PRODUCTION Of NUTRIENT SOURCES FOR RHIZOBIUM

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a Authority names for genera are given in the individual chapters. b A question mark preceding the genus name indicates that family assignment is uncertain. c Placement in the class Hemiascomycetes is uncertain. d The genus Endomyces and the family Endomycetaceae are uncertain. Source: Kurtzman and Fell (1998). 1.2.2 Heterobasidiomycetous yeasts Many heterobasidiomycetes have a unicellular budding haploid state alternating with a dikaryotic hyphal state, i.e., they are dimorphic and possess a yeast state. In some species, diploid, aneuploid or dikaryotic yeast states occur, and many anamorphic taxa are known only as yeasts. For teleomorphic yeasts, the hyphal state may be limited in culture, e.g. in some species of Cystofilobasidium Oberwinkler & Bandoni, but it can be indefinite and perhaps unlimited in many others, e.g. most species of Rhodosporidium Banno, Tremella Persoon and Sirobasidium de Lagerheim & Patouillard. With few exceptions, our knowledge of development in nature, ecology, and general biology of these fungi is fragmentary or nonexistent. Species parasitizing economically important annual plants (e.g., Ustilaginales) have hyphal phases of known duration and extent, but even in these species, little is known of the frequency of occurrence or distribution of the free-living yeast states. For some taxa, e.g. the sporobolomycetaceous taxa, the abundant and widespread occurrence of the yeast states is known, but occurrence of dikaryotic mycelia in nature is essentially unknown. The terms “yeast” or “yeast state” are applied to the budding unicellular phase or phase in heterobasidiomycetous life histories. These yeast states are readily obtained from basidiospores in species with macroscopically visible basidiomata, e.g., many species of Tremalla, Sirobasidium, Holtermannia Saccardo & Traverso, Cystobasidium (de Lagerein) Neuhoff, Mycogloea Olive, and from those causing visible disease symptoms in plants, e.g., species of Ustilago (Persoon) Roussel, Itersonilia Derx, and others. The yeast states provide one approach to studies of relationships of budding fungi, including determining relationships of anamorphic yeasts of uncertain affinity. Yeasts or yeast states are presently known from Agaricostibales, Atractiellales, Cryptobasidiales. Exobasidiales, Filobasidiales, Graphiolales, Platygloeales, Septobasidiales, Tremellales, and ��
Ustilaginales (Oberwinkler, 1987). However, yeast states of many of these groups of organisms rarely isolated in nature, i.e., other than from the basidiocarps. Fungi that form short hyphal fragments or cellular aggregates are frequently referred to as yeastlike, e.g., species of Trichosporon Behrend. It should be stressed, however, that the distinctions among the various morphs (unicellular, yeastlike and pseudohyphal) are no always clear. Yeast/hyphal dimorphism which occurs in many groups of Heterobasidiomycetes, seems to be an important texonomic feature. This monograph includes only a small number of those taxa in which obligatory and stable yeast states occur in the normal course of the life history. The classification system used for basidiomycetous taxa is given in Table 4. Table 4. Summary of basidiomycetous yeast groups. Characteristic Characteristic Order Order Family Family Genus Genus Telemorphic taxa Microstromaceae I. With “simple” septal pores Microstroma A. Basidia cylindric, transversely septate Exobasidiales Ustilaginales Exobasidiaceae Ustilaginaceae Brachybasidium Microbotryum Dicellomyces Schizonella Exobasidiellum Sorosporium Exobasidium Sphacelotheca Laurobasidium Sporisorium II. With dolipore septa, parenthesomes cupulate Ustilago A. Basidia “cruciate-septate Ustilentyloma and probably with Ustilago-type basidiaa Tremellales Sporidiales Sirobasidiaceae Sporidiobolaceae Fibulibasidium Leacosporidium Sirobasidium Rhodosporidium Tremellaceae Sporidiobolus Bulleromyces ?Erythrobasidium Itersoniliae ?Kondoa Holtermannia ?Sakaguchia Phyllogloea ��
Page 1 and 2: PRODUCTION OF NUTRIENT SOURCES FOR
Page 3 and 4: PRODUCTION OF NUTRIENT SOURCES FOR
Page 5 and 6: CHARDCHAI BUROM : PRODUCTION OF NUT
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT (THAI)……
Page 9 and 10: 3.6.1� Determination of the suita
Page 11 and 12: �� 17� Glycerol concent
Page 13 and 14: 40� Time courses of mannitol prod
Page 15 and 16: 59� Effects of various heat shock
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES Table Page ��
Page 19 and 20: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Aw water avai
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION For mass cul
Page 23 and 24: available (Burton, 1965). The molec
Page 25 and 26: 1.1.1� Carbon metabolism in Rhizo
Page 27 and 28: strains unable to use the carbon so
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2. The fructose bisphosphate
Page 31 and 32: 1.2�Classification of yeasts Mank
Page 33: Table 3. (continued). Class Order F
Page 37 and 38: f Cystofilobasidium has thick-walle
Page 39 and 40: Table 5. (continued). Sugar alcohol
Page 41 and 42: specific cases, but Brown (1978) pr
Page 43 and 44: KY 6166 was also studied using larg
Page 45 and 46: Figure 5. Important pathways of gly
Page 47 and 48: may be present in different ratios.
Page 49 and 50: amylase systems of the yeast specie
Page 51 and 52: Table 7. (continued). EC Recommende
Page 53 and 54: Table 8. (continued). Species a D.p
Page 55 and 56: Table 9. (continued). Cell product
Page 57 and 58: 2.1.3 Equipment and other materials
Page 59 and 60: Spotted either the supernatant of c
Page 61 and 62: amylase action, the actual reaction
Page 63 and 64: A) Determination of the suitable an
Page 65 and 66: B) Salt-stress conditions Fifty mil
Page 67 and 68: 2.2.8 Cultivation of Bradyrhizobium
Page 69 and 70: The cultured medium of yeast. Quant
Page 71 and 72: intervals for accumulation of gas i
Page 73 and 74: CHAPTER III RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Page 75 and 76: Glycerol Xylitol Glucose Mannitol S
Page 77 and 78: Glycerol Xylitol Glucose Mannitol S
Page 79 and 80: Table 10. Primary screening of glyc
Page 81 and 82: Table 10. (continued). No. Isolate
Page 83 and 84: Glycerol in cell lysate (g/l) A Gly
Page 85 and 86:
average were 4-10 g of glycerol per
Page 87 and 88:
were isolated from fresh fruits, Ma
Page 89 and 90:
�third day of incubation (Figure
Page 91 and 92:
Reducing sugars (g/l) Reducing suga
Page 93 and 94:
These results indicated that the co
Page 95 and 96:
3.6.1 Determination of the suitable
Page 97 and 98:
g/l 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4
Page 99 and 100:
Reducing sugars (g/l) 8 6 4 2 0 0 1
Page 101 and 102:
Reducing sugars (g/l) 4.0 3.5 3.0 2
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g/l 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
Page 105 and 106:
g/l g/l g/l 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 1.2 1.0
Page 107 and 108:
Starch fermentation was conducted i
Page 109 and 110:
g/l g/l 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 8 6 4 2 0 0
Page 111 and 112:
g/l g/l 8 6 4 2 0 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4
Page 113 and 114:
g/l g/l 8 6 4 2 0 8 6 4 2 0 0 1 1 2
Page 115 and 116:
g/l g/l 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4
Page 117 and 118:
g/l g/l 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4
Page 119 and 120:
The results showed that amounts var
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g/l g/l 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0
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�� fermentation, but the inc
Page 125 and 126:
g/l g/l 2.0 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.0 3.2
Page 127 and 128:
g/l g/l 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
Page 129 and 130:
�� intracellularly a decreas
Page 131 and 132:
g/l g/l 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 2.5
Page 133 and 134:
g/l g/l 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6
Page 135 and 136:
g/L 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
Page 137 and 138:
g/l 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Page 139 and 140:
�� effected by heat shock po
Page 141 and 142:
Table 15. The comparison of media f
Page 143 and 144:
Table 17. Growth of Bradyrhizobium
Page 145 and 146:
�� Rhizobium (Stowers, 1985;
Page 147 and 148:
�� 3.9 Identification of yea
Page 149 and 150:
KAY1 PIY2 PUY4 Y69 LIY2 COY1 FAY2 C
Page 151 and 152:
�� assimilations were observ
Page 153 and 154:
Table 20. (continued). Yeast strain
Page 155 and 156:
Table 20. (continued). 15. Pichia k
Page 157 and 158:
�� 3.9.5 Ascospore formation
Page 159 and 160:
(a) (b) (c ) (d) (e) �� Figu
Page 161 and 162:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) �� F
Page 163 and 164:
(c) (a) �� Figure 72. Cell m
Page 165 and 166:
�� Metshnikowia (Pitt and Mi
Page 167 and 168:
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION This study ex
Page 169 and 170:
only a low capital investment. Ther
Page 171 and 172:
�� Barnett, J. A., Payne, R.
Page 173 and 174:
�� De Mot, R., and Verachter
Page 175 and 176:
�� Jennings, D. H. (1995). T
Page 177 and 178:
�� Lie, T. A., Muilenbury M.
Page 179 and 180:
�� Onishi, H., and Suzuki, T
Page 181 and 182:
�� Sinclair, N. A., and Stok
Page 183 and 184:
�� Van Rossum, D., Schuurman
Page 185 and 186:
�� Young, J. P. W., and Hauk
Page 187 and 188:
Acetone Methanol Solvent for mobile
Page 189 and 190:
� 300 µg/ml, 200 µg/ml, and 100
Page 191 and 192:
Soluble Starch 20.0 g Distilled wat
Page 193 and 194:
13.�Nitrate broth KNO 3 1.0 g Glu
Page 195 and 196:
If the sample had been diluted befo
Page 197 and 198:
Table 1D. (continued). Source of ye
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 212 and 213:
E. Additional figures Abs 540 nm (a
Page 214 and 215:
Abs 580 nm 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.
Page 216 and 217:
Figure 7E. Calibration curves for H
Page 218 and 219:
Figure 9E. Example of HPLC chromato
Page 220:
Cell/mL 1.0E+09 8.0E+08 6.0E+08 4.0
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PRODUCTION Of NUTRIENT SOURCES FOR RHIZOBIUM

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