Bees as pollinators in Brazil - USP

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56 various crop species are necessary in order for these bees to be used as large-scale reliable pollinators in Brazilian agriculture. Solitary bee species Considering nesting habits, solitary bees can be split into two distinct groups: 1. grounding nesting bees; 2. cavity nesting bees. Currently promising taxa to be worked on are: • Exomalopsis (there are reports of tomato pollination); • Epicharis (There are reports of West Indian cherry or acerola pollination); • Centris (There are reports of West Indian cherry or acerola pollination). Gr ounding nesting bees are difficult to manage; in most cases there is no practical way to colonize areas with new nests, and merely providing suitable nesting substrates (e.g. sand) rarely yields productive nesting for many years. There is little knowledge about ground nesting bees as pollinators and about their management for this purpose. Three main approaches are suggested to help identify potential pollinating bee species: 1.selection of areas with less intensive agriculture for visitation to crop species (e.g. home plantings of Cucurbita) where insecticide use is unlikely, so that bee populations can increase without extermination by pesticides; 2.search for promising species of non-social pollinators (or social Halictidae) on wild crops and their wild relatives (co generics). ex. Rhambutan, which is visited and pollinated by Euglossa; 3.investigate pollen use by any large aggregations where solitary bee species are found and discovered (e.g. Oxaea) to judge if they might be using flowering species of agricultural interest (e.g. aggregations of Peponapis). Recommendations In order to promote ground-nesting bees that are effective and abundant pollinators of a crop (or desired tree species) or of a close relative to this crop species, the farmer must manage the crop (care with spraying, for instance) and the surrounding land (size of monoculture acreage, proximity to fallow nesting sites), as these bees' nests cannot be moved, and artificial or "created" nesting sites are unlikely to be reliably and quickly colonized. There is considerably more information on and well-succeeded examples of the use of cavity nesting species of solitary bees. Species such as Osmia lignaria pronpiqua and Megachile rotundata are widely used and managed for apple (Malus domestica) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) pollination, respectively, and their commerce amounts to millions of American dollars per year. Other promising taxa, such as Xylocopa, Centris, Megachile, Anthidiini, Tetrapedia, already nest in artificial nesting-sites and can potentially be managed to attain large populations for use in pollination. Among these taxa, Xylocopa can be considered special in Brazil because there is a demand for these bees and there is some knowledge on its biology and rearing techniques for use especially in Passiflora plantings. Serious constrains have been identified and must be overcome in order to achieve large scale production and economic viability for exploiting these bees as crop pollinators: • ants are serious predators of bee nests and must be controlled; • there is a need to eliminate parasites and diseases (clean management) before establishing populations for increase;
• there is a need for improved pest management so that insecticide sprays are not applied during blooming periods; • there is a lack of knowledge of techniques and species' potential to produce bees in large numbers; • there is a lack of knowledge of what crops benefit most from pollination by solitary bees; • agricultural lands lack margins/fallow/ hedgerow areas for grounding nesting bees; • we need good methods for field assessment of pollination value; • affordable nesting materials/trap nests need to be developed and made available, based on knowledge of which bees are going to be used; Workshop I 57 • there is a lack of taxonomic pollen analysis or floral visitation analysis to establish floral use. Other main recommendations are to compile Brazilian studies of past trap-nesting experience in Brazil and produce a starting point for those species that are present in the country and can be reared in trap-nests. It is also important to develop an insecticide management program, in which pest control practices should minimize bee mortality (label requirements on insecticides, for instance, should emphasize scouting and economic thresholds). This program could be developed by the honey bee management group due to their greater experience in using bees for pollination purposes. Some cultivated plants that probably benefit from pollination by solitary bees. Botanic Family Apocynaceae Anacardiaceae Bixaceae Cucurbitaceae Fabaceae Lecythidaceae Scientific name Hancornia speciosa Anacardium occidentale Spondias tuberosa Spondias spp Bixa orellana Cucurbita pepo Cucurbita moschata Cucumis melo Cucumis sativus Glycine max Vicia faba Phaseolus vulgaris Lens esculenta Pisum sativum Vigna sinensis Bertholletia excelsa Common names - English cashew pumpkin squash melon cucumber soybean field bean kidney bean lentils pea cowpea Brazil nut Common names - Portuguese Mangaba Caju Umbu Caja, Cajarana, Umbu-caja Urucum, Coloral, Açafrão Moranga Abóbora Melão Pepino Soja Feijão Lentilha Ervilha Feijão de corda Castanha do Pará
Page 1 and 2: Bees as pollinators in Brazil Bees
Page 3 and 4: CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL - BRAZIL
Page 5 and 6: Dedication Paulo Nogueira-Neto Pion
Page 7 and 8: Summary Acronyms Presentation Worsh
Page 9 and 10: Connal Eardley, Bee Systematists &
Page 11 and 12: Caixa Postal 571, Tel: +55 46 22025
Page 13 and 14: Paulo Yoshio Kageyama, Diretor do P
Page 15 and 16: Presentation Workshop preparation I
Page 17 and 18: use of pollinators. As the general
Page 19 and 20: References Presentation 21 BIESMEIJ
Page 21 and 22: WORKSHOP I Survey methods for bees
Page 23 and 24: 26 The pollination crisis and the n
Page 25 and 26: 28 Aims To obtain the best estimate
Page 27 and 28: 30 Observations: Species identifica
Page 29 and 30: 32 geneity of the forest community,
Page 31 and 32: 34 established. The method should b
Page 33 and 34: 36 Final remark The group was compo
Page 35 and 36: Group 2 Abstract Assessment of Poll
Page 37 and 38: and emasculation, followed by fruit
Page 39 and 40: fruits and seeds that are an excell
Page 41 and 42: Proposed methods: • Molecular tec
Page 43 and 44: Proposed methods: • List flagship
Page 45 and 46: in plants due to their co-dominant
Page 47 and 48: Workshop I 51 GROGAN, J.E. 2001. Bi
Page 49 and 50: Group 3 Abstract Pollinating agents
Page 51: A) Bumble Bees and Solitary Bees Ab
Page 55 and 56: Cucurbitaceae Bees: several taxa of
Page 57 and 58: Final considerations regarding soli
Page 59 and 60: B) Honey Bee Abstract Pollinating a
Page 61 and 62: 4.there is not sufficient care in t
Page 63 and 64: competitive purchasing policies. La
Page 65 and 66: to place them. Agricultural extensi
Page 67 and 68: Citrus Export crop (juice concentra
Page 69 and 70: 6.train farmers in making judicious
Page 71 and 72: 76 grandiflorum), the pollination r
Page 73 and 74: 78 Coffee, a special commodity Most
Page 75 and 76: 80 the services of pollinators were
Page 77 and 78: 82 Antonini & Martins (2002) used n
Page 79 and 80: 84 Table 1: Stingless bees used as
Page 81 and 82: 86 Sechium edule (Cucurbitaceae) ch
Page 83 and 84: 88 SILVA, G.F., VENTURIERI, G.C. &
Page 85 and 86: Abstract The São Paulo Declaration
Page 87 and 88: of the Pollinators Initiatives (PIs
Page 89 and 90: It is important that other media, s
Page 91 and 92: ILLUSTRATIONS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Page 94 and 95: Solitary bees are specialized polli
Page 96 and 97: Africanized honey bees are importan
Page 98 and 99: Above left, assai is the second mos
Page 100 and 101: Melipona fasciculata hives in assai
Page 102 and 103:
Malformed strawberry’s fruits (ab
Page 104 and 105:
Vertical hive with special ventilat
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