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312 AHMED ZEKI VELIDI TOGAN in Armenia". EB, X, 529. Rudi Paret, up. cit. 320 (commentary on Siira XVIII, verses 92-98). For an account of an expedition sent by the Caliph al-Wiithiq Billiih to the land of Gog and Magog see Kit8b al-Mmdik Wa'l Mamdik by Ibn Khurradiidbih (1306/1889), 162-170. This was led by one called Salliim. Al-Mas'iidI, MD, I, 267, 337; 11, 308; 111, 66, records the length and breadth of the rampart. (b) Suviir-Turks. For a thorough discussion of the location of the iron rampart constructed by Dhu'l-Qantayn see the Qur'Bn Appendix VII to 'Abdulliih Yiisuf 'All's trans. I, 761-63; FarId Wajdy, DM, I, 69 states that the iron rampart built by Dhu'l-Qarnayan are the two chains of mountains in Armenia and Adharbayjiin. The SuvBr-Turks here mean the Turkish tribe living in Suviir a town near Bulgaria. See HAIMinorsky, RW, 163, 461; I. Hrbek, "Bulghiir" in the EI(2), I, 1304-1308; see also "Biib al-Abwiib" by D.M. Dunlop in EI(2), I, 835-36; W. Berthold, "Der- bend" in EI(l), 940-945. (c) Fanaticism and prejudice. In an age which was largely domi- nated by theology, al-Biriini wrote that historians must be free from all kinds of prejudices which are liable to make people blind against truth". ABAQICAN, 413. According to al-Biriini these prejudices are due to in- veterate custom, party-spirit, rivalry, being addicted to one's passions, the desire to gain influence"; see loc. cit. Al-Biriinl adds that one should guard oneself against numerous lies which are mixed up with all historical records and traditions. Ibid 513. This means that the principle of source criticism in historical writings was known to him. Cf. Ibn Khaldiin's criticism of traditional history in his Muqaddima. (d) Ibn Miskawaih. See translator's note 'X' to M. Kiimil 'AyBd's essay. (e) Ibn Sa'Id al-Maghribi, Abu'l-Hasan 'A11 ibn Miisa' al-Magh- ribi (d. 67311 274). Al-Zirekli, QA, V, 179 gives details of his printed works. 'U.R. Kahhda, MM, VII, 249 with bibliography. A.Z.V. Togiin, TU, 155, 244. An account of his life and works is given by F. Wiistenfeld, GAIW, 135-137 (no. 353); see EI(2), 111,926. An autographed MS of his historical work is available at the Royal Egyptian Library at Cairo. A.R. Nykl, HAP, 361; see his Kitcib al-Jughrdfiya, ed. by Ismii'il al-GharbI (1970) pp. 264. Arabic text with a map. Emilio Gracia Gomez, EL Libro de las Banderas de 10s Campeones de Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi (1942), Instituto de Valencia de Don Juan. His aLMughrib fi Hula'l-Maghrib was edited
nlE CONCEPT OF CRITICAL HISTORIOGRAPHY 313 and published by Shawqi Dayf, 2 vols. (1953). D.M. Dunlop, AC, 126, 127, 200; EI(1) 11, 414 which mentions Pons Boigue's Ensayo bio-biblio- grapico, p. 306 ff. There is a difference of opinion as regards the date of his death. George Sarton, IHF, 1112, 1065; C. Brockelmann, GAL, I, 336-37; SI, 576-77; Muhsin Hamid al-'Ayyidi, "Ibn Sa'id a]-Andalusi" (Dissertation on 'Ali ibn Mfisa al-Maghribi Ibn Sa'id, Thirteenth Century Arab scholar of Spain) (Cairo, 1972) pp. 326. (f) Rashid ad-Din apTabib (d. 71 8/13 18). B. Lewis and P.M. Holt eds. HOME, 13 1-137; CHI, 11,729-30; CHIr, V, 517-1 8; 623-24 and passim. E. Berthels, EZ,(l), 111, 1124-1 125 with bibliography; Perepiska (1971) pp. 497; K.A. Nizimi, 'A unique and unknown Book of Rashid ad-Din Fadl-Allih-The As'ila Wa Ajwiba', in IC (1966); Qazwini, Yaddashthai, ed. by kaj Afshlr (1336 A.H. Shamsi), 111, 110-1 16; Karl Jahn, Rashid'uddin's History of India, collected essays with facsimiles and indices (1966), pp. CXIX + 153 ; GhulSlm Husain Yfisufi, In 'ikris audri' Ijtimri'i dar rithZr-i Rashid'uddin FadlulkSh in Revue de la Faculte des Letters et Sciences Hurnaines de Mashad (1348/1969), vol. V/3, pp. 330-435; H. Masee, "The Rida of Rashid ad-Din Fad1 al-L5h on Numbers (Risrilat al-'Ada.)" in Levi-Provencal Memorial Volume, 11,649-661 ; The Successors of Genghis Brin, trans. of his J hi' at-Tawririkh by J.A. Boyle (1971) pp. 384; see translator's note E to M. Kamil 'Ayad's paper above. Bertold Spiiler, "Rachid ad-Din-home d'Etat et son epoche" in the frrin Shincisi (1970), 1111, 1-15; John Andrew Boyle, "Rashid ad-Din: The first world Historian", in frrin, (1971), IX, 19-26. (See the papers of I.P. Petrushevsky and K- Jahn concerning Rashid ad-Din, mentioned on p. 26 of Boyle's paper). F. Rosenthal, HOMH 81, 105, 141, 147 and 176. Walter J. Fischel, Jews in the Economic and Political life of Medieval Islam (1 969), pp. 139 at 1 18- 125; p. 129 states "he was a physician by profession, to whom the duty of supervising the Commissariat of the 11-Khan could be entrusted". J6mi' at -Tawririkh(Histoire Universelle), Persian text edited with an introduction and translation by Karl Jahn, vol. I, Histoire des France (1951), pp. VIII.+ 78+60.The full Persian text of his Jrimi' at-Tawririkh has been published under the auspices of the Azerbayjan branch of the Akademiya Nauk in three vols. (Moscow, 1957-1965). Parts of his history were published by E. Quatremere (1936); J.M. Berezin (1858-1888), E. Blochet, Vol. I1 (191 1); K. Jahn (1940); 'Ali ade, Vol. I11 (1957); A. Atesh (1957). A Russian translation of his history dealing with the Mongolian tribes, Chenghiz Khin and Ghizin Khan was published between 1946 and 1952. Karl Jahn, Rashid al-Din's History of India (1965) CXIX+153. A.A. Dehkhodi',
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