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320 AHMED ZEKI VELlDI TOGAN Arabic astronomy see C. Schoy, EI(1) 11,831, under Kawkab. B. Tucker-, mann, Planetary, Lunar and Solar Positions (Philadelphia, 1964). (2) According to the modern explanation, astronomical obsema- tion and research, the sun is about 333,000 times the mass of the earth. Its diameter is 109 times larger than that of the earth and its volume is more than one million times that of the earth. See "Earth" in the EB (1973), VII, 846-853 and 'Sun' in ibid, XXI, 414-418. For "al-Shams", the "sun" see C. Schoy, EI (1) IV, 308-309. "Planets" in EB, XVII, 1 156-1 159; P.L. Whipple, Earth, Moon andplanets, (1963) ; "Die mittleren Bewegungen der planeten in Tafelwerk des Khwarizmi", in Viertel jahresschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Zurich (1 96 l), 106, 2 13-23 1. (AA) Abii Nay Mansiir ibn 'Ali ibn 'Irfiq (d. ca. 42711036); see Julio Samso' Moya, Estudios Sobre, Abii Nqr Maqiir bin 'Ah bin 'Irrfq, (1969), pp. XI+ 161 (Review by Farida Abii-Haider in the BSOAS, XXXVI Pt. I (1972), 145-146); "author of the most complete Arabic version of the Spherics of Menelaus of Alexandria"; al-Zirekli, QA, VIII, 240 in which, the date of his death is given as ca. 42511034. 'U.R. Kahhda, MM, XIII, 17, mentions some of his works still in MS. Not in the El (1) and al-Qifti. He was a teacher of al-Biriini at one time. See Rasrf'il Abi Nqr ilrf' al- Biriini by Abii Na~r Man~iir 'Ali ibn 'Iraq, containingfifteen tracts based on the Bankipore Ms (136711948). The first part of the book of Sr. Samso' "deals with the life of the astronomer, his relationship with al- Bi~ni, his works and his importance in the history of Islamic trigonometry". He was "also one of the discoverers of the theorem of the sine, a very important discovery in the field of Islamic Trigonometry," (Farida Abii- Haider in op. cit). George Sarton, IHS, I, 668; Zabihollah Safa' 'AbwiiZ wa Athir Abii Raybrfn Biriini (Tehran, 1973), 119-129. See NDN, I, 83 (under Ibn Miskawaih) which states that he attended the court of Khwirazmshah with Ibn Sina, al-Biriini, Miskawaih and others. In a short introduction to the Rmrf'il of Abii Nay to al-Bifini, it has been stated (pp. 8-9) that he was a student of the famous astronomer Abii'l-Wafa' al-Biizjani and he was a mawl5' (client) of the Caliph al-Qadir Billah. Abii Na~r has been mentioned by Ni@mi 'Ariidi Samarqandi in his Chahcfr Maqrfla and by Ibn al-Athir in his al-Kimil. See Julio Samso' Moya, "Contribution a un analysis de la terminologia matematico-astronomica de Abii Na~r Mansfir 'Ali bin 'Iraq", Pensamiento (1969), 25, pp. 235- 248 ; al-Biriini, T&did/Determination, Eng. trans. Jamil 'Ali, 1 16- 128 where his book al-Mrfjisti aZ-Shrfhi and his Risrfla to al-Bi~ni (see above) are referred to.
THE CONCEPT OF CRITICAL HEKORIOGRAPHY 321 (BB) Ibn Rushd. F.J.R. Molero, "Un maestro de la medicina arabigoespanola: Averroes" in Miscelanea de Estudios Arabes y Hebraicos (1 962) XI/ 1 ; Rafael de Mendizabel, Allende, Averroes, un andalus para Europa (1971) pp. 216+-250; Salim TShSat-Takriti, Zbn R d wa't-Tafkir al-Uriibi, in al-Aqlcim, (Baghdad, 1389/1970) No. 4, pp. 147-154; His Tahcifut . . . has been analysed in M WP, ed. by Frank N. Magill and Ian P. McGreal (1963), 294-299; H. Gatje, "Die innern sinne bei Averroes" in the ZDMG, vol. 115, pt. 2 (1965). R. Arnaldez, "Ibn Rushd" in EI (2) 111, 909-920 (a substantial contribution with extensive bibliography); E.J.J. Rosenthal (4.) Averroes' Commenrary on Plato's Republic (1 956); Ibn Rushd (Averroes) Kit& Fql al-Maqdl, Arabic text, edited by George F. HourSni (1969) pp. 19+56; -- -, Ibn Rushd (Averroes in the History of Religion and Philosophy, Eng. trans. of the same, (1967) pp. 128 - - -, "Ibn Rushd's Defence of Philosophy" in the World of Islam (1960), 145-158 with a short bibliography about Fql al-Maqdl, pp. 157-58. R. Arnaldez, La Pensee religieuse d' Averroes in SI, VII, VIII, X; R. Brunschvig, "Averroes Juriste" in Etude Orientale Levi-Provencal(1962), I, 35-68; M&moud Kassem, La philosophie religieuse d' Averroes, 3rd ed. (not seen). 'U. R. KahhSla, MM, VIII, 228 (short and unsatisfactory); al-Zireklii, QA, VI, 2 12-2 13 (satisfactory). See A verroes' Three Short Commentaries on Aristotle's "Topics", "Rhetoric" and "Poetics", edited and translated by Charles E. Butterworth (Albany, forthcoming); D.M. Dunlop, AC, 194, 197, 199, 200 and passim. "Averroes" and "Averroismus" in BE, 11, 166-167; F.E. Peters, Acom passim; Mme M. Le Bras, "Averroes" in the GLE, I, 781-82, L. Guthier, Zbn RocM, Averroes (1948); J. Chaix-Ruy, L'Averroes #Ernest Renan (1951); Averroes, Die Epitome der Parva natu-. ralia des, Text. Herausgegeben von. H. Gatje (1962), XVIII+lI2 Tahafut at-Tahcifut (The Incoherence of the Incoherence), Translated from the Arabic with introduction and notes by S. Van den Bergh, 2 vols. (1954), pp. XXXVI+374 and 219; RSO (Rome: 1956), XXXI, 200-201. B.H. Zedlar, "Averroes" in NCE I, 1125-1 127. (substantial contribution with bibliography). Stuart MacClintock, "Averroes and Averroism" in EP, I, 220-226 (bibliography out of date); R.R. Walzer, "Averros", "Arabic philosophy" in EB, 11, 191-192; al-Halu 'Abduhu, Ibn Rushd, Faylasiif al-Maghrib (1960) pp. 123. (CC) Hippocrates of Cos (ca. 460 to ca. 380 B.C.). Ludwig Edle- rtoin, EP IV, 6-7 (good bibliography) EB, XI, 518-19 (very short), R.A. Ousbourn, NCE, VI, 1138-39; B. Carra De Vaux, Bukrat, EI, (1) I, 784- 85; (not noticed in the new edition); Al-Qifti, "BuqrSt bin Iraqalas", TH,
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