ON THE EFFECTS OF CIRCULAR BOLT PATTERNS ON THE ...

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Figure 3-6 Deformed Shape Of The T-Stubs With Circulare Bolt Pattern (κi , And κj Are Curvature In Direction i, And j Respectively) 3.2.3.1 Flat Strain-Gauge, Omega SG/LY11 To measure the forces in the bolts, the strain gauges were installed onto the bolt shank. Since the bolt shank is in contact with the bolt hole during the test, special provisions were made to protect the strain gauges and their wiring during testing. These provisions are elaborated in details in the following section. In addition, the strain gauges are highly sensitive to the curvature of the surface, which becomes more critical as bolts with relatively small diameters are used, because of the higher curvature of the bolt shank. Several methods were proposed and tested to find the most effective way to instrument the bolts with the strain gauge. The following steps are proposed by the author to improve the accuracy of the results while decreasing the chance of the damaging the strain gauges. 3.2.3.1.1 Wiring Precautions κj The strain gauge wires were protected from any physical damage and/or static arching between the wires and the bolt-hole. This task is achieved by creating a fine longitudinal cut in the bolt 27 κi
head. Two varnished copper wires were soldered carefully to the strain gauge terminals and the wires were passed through the cut created in the bolt head, see Figure 3-7(a) Bolt Head Cut 3.2.3.1.2 Surface Preparation Figure 3-7 The Instrumented Bolt A proper implementation of the strain gauge is a tedious exercise. The strain gauges should be carefully installed, wired, and should be tested with the upmost precaution. This task becomes more critical when the strain gauge is installed in the 1/16 in. space between the bolt shank and bolt-hole. To reduce the possibility of damage to the strain gauges, the bolt shank was milled flat to create a sufficient surface for installation of the strain gauges. This effort ensured a flat surface for the installation of the strain gauges as well as minimizing the chance of the strain gauge and its wiring to be in contact with the bolt-hole. Figure 3-7(b) shows a modified bolt with a flat surface. Milled Area The Vishay [66] strain gauge installation handout is followed carefully during the strain gauge installation procedure. Figure 3-7(c) illustrates the instrumented bolt with strain gauge and wiring. 3.2.3.1.3 Coating And Protection The wires were glued to the specimen to minimize the risk of damage. A thin layer of Vishay coating-A epoxy was used to cover the strain gauge and its terminals. This elastic epoxy protects the 28 Instrumentation
Page 1 and 2: ON THE EFFECTS OF CIRCULAR BOLT PAT
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to exp
Page 5 and 6: elements during monotonic and cycli
Page 7 and 8: 3.2.3.1.2 Surface Preparation .....
Page 9 and 10: APPENDIX ..........................
Page 11 and 12: 3-15 Configuration Of Extended End-
Page 13 and 14: 5-10 Comparison Of The Predicted Vs
Page 15 and 16: 6-18 End-Plate Deformation Of (a) T
Page 17 and 18: 6-4 Energy Dissipation Percentage V
Page 19 and 20: (a) (b) (c) . Figure 1-1 Failure Mo
Page 21 and 22: noticeable. Among those, Asteneh-as
Page 23 and 24: phenomenon will decrease the bolt-f
Page 25 and 26: Douty and McGuire [3] (1965) conduc
Page 27 and 28: Tsai and Popov [33] performed three
Page 29 and 30: plate moment connection can be use
Page 31 and 32: during moderate earthquake excitati
Page 33 and 34: Gebbeken et al.[56] used the finite
Page 35 and 36: load overcomes the pretension force
Page 37 and 38: Figure 2-3 Tension Angle Free-Body
Page 39 and 40: CHAPTER 3 3. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGA
Page 41 and 42: compared with results collected fro
Page 43: Figure 3-5 Deformed Shape Of The T-
Page 47 and 48: Figure 3-8 Schematic Drawing Of The
Page 49 and 50: 3.2.4 Test Setup The 400K compressi
Page 51 and 52: The instrumented bolts were connect
Page 53 and 54: Figure 3-14 Applied Force Vs. Flang
Page 55 and 56: describing the configuration of the
Page 57 and 58: column flange by one row of ¾ in.
Page 59 and 60: prevent out-of-plane buckling of th
Page 61 and 62: Figure 3-20(c) shows the test instr
Page 63 and 64: Element Washer Bolt Line Number Tab
Page 65 and 66: modulus and the rate at which the h
Page 67 and 68: (a) (b) (c) Figure 4-3 Contacts In
Page 69 and 70: Bolt Force (kip) 0 2 4 (mm) 6 8 Fig
Page 71 and 72: It can be seen from the results pre
Page 73 and 74: a very early stage of loading with
Page 75 and 76: Moment (kip.ft) 300 200 100 0 -100
Page 77 and 78: Figure 4-17 Failure Of Bolts In The
Page 79 and 80: geometrical configuration of bolt h
Page 81 and 82: Figure 4-23 Failure Of The Angle Du
Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 5 5. DEVELOPMENT OF HYSTERE
Page 85 and 86: The schematic comparison of the pro
Page 87 and 88: Bolt-4 Bolt-5 Bolt-3 End-Plate Bolt
Page 89 and 90: The analyses were conducted by appl
Page 91 and 92: Figure 5-5 Schematic Drawing Of The
Page 93 and 94: F G Figure 5-6 Tri-Linear Hysteresi
Page 95 and 96:
simulate the hysteresis characteris
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Table 5-5 Continued 80
Page 104:
Table 5-7 Summary Of The Results An
Page 109 and 110:
Section 5-6-3-4 Figure 5-7 Section
Page 111 and 112:
These techniques yield information
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2 A value of R 1 implies that S is
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(kip.ft) Figure 5-9 Comparison Of T
Page 117 and 118:
M e . .t . .A . .S . (5-17) The p
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Figure 5-16 Comparison Of The Predi
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(ksi) Figure 5-19 Comparison Of The
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(ksi) Figure 5-22 Comparison Of The
Page 125 and 126:
CHAPTER 6 6. DISCUSSION OF THE RESU
Page 127 and 128:
Table 6-2 Energy Dissipation Percen
Page 129 and 130:
espectively. While in similar model
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Moment (kip.ft) 900 450 0 ‐450
Page 133 and 134:
Models Tp1½-Bd½-d30, Tp1-Bd½-d30
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a) Tp½-Bd1¼-d30-CIR 140 Bolt Forc
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a) Tp1½-Bd1¼-d30-CIR 140 Bolt For
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a) Tp1½-Bd½-d30-CIR 25 Bolt Force
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This phenomenon is attributed to th
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6.5 Bolt-Force Variation Under Cycl
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a) Tp1.0-Bd1¼-d30- 140 Bolt Force
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a) Tp½-Bd½-d30- 25 Bolt Force (ki
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a) Tp¾-Bd¾-d30- 60 Bolt Force (ki
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configurations of the finite elemen
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Circular Bolt Pattern Square Bolt P
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0.15 0.3 0.45 0.6 0.75 (a) (b) Figu
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initial stiffness of the connection
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parameters is recommended to study
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The relation between applied torque
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146 Table B-1 Test Matrix of the Co
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Table B-3Test Matrix of the Connect
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The hysteresis results obtained fro
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Moment (kip.ft) 1500 1000 500 0 -2%
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Moment (kip.ft) 1500 1000 500 0 ‐
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Moment (kip.ft) 1500 1000 500 0 ‐
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Moment (kip.ft) Figure C-22 Compari
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Moment (kip.ft) ‐2% ‐1% 0% 1% 2
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Page 181 and 182:
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Moment (kip.ft) ‐1.5% ‐1.0% ‐
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Moment (kip.ft) ‐1.5% ‐1.0% ‐
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Moment (kip.ft) ‐1.5% ‐1.0% ‐
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Moment (kip.ft) 1000 750 500 250 0
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Page 195 and 196:
Moment (kip.ft) 2000 1500 1000 500
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Moment (kip.ft) 1500 1000 500 0 ‐
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The hysteresis results obtained fro
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Moment (kip.ft) 2000 1500 1000 500
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Moment (kip.ft) -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% -5
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Moment (kip.ft) -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% -5
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Moment (kip.ft) -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% -5
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Moment (kip.ft) -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% -5
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Moment (kip.ft) Figure D-34 Compari
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Moment (kip.ft) 900 600 300 0 -2% -
Page 217 and 218:
Moment (kip.ft) ‐1.5% ‐1.0% ‐
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Moment (kip.ft) ‐1.5% ‐1.0% ‐
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Moment (kip.ft) ‐1.5% ‐1.0% ‐
Page 227 and 228:
Moment (kip.ft) ‐1.5% ‐1.0% ‐
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Moment (kip.ft) 1500 1000 500 0 ‐
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Moment (kip.ft) 1500 1000 500 0 ‐
Page 233 and 234:
The simulated tri-linear hysteresis
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Moment (kip.ft) 1500 1000 500 0 -2%
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Moment (kip.ft) -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% -5
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Moment (kip.ft) 1500 1000 500 0 -2%
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Moment (kip.ft) -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% -5
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Moment (kip.ft) -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% -5
Page 245 and 246:
Moment (kip.ft) Figure E-34 Compari
Page 247 and 248:
Moment (kip.ft) 900 600 300 0 -2% -
Page 249 and 250:
Moment (kip.ft) -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% -5
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Moment (kip.ft) -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% -5
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Moment (kip.ft) Figure E-58 Compari
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Moment (kip.ft) -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% -2
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Moment (kip.ft) -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% -6
Page 259 and 260:
Moment (kip.ft) 2000 1500 1000 500
Page 261 and 262:
Moment (kip.ft) -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% -5
Page 263 and 264:
The statistical parameters used dur
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248
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250
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252
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[11] Morrison, S. J., Astaneh-Asl,
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[33] Tsai K. C., Popov E. P. (1990)
Page 285 and 286:
[56] Gebbeken, N., Rothert, H., and
Page 287:
BIOGRAGHICAL INFORMATION Roozbeh Ki
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