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90.95; Ibn Abi Usaybi'a. UA. 43-61. I, 24 ff; Ibn an-Nadim, KF, 287-88; George Sarton, ZHS, I, 96-102 (informative but out of date). His Kit& Tadbfr d-amrr54d-Viiddii (Regimen in Acute Diseases), tr. and ed. by M.C. Lyons (1966), pp. XXXII+139; Kitlibfl Tabi'at al-Ins& (On the Nature of Man), tr. and edited by J.N. Mattock and M.C. Lyons (1968), pp. XVII + 1 19; Kitiib fi'l-Amriid al-Bilidiyah (On Endemic Diseases), edited and tr. by J.N. Mattock and M.C. Lyons (1960), pp. XXXIX+351; (also entiled On Airs, Waters and Places); Kitiib fi'l-Akhlq (On Humours) and Kitiib al-Ghirlhii') (On Nutriment), ed. and tr. by J.N. Mattock, (1971); Ilitiib Buqriitfi gab1 'aliiD~abl(On Super foetation), ed. and trans. by J.N. Mattock and Kitib al- Ma'nif bi-Qatitriiin ay Hamut at-Tabib (In the nugery) ed. and tr. by M.C. Lyons (1968), pp. M + 1 ll and X + 7) respectively, have all been published. For Hippocratic oath see A.W. Murphy, NCE, VI, 1 139 "Hippokrates" in BE, VIII, 513; Rene Taton, A.J. Pomerans, op. cit. passim. Albin Lesky, HGL, 485-493 and passim; Robert Joly, DSB, 4 18-43 1 (with bibliography). (DD) Galen of Pergamum (ca. A.D. 129-ca. lW), Neal W. Gilbert, "Galen" in the EP, 111, 261-62 (with bibliography); I. Veith, NCE, VI, 247 (short); "Galen" in the EB,.IX, 1083-84 (mentions R. Walzer's works on Galen). R. Walzer, "Djaliniis" in the EZ (2), 11,402403 (good bibliography); al-Qiffl, op. cit. 122-132; Ibn Abi Usaybi'a, op. cit. 1, 7) Ibn an-Nadim, KF, 288; George Sarton, ZHS, 301-307 (very informative spe- cialy about translation of Galen's works in Arabic). Rene Taton/A. J. Pomerans, op. cit. 356-61 and passim, see the Refutaion by AIexander of Aphrodisias of Galen's Treatise on the Theory of Motion, tr. from the Medii eval Arabic version with an Introduction, notes and an edition of the Arabic text by Nicholas Rescher and Michael E. Marmura, (Islamabad), 1965, pp. X+178. Diana Dyason, "Galen" in EWB, IV, 286-289; Leonard G. Wilson, DSB, V, 227-237. (EE) By revealed books, al-B-Mini perhaps meant the Torah, the Bible and the Qur'an. The statement here is not only modern but also scientific. (FF) Tajriba. See E.W. Lane, Lexicon, 112 (1865) 402-404 where an-Niibigha and al-A'sha are quoted and the standard Arabic lexicons are mentioned. The title of Miskawaih's well-known historical work is Tajdrib al-Umam wa Ta'Zqub al-Himam (The Experiences of Nations and the Pursuit of Ambitions) in which Tajiirib means Experiences". Muham-
THE CONCEPT OF CRITICAL HlSLDRIOGRAPHY 323 mad Arkiin, "Ethic et histoire d'apres les TajcSrib al-Ummn" in the ADTCR, 83-112; cf. Munif ar-Razziiq's book's title at-Tajriht d-Murrd' or The Bitter Experience (Beirut) pp. 309. (GG) AfcSk, pl. of Falak or Sphere in particular the Celestial Sphere. See Willy Hartner EI (2), 11, 761-763 (contains important bibliography). "It means the place of the revolving of the stars. The astronomers say that it is a term applied to every one by itself of seven atwiq by which they mean surrounding spheres exclusive of the sky as meaning the region of the clouds wherein have been set the seven stars, i.e. the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn." E.W. Lane, Lrxicon, 116, (1877) 2443-2444, quotes the standard Arabic dictionaries. Al-Khwilrazmi devotes one full d o n to 'Yf rlhikr al-Apdk" in the MAFU, 126131. (HH) 'AmQir. Singular 'Aqar - an element (of those) whereof are composed the material substances of different natures or an element considered as that from which composed commences: it is of four kinds: namely, fire, air, earth and water. But this application &longs to thecon- ventional language of philosophy. E.W. Lane, op. cit. 1 15, (1874) 2063. See also al-KhwHrazmi, MAFU, 66. (11) See S. Pines, "La Theorie de la rotation de la terre a I'epoque D' al-Bifini" in JA, 244 (1956) 301-306; Zeki Velidi Togan, "AI-BTfini Ve makit-i-Ard" in Islam Tehkikleri Enstituso Dergisi I, i-iv, (1 953). 90.94: AB - ABAQ - AC - ACom - ADB - ABBREVIATIONS USED Zakariyya bin Mubarnmad al-Qazwini. Ahir al-BiIISd, (1380/1960). Aba Rayban Al-Bimni, ACdrh& al-Wiyah 'an al-Qwin a!-IWliyah, ed. by C.E. Sachau, (1923). DM. Dunlop, Arab Civilizafwn to A.D. 1500 (1971). F.E. Peters, Allah's Common-weaIrh (New York, 1973). Historische Commission. AIlgemine Deursche Bwgraphie (New ed.) 50 vols. (1971). * This is a chapter from my forthcoming bookFive EFsays OnArabic Hisrorwgarphy, which contains -h translation with my notes and comments. of essays by (1) M. m i l 'Ayiid ( Islamic Studies, March 1978 ) (2) Gustav Richter (3) A4mcd Zeki Velidi T om (4) Bertold Spiilcr and (5) Francesco Gabrieli.
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