Bees as pollinators in Brazil - USP

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44 in agricultural practices, which include herbicide management (such as rotation and combination with other actions), are mandatory. Existing containment measures are mostly designed to assure seed purity levels, and may not be adequate for preventing or, more realistically, reducing gene escape from GMO crops (Kareiva, et al., 1994). Physical barriers, such as bare land or non-GMO crops around the target variety, have been used to prevent pollen contamination, but they have been inefficient in many cases, partly because of a lack of knowledge on the dynamics of pollen flow in each case. If reducing the risk of contamination is a main concern, then the choice of managed pollinators of a given crop (most notably if it is a GMO) should weigh not only commercial aspects but environmental safety as well. The risk of gene escape to non-target species is Recommendations Crop and silviculture management related to the behaviour of the pollinator, such as flight range and its effectiveness as pollinator, which varies according to aspects associated involving both pollinator and crop characteristics. Purity standards should be stricter in cases of gene escape risk than in cases of seed purity, more so in centers of diversity, such as the tropics, where traditional varieties, including progenitors, may disappear. In addition, environmental monitoring actions focusing on gene escape should give priority to high-risk crops. These are those with little domestication (that is, that are still ecologically and reproductively similar to wild relatives), that grow sympatrically with wild relatives or cross-compatible domesticated species, which can turn into weeds themselves, and those whose commercialization requires that the crop blooms or sets fruits/seeds. In Brazil, cotton would be one of the best candidates. 1. Commonly accepted ("common wisdom") practices of crop pollination should be re-evaluated to extend the knowledge of the mechanisms of pollination, and of pollinator role and benefits. Case studies have shown that fruit yield is improved with pollinator service in crops where pollinators had traditionally been considered expendable. Proposed methods: • Standard breeding system tests and exclusion experiments. • Pollination syndrome. • Pollinator behaviour in flower and among plants. • Statistical comparison of productivity parameters between traditional methods and hand cross-pollination experiments. 2.Traditional genetic improvement methods, such as by phenotype selection of tree crops, should be re-evaluated. Alleged low productivity of some plantations may be due to inbreeding depression, not a lack of pollinators.
Proposed methods: • Molecular techniques (microsatellites, allozymes) to evaluate genetic diversity and dynamics; inbreeding depression, levels of outcrossing, pollen flow, cross-compatibility between varieties of cultivars and clones. • Pollinator behaviour in flowers and among plants. • Statistical comparison of productivity parameters between cultivars. 3.Traditional methods of exploitation of timber and NTFP (non-timber forest products) should be re-evaluated. Natural stand exploitation practices may be reducing genetic variability and gene flow. Proposed methods: • Molecular techniques (microsatellites) to evaluate genetic diversity, mating systems, and gene flow. • Observation of flight patterns of each pollinator species. 4. GMO crops with geographically close wild relatives should receive priority in environmental impact assessment actions. Crops such as cotton and corn may hybridize with wild relatives and these may become "superweeds". Proposed methods: • Paternity analysis (microsatellites). • Investigate time (phenology) or biological barriers (common pollinators). • Observation of flight patterns of each pollinator species. 5. Containment measures should be tested and proposed in the case of any crop that has a risk of gene escape or has to maintain its purity. Existing containment measures are still under development and have shown to be inefficient in many cases. Proposed methods: • Test and adoption of physical barriers that discourage pollinator flight. • Observation of flight patterns of each pollinator species. • Paternity analysis (microsatellites). • Production of gene flow curves. Pollinator conservation Workshop I 45 1. The percentage of legally determined uncultivated land in private properties (known as "reserva legal") in Brazilian biomes such as the Amazon forest and Cerrado (savanna) should be maintained and enforced by law. These areas are important both to sustain ecological services, such as pollination, and to maintain gene flow and diversity of native plant species.
Page 1 and 2: Bees as pollinators in Brazil Bees
Page 3 and 4: CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL - BRAZIL
Page 5 and 6: Dedication Paulo Nogueira-Neto Pion
Page 7 and 8: Summary Acronyms Presentation Worsh
Page 9 and 10: Connal Eardley, Bee Systematists &
Page 11 and 12: Caixa Postal 571, Tel: +55 46 22025
Page 13 and 14: Paulo Yoshio Kageyama, Diretor do P
Page 15 and 16: Presentation Workshop preparation I
Page 17 and 18: use of pollinators. As the general
Page 19 and 20: References Presentation 21 BIESMEIJ
Page 21 and 22: WORKSHOP I Survey methods for bees
Page 23 and 24: 26 The pollination crisis and the n
Page 25 and 26: 28 Aims To obtain the best estimate
Page 27 and 28: 30 Observations: Species identifica
Page 29 and 30: 32 geneity of the forest community,
Page 31 and 32: 34 established. The method should b
Page 33 and 34: 36 Final remark The group was compo
Page 35 and 36: Group 2 Abstract Assessment of Poll
Page 37 and 38: and emasculation, followed by fruit
Page 39: fruits and seeds that are an excell
Page 43 and 44: Proposed methods: • List flagship
Page 45 and 46: in plants due to their co-dominant
Page 47 and 48: Workshop I 51 GROGAN, J.E. 2001. Bi
Page 49 and 50: Group 3 Abstract Pollinating agents
Page 51 and 52: A) Bumble Bees and Solitary Bees Ab
Page 53 and 54: • there is a need for improved pe
Page 55 and 56: Cucurbitaceae Bees: several taxa of
Page 57 and 58: Final considerations regarding soli
Page 59 and 60: B) Honey Bee Abstract Pollinating a
Page 61 and 62: 4.there is not sufficient care in t
Page 63 and 64: competitive purchasing policies. La
Page 65 and 66: to place them. Agricultural extensi
Page 67 and 68: Citrus Export crop (juice concentra
Page 69 and 70: 6.train farmers in making judicious
Page 71 and 72: 76 grandiflorum), the pollination r
Page 73 and 74: 78 Coffee, a special commodity Most
Page 75 and 76: 80 the services of pollinators were
Page 77 and 78: 82 Antonini & Martins (2002) used n
Page 79 and 80: 84 Table 1: Stingless bees used as
Page 81 and 82: 86 Sechium edule (Cucurbitaceae) ch
Page 83 and 84: 88 SILVA, G.F., VENTURIERI, G.C. &
Page 85 and 86: Abstract The São Paulo Declaration
Page 87 and 88: of the Pollinators Initiatives (PIs
Page 89 and 90: It is important that other media, s
Page 91 and 92:
ILLUSTRATIONS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Page 94 and 95:
Solitary bees are specialized polli
Page 96 and 97:
Africanized honey bees are importan
Page 98 and 99:
Above left, assai is the second mos
Page 100 and 101:
Melipona fasciculata hives in assai
Page 102 and 103:
Malformed strawberry’s fruits (ab
Page 104 and 105:
Vertical hive with special ventilat
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Bees as pollinators in Brazil - USP

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