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308 AHMED ZEKI VELIDI TOGAN See Kit& al-Hind, Eng. tr. Edward C. Sachau (1964) I, 198. About the origin of the earth see Carl 0. Dunbar, Historical Geology (1949) pp. 567 and for the formative stages of the earth see Carl 0. Dunbar, The Earth (1966), 113-125; 126157. It is not known from whom aEBiriini got the idea of the origin of the solar system which anticipated the Nebular hypo- thesis of Simon Pierre Laplace (1796) and the German philosopher Imma- nuel Kant by so many centuries. Lester C. King, The Morphology of the Earth (1962), 3-35. (Q) Adhin al-Simak (mussels). Al-B-kiini's statements are origi- nal in so far as shell and pearls are concerned. In the Kittib al-Jamrihir he has correctly described the structure of a mussel with valves with hinge and muscular closure. This expression is regularly used in the Arabic translations of Aristotle's zoological works and then in works based on these such as the relevant sections of Ibn Sina's Kittib arh-ShifiS' to mean the gills of fish. (R) The full tit!e of this work of al-Biriini is Kitiib al-Jamihir fi Ma'rifat al-JawrShir, edited by S. Krenkow and published by the Di'iratu'l Ma'lrif'il-'Osmaniyah, Hyderabad, I st ed. 1355 A.H. pp. 273 + 11 ; Indices pp. 51. It is not satisfactory and a critical edition is a long-felt necessity. On this book see Taqi ad-Din al-Hilali, Die Einleitung zu al-Biriini's Steinbuch mit Erlauterungen (German trans.) (1941), Sammlung orientalist Arbeiten, 7; M. Yahya Yi%himi, Die Quellen des Steinbuches des Beriini (1935), University of Bonn Dissertation, pp. 47. Three papers concerning this book were read at the International Congress on al-B-mni held at Teheran in Sept. 1973. See its Proceedings (forthcoming) to be published by the High Council of Culture and Arts, Govt. of Iran. M.A. Qadiri presented a paper entitled, "al-Blriini's Contribution to Biological Studies and concepts in his book Kitiib al-Jamtihir fi Ma'rifat al-JawrShir" at the al- Biriini International Congress held in Pakistan in Nov.-Dm. 1973. On this book see Sayyed Hossein Na~r, BAB, 87-94 (English). Translated into Russian by A.M. Belenitzky, (Moscow-Leningrad, 1963). (S) Kit& Tahdid Nihtiyat al-Amtikin li Tashih Mastifit al-Masti- kin was first edited by Muhammad bin Tawit at-Tanji and published at Ankara in 1962. In the same year it was published by Bulgakov in the Revue de I' Institut des Manuscripts Arabes (Cairo, 1962), VIII, 1-328. Trans. into English by Jamil 'Ali as The Determination of the Ceordinates of Positions for the Correction of Distances between Cities (1967), pp.
THE CONCEPT OF CRITICAL HISTORIOGRAPHY 309 XVIII+278; trans. into Persian by Ahmad kim, Tehran University pub- lication (1352 A.H. Shamsi), pp. 285. It is difficult to state whether this translation is correct or not. On this book see Seyyed Hossein Nagr. BAB, 73-82 (English). E.S. Kennedy is writing a commentary on this book. P.G. Bulgakov has published a Russian translation. (T) Al-Jayhini, Abii 'Abdullih Muhammad bin a mad bin Nagr; Vizier of the Shinid ruler Nqr I bin Ahmad who reigned from 2611874 to 2791892. 'U.R. Kahhfila, MM, IX, 25 (short). D.M. Dunlop, AC, 151, states that his geographical work was based on the Kitdb al-Masiilik Wa'l-Mamdlik of Ibn Khurradidbih. See the most detailed account of the life and works of al-Jayhfini in chapters XXIII, XXIV, XXV of Andre Miquel's, La Geographie Hurnaine DU Monde Musulman Jusqu 'Au Milieu du Xle Siecle (1967), pp. 420. See I.U. Krachkovski, op.cit. I, 219-224; Arabic trans. I, 219-223 and notes 1-32 on pp. 238-39; Ibn an-Nadim states that Ibn al-Faqih al-Hamadhini (fl. ca. 2891902) borrowed extensively from al-Jayhiini in his book Kitdb al-Bulddn without acknowledgement; Ibn an- Nadim, KF, 154; George Sarton, IHS, I, 635-36, mentions that he flourished between 893 and 907. As is evident from the books of al-Biriini, the geographical work of al-Jayhini based on that of Ptolemy was available to him. (U) Ptolemy - Claudius Ptolemaeus; Rene Taton1A.J. Pomerans, History of Science, Ancient and Medieval Science (1963) 140-43; 270-72, 31 1-14; 319-22 and passim. See BE, XV, (no. 2), 240-241 ; EB, XVIII, 812-814 with short bibliography; Andre Miquel, op. cit. 71-77; 81-88 andpassim; Aldo Mieli, op. cit. 21 1,235,445,628, 806, 1 109 (bibliography); al-Qifti, TH, 95-98; M. Plessner, "Ba/lamiyiis" in the EI (2) 1,1100-1 102 (good bibliography); George Sarton, IHS, I, 272-278 (informative). S. Sambursky, Ptolemy' in NCE, XI, 996-997 (discusses Ptolemy's geocentric system of the world). Batlamiyiis, Tarjimah Kitiib Ba/lamiyiis bi'l-'Ara- biyah fi Tafiil al-Aqdlim md' Suwarah al-Ma'riif bi'l-Jughrdfiyah, not dated; no page nos; translator's name not given. A. Pauly and G. Wis- sowa, Real Enc. der Classischen Altertumswissenschaften XXIII12 (1959). For translations of his works into Arabic and from Arabic into Latin see CHI, 11, passim. David Pingree, "Ptolemy" in EWB, vol. IX, 33-35; see the English tr. of the AlmrSgest of Ptolemy by R. Catesby Taliaferro, Encyc. Brit. (Chicago, 1948), pp. 478. For the translation of his Almcigest into Arabic see D.M. Dunlop, AC 182,215, 317.
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