234 M. Berlingerio et al. events is a very important piece of knowledge. Thus, there are all the conditions to apply again the TAS mining paradigm. The patterns extracted then can be used as basic bricks to build more complex models, for instance by enriching them with genetical information. Other analyses we plan to perform by means of pattern discovery techniques, are: • analyze the polymorphism of the major histocompatibility complex genes in the donor-recipient pairs; • analyze pairs the polymorphism of the minor histocompatibility complex genes in the donor-recipient; • assess the influence of the genetic polymorphism of the IL-10 gene [17]; • analyze the genetic polymorphism of genes associated with the chronical reject (ICAM-1, VEGF) [15]. Acknowledgments We wish to thank the biologists <strong>and</strong> physicians of U.O. Immunoematologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, for providing us the data <strong>and</strong> the mining problem described in this section. In particular we are indebted with Irene Bianco, Michele Curcio, Aless<strong>and</strong>ro Mazzoni <strong>and</strong> Fabrizio Scatena. We must also thank Mirco Nanni <strong>and</strong> Fabio Pinelli for the TAS mining software. This collaboration between physicians, biologists <strong>and</strong> computer scientist is carried out within the project “La Miniera della Salute”, supported by “Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Pisa”. References 1. Agrawal, R., Imielinski, T., Swami, A.N.: Mining association rules between sets of items in large databases. In: Proceedings ACM SIGMOD (1993) 2. Agrawal, R., Srikant, R.: Fast Algorithms for Mining Association Rules in Large Databases. In: Proceedings of the 20th VLDB (1994) 3. Agrawal, R., Srikant, R.: Mining sequential patterns. In: Yu, P.S., Chen, A.S.P. (eds.) Eleventh International Conference on Data Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan, pp. 3–14. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (1995) 4. Bretagne, S., Vidaud, M., Kuentz, M., Cordonnier, C., Henni, T., Vinci, G., Goossens, M., Vernant, J.: Mixed blood chimerism in t cell-depleted bone marrow transplant recipients: evaluation using dna polymorphisms. Circulation Research 70, 1692–1695 (1987) 5. Clark, A.: Inference of haplotypes from pcr-amplified samples of diploid populations. In: Molecular <strong>Bio</strong>logy <strong>and</strong> Evolution, pp. 111–122 (1990) 6. Edelson, R., Berger, C., Gasparro, F., Jegasothy, B., Heald, P., Wintroub, B., Vonderheid, E., Knobler, R., Wolff, K., Plewig, G.: Treatment of cutaneous t-cell lymphoma by extracorporeal photochemotherapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 316, 297–303 (1987) 7. Giannotti, F., Nanni, M., Pedreschi, D.: Efficient mining of temporally annotated sequences. In: Proceedings of the Sixth SIAM International Conference on Data Mining (2006)
Mining Clinical, Immunological, <strong>and</strong> Genetic Data 235 8. Giannotti, F., Nanni, M., Pedreschi, D., Pinelli, F.: Mining sequences with temporal annotations. In: Proceedings of the 2006 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC), pp. 593–597 (2006) 9. Giannotti, F., Nanni, M., Pedreschi, D., Pinelli, F.: Trajectory patter mining. In: The Thirteenth ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery <strong>and</strong> Data Mining (2007) 10. Gusfield, D.: A practical algorithm for deducing haplotypes in diploid populations. In: Press, A. (ed.) Proceedings of the Eigth International Conference on Intelligent Systems in Molecular <strong>Bio</strong>logy, pp. 915–928 (2000) 11. Gusfield, D.: A practical algorithm for optimal inference of haplotypes from diploid populations. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular <strong>Bio</strong>logy, pp. 183–189. AAAI Press, Menlo Park (2000) 12. Gusfield, D.: Inference of haplotypes from samples of diploid populations: complexity <strong>and</strong> algorithms. J. of Computational <strong>Bio</strong>logy 8(3) (2001) 13. Han, J., Pei, J., Yin, Y.: Mining frequent patterns without c<strong>and</strong>idate generation. In: Proceedings of ACM SIGMOD (2000) 14. Khuu, H., Desmond, R., Huang, S., Marques, M.: Characteristics of photopheresis treatments for the management of rejection in heart <strong>and</strong> lung transplant recipients. J. Clin. Apher. 17(1), 27–32 (2002) 15. Kim, I., Moon, S.-O., Park, S.K., Chae, S.W., Koh, G.Y.: Angiopoietin-1 reduces vegf-stimulated leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells by reducing icam- 1, vcam-1, <strong>and</strong> e-selectin expression. Circulation Research 89, 477–481 (2001) 16. Knobler, R., Graninger, W., Lindmaier, A., Trautinger, F.: Photopheresis for the treatment of lupus erythematosus. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 636, 340–356 (1991) 17. Kobayashi, T., Yokoyama, I., Hayashi, S., Negita, M., Namii, Y., Nagasaka, T., Ogawa, H., Haba, T., Tominaga, Y., Takagi, K.U.H.: Genetic polymorphism in the il-10 promoter region in renal transplantation. Transplant Proc. 31, 755–756 (1999) 18. Lehrer, M., Ruchelli, E., Olthoff, K., French, L., Rook, A.: Successful reversal of recalcitrant hepatic allograft rejection by photopheresis. Liver Transpl. 6(5), 644–647 (2000) 19. Li, W., Han, J., Pei, J.: CMAR: Accurate <strong>and</strong> efficient classification based on multiple class-association rules. In: Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining, ICDM 2001 (2001) 20. Liu, B., Hsu, W., Ma, Y.: Integrating classification <strong>and</strong> association rule mining. In: 4th Int. Conf. Knowledge Discovery <strong>and</strong> Data Mining (KDD 1998), New York, pp. 80–86 (1998) 21. Lucchese, C., Orl<strong>and</strong>o, S., Perego, R.: Dci closed: A fast <strong>and</strong> memory efficient algorithm to mine frequent closed itemsets. In: FIMI (2004) 22. Marroni, F., Curcio, M., Fornaciari, S., Lapi, S., Mariotti, M., Scatena, F., Presciuttini, S.: Microgeographic variation of hla-a, -b, <strong>and</strong> -dr haplotype frequencies in tuscany, italy: implications for recruitment of bone marrow donors. Tissue Antigens 64, 478–485 (2004) 23. Pasquier, N., Bastide, Y., Taouil, R., Lakhal, L.: Discovering frequent closed itemsets for association rules. In: Beeri, C., Bruneman, P. (eds.) ICDT 1999. LNCS, vol. 1540, pp. 398–416. Springer, Heidelberg (1998) 24. Pei, J., Han, J., Mortazavi-Asl, B., Pinto, H., Chen, Q., Dayal, U., Hsu, M.: Prefixspan: Mining sequential patterns by prefix-projected growth. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Data Engineering, pp. 215–224 (2001)
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Preface The molecular biology commu
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