Bees as pollinators in Brazil - USP

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46 Proposed methods: • Molecular techniques (microsatellites, allozymes) to evaluate geneticdiversity and gene flow. • Statistical comparison of reproductive parameters of native plants inisolated versus connected forest fragments. • Legal actions. 2. Exotic plants or pollinators should be priority in long-term, in-depth monitoring programs, to detect overall impact in the ecosystem. The invasiveness of an exotic plant may be benefited by a native pollinator, or the exotic pollinator may outcompete native species for resources and reduce productivity and regeneration patterns of native plants. Proposed methods: • Observation of pollinator behaviour in flower and among plants. • Survey of pollinators in the area. • Monitoring of the invasive plant spread. 3. Pollen and seed dispersal by animals should be encouraged in habitat rehabilitation programs. Their action enhances seed set and accelerates the rehabilitation process, besides being a cheap alternative. Proposed methods: • Introduction of meliponiculture in rehabilitation areas. • Introduction of nesting and roosting places. 4. Native species cultivation in urban areas, instead of exotics, should be preferred and encouraged, as well as urban ecological interactions among native plants and their pollen and seed dispersers. Their use in public parks will preserve native plant-pollinator interactions, aid in the conservation of genetic diversity, and promote awareness of native species by the public. Proposed methods: • Promote urban ecology awareness programs. • Distribute material (specimens, seeds) and know-how among theauthorities responsible for urban green areas. • Introduce nesting and roosting places, and artificial trapnests for bees. Other recommendations 1. National programs should be promoted to increase public awareness on the need for pollination studies and conservation. Efforts should be made to create awareness of the services to humanity performed by pollinators, to change the perception concerning a variety of animals whose important service as pollinators is currently unknown to the public, so as to reduce the pressure on these animals caused by pesticides, deforestation and others.
Proposed methods: • List flagship plant species and explain their need for pollinators. • Stress the beneficial role of non-charismatic animals, such as bats. • Invent popular, appealing names for pollinators. • Promote courses on the use of urban green areas. • Produce and distribute user-friendly, informative material. Workshop I 47 2. Leading laboratories should be encouraged to participate in the mapping of genetic diversity and structure of native plant populations of economic importance. Currently many laboratories throughout Brazil are well equipped for the task, but few of them are involved in studying these organisms. Proposed methods: • Cooperative training courses. • Government funding through public calls. • Propose charismatic national or local species to obtain private or public funds. 3. Government agencies should produce, support and make widely available user-friendly material (printed, electronic, training courses), so that the above recommendations are put to practice by final users. There are currently many comprehensive studies of economically important plants and pollinators whose results are unknown to the final user because of restricted (academic, technical) circulation. It is important that the initiative of producing this material be officially sponsored and supervised by scientists so as to gain credibility. Proposed methods: • Books could be transformed into PDF with the authors’ consent and be made available at official sites linked to agriculture, such as FAO, EMBRAPA, and WebBee (Brazil). • Production and distribution of user-friendly, informative material, such as leaflets and booklets. • Training courses. Final remarks Methods Explanations of some recommended techniques follow, with emphasis on Brazilian study case examples. Among the methods proposed to help perform the recommendations, several rapid assessment protocols (RAP) could be developed, grouped broadly into two: botanical (phenology, flower density, pollination syndromes, plant breeding sys- tems) and pollinator (bee behaviour in the flower and among plants, flight range) RAPs. There is a vast literature on the parameters to be considered within each of these two, and on how to measure them. These protocols will allow data collection in the field by people with little or no formal biological training. Other methods, including statistical analyses, require both expertise and specific facilities, and will usually be performed by researchers and trained personnel.
Page 1 and 2: Bees as pollinators in Brazil Bees
Page 3 and 4: CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL - BRAZIL
Page 5 and 6: Dedication Paulo Nogueira-Neto Pion
Page 7 and 8: Summary Acronyms Presentation Worsh
Page 9 and 10: Connal Eardley, Bee Systematists &
Page 11 and 12: Caixa Postal 571, Tel: +55 46 22025
Page 13 and 14: Paulo Yoshio Kageyama, Diretor do P
Page 15 and 16: Presentation Workshop preparation I
Page 17 and 18: use of pollinators. As the general
Page 19 and 20: References Presentation 21 BIESMEIJ
Page 21 and 22: WORKSHOP I Survey methods for bees
Page 23 and 24: 26 The pollination crisis and the n
Page 25 and 26: 28 Aims To obtain the best estimate
Page 27 and 28: 30 Observations: Species identifica
Page 29 and 30: 32 geneity of the forest community,
Page 31 and 32: 34 established. The method should b
Page 33 and 34: 36 Final remark The group was compo
Page 35 and 36: Group 2 Abstract Assessment of Poll
Page 37 and 38: and emasculation, followed by fruit
Page 39 and 40: fruits and seeds that are an excell
Page 41: Proposed methods: • Molecular tec
Page 45 and 46: in plants due to their co-dominant
Page 47 and 48: Workshop I 51 GROGAN, J.E. 2001. Bi
Page 49 and 50: Group 3 Abstract Pollinating agents
Page 51 and 52: A) Bumble Bees and Solitary Bees Ab
Page 53 and 54: • there is a need for improved pe
Page 55 and 56: Cucurbitaceae Bees: several taxa of
Page 57 and 58: Final considerations regarding soli
Page 59 and 60: B) Honey Bee Abstract Pollinating a
Page 61 and 62: 4.there is not sufficient care in t
Page 63 and 64: competitive purchasing policies. La
Page 65 and 66: to place them. Agricultural extensi
Page 67 and 68: Citrus Export crop (juice concentra
Page 69 and 70: 6.train farmers in making judicious
Page 71 and 72: 76 grandiflorum), the pollination r
Page 73 and 74: 78 Coffee, a special commodity Most
Page 75 and 76: 80 the services of pollinators were
Page 77 and 78: 82 Antonini & Martins (2002) used n
Page 79 and 80: 84 Table 1: Stingless bees used as
Page 81 and 82: 86 Sechium edule (Cucurbitaceae) ch
Page 83 and 84: 88 SILVA, G.F., VENTURIERI, G.C. &
Page 85 and 86: Abstract The São Paulo Declaration
Page 87 and 88: of the Pollinators Initiatives (PIs
Page 89 and 90: It is important that other media, s
Page 91 and 92: ILLUSTRATIONS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Page 94 and 95:
Solitary bees are specialized polli
Page 96 and 97:
Africanized honey bees are importan
Page 98 and 99:
Above left, assai is the second mos
Page 100 and 101:
Melipona fasciculata hives in assai
Page 102 and 103:
Malformed strawberry’s fruits (ab
Page 104 and 105:
Vertical hive with special ventilat
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Bees as pollinators in Brazil - USP

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