemiascomycetes, but taxonomic treatment of yeasts typically exclude the yeastlike taxa. Earlier proposals for the ascomycetous yeast have been summarized by Lodder (1970) and Kreger-van Rij (1984). Those systems were mostly based on type of vegetative cell division, ploidy and morphology of ascospores. Another aspect of classification is whether the ascomycetous yeasts represent primitive organisms, as is suggested by their appearance, or whether they are reduced forms derived from various more advanced fungal lineages. Cain (1972) proposed that yeasts represent reduced forms, citing the hat–shaped (galeate) ascospores common to Pichia (Hansenula), Cephaloascus, and Ceratocystis as evidence of an adaptation that would have occurred just once in ��
Page 1 and 2: PRODUCTION OF NUTRIENT SOURCES FOR
Page 3 and 4: PRODUCTION OF NUTRIENT SOURCES FOR
Page 5 and 6: CHARDCHAI BUROM : PRODUCTION OF NUT
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT (THAI)……
Page 9 and 10: 3.6.1� Determination of the suita
Page 11 and 12: �� 17� Glycerol concent
Page 13 and 14: 40� Time courses of mannitol prod
Page 15 and 16: 59� Effects of various heat shock
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES Table Page ��
Page 19 and 20: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Aw water avai
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION For mass cul
Page 23 and 24: available (Burton, 1965). The molec
Page 25 and 26: 1.1.1� Carbon metabolism in Rhizo
Page 27 and 28: strains unable to use the carbon so
Page 29: Figure 2. The fructose bisphosphate
Page 33 and 34: Table 3. (continued). Class Order F
Page 35 and 36: Ustilaginales (Oberwinkler, 1987).
Page 37 and 38: f Cystofilobasidium has thick-walle
Page 39 and 40: Table 5. (continued). Sugar alcohol
Page 41 and 42: specific cases, but Brown (1978) pr
Page 43 and 44: KY 6166 was also studied using larg
Page 45 and 46: Figure 5. Important pathways of gly
Page 47 and 48: may be present in different ratios.
Page 49 and 50: amylase systems of the yeast specie
Page 51 and 52: Table 7. (continued). EC Recommende
Page 53 and 54: Table 8. (continued). Species a D.p
Page 55 and 56: Table 9. (continued). Cell product
Page 57 and 58: 2.1.3 Equipment and other materials
Page 59 and 60: Spotted either the supernatant of c
Page 61 and 62: amylase action, the actual reaction
Page 63 and 64: A) Determination of the suitable an
Page 65 and 66: B) Salt-stress conditions Fifty mil
Page 67 and 68: 2.2.8 Cultivation of Bradyrhizobium
Page 69 and 70: The cultured medium of yeast. Quant
Page 71 and 72: intervals for accumulation of gas i
Page 73 and 74: CHAPTER III RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Page 75 and 76: Glycerol Xylitol Glucose Mannitol S
Page 77 and 78: Glycerol Xylitol Glucose Mannitol S
Page 79 and 80: Table 10. Primary screening of glyc
Page 81 and 82:
Table 10. (continued). No. Isolate
Page 83 and 84:
Glycerol in cell lysate (g/l) A Gly
Page 85 and 86:
average were 4-10 g of glycerol per
Page 87 and 88:
were isolated from fresh fruits, Ma
Page 89 and 90:
�third day of incubation (Figure
Page 91 and 92:
Reducing sugars (g/l) Reducing suga
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These results indicated that the co
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3.6.1 Determination of the suitable
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g/l 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4
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Reducing sugars (g/l) 8 6 4 2 0 0 1
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Reducing sugars (g/l) 4.0 3.5 3.0 2
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g/l 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
Page 105 and 106:
g/l g/l g/l 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 1.2 1.0
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Starch fermentation was conducted i
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g/l g/l 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 8 6 4 2 0 0
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g/l g/l 8 6 4 2 0 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4
Page 113 and 114:
g/l g/l 8 6 4 2 0 8 6 4 2 0 0 1 1 2
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g/l g/l 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4
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g/l g/l 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4
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The results showed that amounts var
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g/l g/l 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0
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�� fermentation, but the inc
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g/l g/l 2.0 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.0 3.2
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g/l g/l 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
Page 129 and 130:
�� intracellularly a decreas
Page 131 and 132:
g/l g/l 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 2.5
Page 133 and 134:
g/l g/l 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6
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g/L 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
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g/l 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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�� effected by heat shock po
Page 141 and 142:
Table 15. The comparison of media f
Page 143 and 144:
Table 17. Growth of Bradyrhizobium
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�� Rhizobium (Stowers, 1985;
Page 147 and 148:
�� 3.9 Identification of yea
Page 149 and 150:
KAY1 PIY2 PUY4 Y69 LIY2 COY1 FAY2 C
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�� assimilations were observ
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Table 20. (continued). Yeast strain
Page 155 and 156:
Table 20. (continued). 15. Pichia k
Page 157 and 158:
�� 3.9.5 Ascospore formation
Page 159 and 160:
(a) (b) (c ) (d) (e) �� Figu
Page 161 and 162:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) �� F
Page 163 and 164:
(c) (a) �� Figure 72. Cell m
Page 165 and 166:
�� Metshnikowia (Pitt and Mi
Page 167 and 168:
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION This study ex
Page 169 and 170:
only a low capital investment. Ther
Page 171 and 172:
�� Barnett, J. A., Payne, R.
Page 173 and 174:
�� De Mot, R., and Verachter
Page 175 and 176:
�� Jennings, D. H. (1995). T
Page 177 and 178:
�� Lie, T. A., Muilenbury M.
Page 179 and 180:
�� Onishi, H., and Suzuki, T
Page 181 and 182:
�� Sinclair, N. A., and Stok
Page 183 and 184:
�� Van Rossum, D., Schuurman
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�� Young, J. P. W., and Hauk
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Acetone Methanol Solvent for mobile
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� 300 µg/ml, 200 µg/ml, and 100
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Soluble Starch 20.0 g Distilled wat
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13.�Nitrate broth KNO 3 1.0 g Glu
Page 195 and 196:
If the sample had been diluted befo
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Table 1D. (continued). Source of ye
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
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E. Additional figures Abs 540 nm (a
Page 214 and 215:
Abs 580 nm 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.
Page 216 and 217:
Figure 7E. Calibration curves for H
Page 218 and 219:
Figure 9E. Example of HPLC chromato
Page 220:
Cell/mL 1.0E+09 8.0E+08 6.0E+08 4.0
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PRODUCTION Of NUTRIENT SOURCES FOR RHIZOBIUM

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