Bees as pollinators in Brazil - USP

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58 Malpighiaceae Malvaceae Passifloraceae Solanaceae Study Cases - Recommendations for some individual crops Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis) Bees: Xylocopa frontalis, X. grisescens, X.augusti, X. ordinaria, X. suspecta, and other large Xylocopa spp.. Nests: dead tree trunks, trap nests, Xylocopa nests. Bee density: 25 females/ha in the case of X. frontalis. Crop management: need of complementary floral resources: buzz pollinated species (Melastomataceae, Cassia, Sena, Solanum, etc). Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) Bees: Centris species. Centris tarsata tested, but other species can also be important. Take into account bee behavior, pollen distribution on the bee body; pollen viability is important: it is only viable for 4 hours. Nests: trap nests. Bee density: unknown. Crop management: There is a need to supply pollen and oil producing plants (Byrsonima crassifolia for wild cashew), possibly through mixed culture with West Indian cherry (acerola) in commercial plantations. Cotton (Gossypium spp.) Malpighia emarginata Byrsonima crassifolia Hibiscus esculentus Gossypium hirsutum Passiflora edulis Passiflora quadrangularis Passiflora mucronata Passiflora alata Lycopersicum esculentum Solanum melongena Capsicum annuum Capsicum spp. Bees: Emphorini spp.; Augochlorini; Bombus; Xylocopa. Nests: depends on species used. West Indian cherry wild cherry /nance cotton passionfruit giant granadilla tomato egg-plant sweet pepper Pepperony Acerola Murici Algodão Maracujá Maracujá-açu Maracujá Maracujá-doce Tomate Beringela Pimentão peperoni Bee density: very large crops will need hundreds of bees (to be estimated). Crop management: depending on variety, there is a possibility of gain in the fruit production period.
Cucurbitaceae Bees: several taxa of ground-nesters (Peponapis, Augochlorines). Nests: natural, in the ground (see discussion above). Bee densitiy: unknown. Crop management: local conservation should be promoted through education of growers. Free pollinators when available, but impossible to re-colonize once exterminated. West Indian cherry (Malpighia emarginata) Bees: Centris (both ground and cavity nesters), Epicharis (ground-nester). Nests: both natural, in the ground, and trap-nests, depending on the species. Bee density: unknown. Crop management: Not visited by bees that do not use oil (ex. honey bee). Will need to understand bee behaviour, pollen distribution on the bee body, optimize trap nesting techniques; could be beneficial to grow near cashew plantings. Vegetable or oil seed crops Production of high-value specialty seed, such as onion and carrot, or hybrid seed crops (sunflower) on small acreages. Regional or specialty fruits Workshop I 59 Some solitary bee species can be important pollinators of regional or specialty fruits like mangaba (Apocynaceae: Hancornia speciosa) and umbu (Anacardiaceae: Spondias tuberosa). Recommendations Bee biologists should participate in crop symposia sponsored by the International Society for Horticulture Science (ISHS), in order to exchange expertise with the world's most knowledgeable producers, breeders and processors of specific crops. Protocol with general recommendations to use solitary bees as crops pollinators 1.Complementary floral resources should be provided. 2.Plants for nidification (trunks) initially, later provide nesting substrates (although these also may be made from natural materials, such as stick nests, rather than drilled nesting blocks). 3.Conservation of natural areas (in order to maintain natural populations); need not be proximate to crop of interest (sustainability extractive reserves for initiation of trap-nesting programs). 4.Spray management - toxic sprays must be avoided during bloom. 5.Different Xylocopa nest substrate structures should be compared (Freitas & Oliveira Filho vs. Camillo models). 6.Cultivation of other crops simultaneously for year-round forage (no extensive monocultures at a scale greater than flight range). 7.Adequacy of local/regional conditions. 8.Management of ruderal plants where necessary.
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Bees as pollinators in Brazil Bees
Page 3 and 4: CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL - BRAZIL
Page 5 and 6: Dedication Paulo Nogueira-Neto Pion
Page 7 and 8: Summary Acronyms Presentation Worsh
Page 9 and 10: Connal Eardley, Bee Systematists &
Page 11 and 12: Caixa Postal 571, Tel: +55 46 22025
Page 13 and 14: Paulo Yoshio Kageyama, Diretor do P
Page 15 and 16: Presentation Workshop preparation I
Page 17 and 18: use of pollinators. As the general
Page 19 and 20: References Presentation 21 BIESMEIJ
Page 21 and 22: WORKSHOP I Survey methods for bees
Page 23 and 24: 26 The pollination crisis and the n
Page 25 and 26: 28 Aims To obtain the best estimate
Page 27 and 28: 30 Observations: Species identifica
Page 29 and 30: 32 geneity of the forest community,
Page 31 and 32: 34 established. The method should b
Page 33 and 34: 36 Final remark The group was compo
Page 35 and 36: Group 2 Abstract Assessment of Poll
Page 37 and 38: and emasculation, followed by fruit
Page 39 and 40: fruits and seeds that are an excell
Page 41 and 42: Proposed methods: • Molecular tec
Page 43 and 44: Proposed methods: • List flagship
Page 45 and 46: in plants due to their co-dominant
Page 47 and 48: Workshop I 51 GROGAN, J.E. 2001. Bi
Page 49 and 50: Group 3 Abstract Pollinating agents
Page 51 and 52: A) Bumble Bees and Solitary Bees Ab
Page 53: • there is a need for improved pe
Page 57 and 58: Final considerations regarding soli
Page 59 and 60: B) Honey Bee Abstract Pollinating a
Page 61 and 62: 4.there is not sufficient care in t
Page 63 and 64: competitive purchasing policies. La
Page 65 and 66: to place them. Agricultural extensi
Page 67 and 68: Citrus Export crop (juice concentra
Page 69 and 70: 6.train farmers in making judicious
Page 71 and 72: 76 grandiflorum), the pollination r
Page 73 and 74: 78 Coffee, a special commodity Most
Page 75 and 76: 80 the services of pollinators were
Page 77 and 78: 82 Antonini & Martins (2002) used n
Page 79 and 80: 84 Table 1: Stingless bees used as
Page 81 and 82: 86 Sechium edule (Cucurbitaceae) ch
Page 83 and 84: 88 SILVA, G.F., VENTURIERI, G.C. &
Page 85 and 86: Abstract The São Paulo Declaration
Page 87 and 88: of the Pollinators Initiatives (PIs
Page 89 and 90: It is important that other media, s
Page 91 and 92: ILLUSTRATIONS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Page 94 and 95: Solitary bees are specialized polli
Page 96 and 97: Africanized honey bees are importan
Page 98 and 99: Above left, assai is the second mos
Page 100 and 101: Melipona fasciculata hives in assai
Page 102 and 103: Malformed strawberry’s fruits (ab
Page 104 and 105:
Vertical hive with special ventilat
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Bees as pollinators in Brazil - USP

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