Bees as pollinators in Brazil - USP

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Group 1 Abstract Participants: Cynthia Pinheiro Machado (Coordinator), Fernando A. Silveira (Coordinator), Patricia Albuquerque, Jacobus Biesmeijer, Maria José de Oliveira Campos, Connal Eardley, Barbara Gemmill, Terry Griswold, Peter Kwapong, Paulo de Marco, Favízia Freitas de Oliveira, João Rodrigues Paiva, Carmen Pires, Simon Potts, Francisco Ramalho, Mauro Ramalho, Anthony Raw, Márcia Rego, Michael Ruggiero, Fernando Zanella. This workshop aimed the establishment of standard methodologies for bee surveys and monitoring of natural landscapes and crops. As there are countries and regions with practically no information about pollinator fauna, three strategies for pollinator investigation were addressed: 1) rapid assessments; 2) surveys and 3) monitoring programs. The expected product was a manual for standard methodologies for bee surveys and monitoring in natural landscapes and cultivated fields. Some basic principles were observed: data must be reliable and adequate for statistical analyses, and all suggested strategies were to be realistic, considering time, personnel and costs constraints, and flexible enough to be applied in different environments. Surveys should be question oriented. It became obvious that no rigid protocol could be built for all situations across the world, then only general guidelines, not protocols, were suggested in order to meet the basic principles listed above. Since no comparative data exist in those methodologies, no consensus was reached on which methods to recommend for given situations, but comparative data should be sought for before any definitive recommendations can be built in the context of the Brazilian Pollinator Initiative. Three case studies, in a cotton field, in the Atlantic Forest and in open savanna, illustrate how recommendations could be used in the development of survey and monitoring protocols. Aim Establishment of standard methodologies for bee surveys and monitoring of natural landscapes and crops. Expected Product Workshop I 25 Surveying and monitoring of pollinators in natural landscapes and in cultivated fields Production of a manual of standard methodologies for bee surveys and monitoring of natural landscapes and cultivated fields.
26 The pollination crisis and the need for surveys and monitoring programs The impact of deforestation, habitat fragmentation, introduction of exotic species and unfriendly agricultural practices is believed to be causing a decrease in wild pollinator populations. This, in turn, is suspected to be the cause of low fruit and seed productivity in many crop plants, with economic consequences in many parts of the world. Also the productivity of wild plants may be affected, and this can lead to local extinction of populations of those plants, as well as of the animals depending on them. Since this “pollination crisis” was recognized, much effort has been put into initiatives to conserve and sustainably use wild pollinators. However, it is widely recognized that we lack much of the knowledge we need to propose effective actions to achieve conservation and management practices. We are not even certain about the geographic extension and intensity of pollinator population decreases. We also lack basic information on how the different factors affect wild populations of flower visiting organisms. Two basic questions stand out as being of surmount importance for any conservation or sustainable management initiative to succeed: 1) which pollinator species exist in any given place? 2) how are their populations fluctuating along time? For these questions to be answered, we need to invest in pollinator faunistic surveys and in monitoring programs. Results The group discussed the general structure of standard procedures to survey and monitor bees in cultivated fields and natural areas. Rationale • Data to be obtained by the suggested guidelines will be used in the context of the Brazilian Pollinator Initiative and should be useful for other initiatives around the world. • As there are countries and regions with practically no information about pollinator fauna, three strategies for pollinator investigation were addressed: 1) rapid assessments; 2) surveys and 3) monitoring programs. Recommendations Basic principles The group agreed that suggested actions should: • Assure data quality, i.e., data must be reliable and adequate for statistical analyses. • Be realistic, considering time, personnel and costs constraints. • Be flexible enough to be applied in different environments. • Be question oriented. Difficulties Members of the group suggested and discussed various methods in use across the world. Different people had different experiences with different methods. For example, some had very good results in using pan traps for collecting bees, while others obtained meager data from their use. Such differences could be due to different designs, different environmental conditions, etc. It became obvious that no rigid protocol could be built that could be recommended for all situations across the world; even within Brazil; the group was not able to decide on specific methods to be employed, due to the varying opinions on their efficiency. Thus, it was decided that only general guidelines would be built, so that data obtained from surveys and monitoring programs, using any combination of the suggest-
Page 1 and 2: Bees as pollinators in Brazil Bees
Page 3 and 4: CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL - BRAZIL
Page 5 and 6: Dedication Paulo Nogueira-Neto Pion
Page 7 and 8: Summary Acronyms Presentation Worsh
Page 9 and 10: Connal Eardley, Bee Systematists &
Page 11 and 12: Caixa Postal 571, Tel: +55 46 22025
Page 13 and 14: Paulo Yoshio Kageyama, Diretor do P
Page 15 and 16: Presentation Workshop preparation I
Page 17 and 18: use of pollinators. As the general
Page 19 and 20: References Presentation 21 BIESMEIJ
Page 21: WORKSHOP I Survey methods for bees
Page 25 and 26: 28 Aims To obtain the best estimate
Page 27 and 28: 30 Observations: Species identifica
Page 29 and 30: 32 geneity of the forest community,
Page 31 and 32: 34 established. The method should b
Page 33 and 34: 36 Final remark The group was compo
Page 35 and 36: Group 2 Abstract Assessment of Poll
Page 37 and 38: and emasculation, followed by fruit
Page 39 and 40: fruits and seeds that are an excell
Page 41 and 42: Proposed methods: • Molecular tec
Page 43 and 44: Proposed methods: • List flagship
Page 45 and 46: in plants due to their co-dominant
Page 47 and 48: Workshop I 51 GROGAN, J.E. 2001. Bi
Page 49 and 50: Group 3 Abstract Pollinating agents
Page 51 and 52: A) Bumble Bees and Solitary Bees Ab
Page 53 and 54: • there is a need for improved pe
Page 55 and 56: Cucurbitaceae Bees: several taxa of
Page 57 and 58: Final considerations regarding soli
Page 59 and 60: B) Honey Bee Abstract Pollinating a
Page 61 and 62: 4.there is not sufficient care in t
Page 63 and 64: competitive purchasing policies. La
Page 65 and 66: to place them. Agricultural extensi
Page 67 and 68: Citrus Export crop (juice concentra
Page 69 and 70: 6.train farmers in making judicious
Page 71 and 72: 76 grandiflorum), the pollination r
Page 73 and 74:
78 Coffee, a special commodity Most
Page 75 and 76:
80 the services of pollinators were
Page 77 and 78:
82 Antonini & Martins (2002) used n
Page 79 and 80:
84 Table 1: Stingless bees used as
Page 81 and 82:
86 Sechium edule (Cucurbitaceae) ch
Page 83 and 84:
88 SILVA, G.F., VENTURIERI, G.C. &
Page 85 and 86:
Abstract The São Paulo Declaration
Page 87 and 88:
of the Pollinators Initiatives (PIs
Page 89 and 90:
It is important that other media, s
Page 91 and 92:
ILLUSTRATIONS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Page 94 and 95:
Solitary bees are specialized polli
Page 96 and 97:
Africanized honey bees are importan
Page 98 and 99:
Above left, assai is the second mos
Page 100 and 101:
Melipona fasciculata hives in assai
Page 102 and 103:
Malformed strawberry’s fruits (ab
Page 104 and 105:
Vertical hive with special ventilat
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Bees as pollinators in Brazil - USP

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