ON THE EFFECTS OF CIRCULAR BOLT PATTERNS ON THE ...

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3.2.3.2.1 Bolt Preparation This strain gauge is designed to be installed at the center of the bolt shank, as is shown in Figure 3-10. A high-speed milling machine with high strength carbon drill bit was used to drill the bolt- hole required for installation of the MLT-BL2 strain gauge. The in. (3 mm) bolt-hole with the depth of 1.25 in. (32 mm) was drilled at the center of the bolt shank through the bolt-head. Cooling agent was used during drilling to prevent the damage to the drill bit. The specimens were washed in soapy water using an ultrasound shaker to remove any grease or contamination in the bolt-hole. 3.2.3.2.2 Strain-Gauge Installation The installation procedure of MLT-BL2 stain gauge was easy, fast, and reliable. The 1/16 in. (2 mm) wide strain gauge was purchased prewired and coated. Vishay AE-10 adhesive was prepared carefully following the recommended procedure provided in the instruction manual. The adhesive was injected in the bolt-hole using a syringe. The bolt-hole was over filled to remove any possible air bubble. Then, the strain gauge was inserted carefully through the hole and secured for 15 min. The specimens were kept at room temperature for 24 hours to allow for proper curing. 3.2.3.2.3 Verification ¼ in. 1 in. 1/8 in. Figure 3-10 Schematic Of The MLT-BL2 Strain Gauge To ensure a proper installation, each bolt was pulled monotonically to 50% of its yield stress and the bolt force obtained from the strain gauge was compared with the load recorded by the load cell. This procedure was similar to the bolt force validation presented for Omega SG/LY11 strain gauge. 31
3.2.4 Test Setup The 400K compression/tension testing machine was used to apply a monotonic load to the T-Stubs. All bolts were pretensioned to 70% of the ultimate strength (proof load) [1]. It is a common practice to relate the bolt-force due to pre-tensioning, Fi, to a quantity that is easier to measure such as the applied torque, T. The required torque was calculated to be 100. for a ½ in. diameter bolt. The detail calculations to find a required applied torque are provided in Appendix-A. To verify the pre-tensioning force in the bolts, the applied bolt force by wrench was compared by the data collected from the strain gauges. The results revealed that the agreement between these two data set was satisfactory. The specimens were covered with whitewash to permit better observation of the yielding within the specimen. Two LVDT with 0.25 . stroke were installed on both sides of the specimen aligned with the stem of the T-Stubs to measure the separation of the flanges during the test. Figure 3-11, Figure 3-12, and Figure 3-13 show the locations of the LVDTs and the T-Stubs test setup used for specimens TS-L, TS-S and TS-C, respectively. The instruments were calibrated prior to the testing and connected to Vishay data acquisition system. The data was recorded using a PC-based data acquisition system with the rate of two data points per second (2 Hz). Figure 3-11 T-Stubs Test Setup With Line Bolt Pattern 32
Page 1 and 2: ON THE EFFECTS OF CIRCULAR BOLT PAT
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to exp
Page 5 and 6: elements during monotonic and cycli
Page 7 and 8: 3.2.3.1.2 Surface Preparation .....
Page 9 and 10: APPENDIX ..........................
Page 11 and 12: 3-15 Configuration Of Extended End-
Page 13 and 14: 5-10 Comparison Of The Predicted Vs
Page 15 and 16: 6-18 End-Plate Deformation Of (a) T
Page 17 and 18: 6-4 Energy Dissipation Percentage V
Page 19 and 20: (a) (b) (c) . Figure 1-1 Failure Mo
Page 21 and 22: noticeable. Among those, Asteneh-as
Page 23 and 24: phenomenon will decrease the bolt-f
Page 25 and 26: Douty and McGuire [3] (1965) conduc
Page 27 and 28: Tsai and Popov [33] performed three
Page 29 and 30: plate moment connection can be use
Page 31 and 32: during moderate earthquake excitati
Page 33 and 34: Gebbeken et al.[56] used the finite
Page 35 and 36: load overcomes the pretension force
Page 37 and 38: Figure 2-3 Tension Angle Free-Body
Page 39 and 40: CHAPTER 3 3. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGA
Page 41 and 42: compared with results collected fro
Page 43 and 44: Figure 3-5 Deformed Shape Of The T-
Page 45 and 46: head. Two varnished copper wires we
Page 47: Figure 3-8 Schematic Drawing Of The
Page 51 and 52: The instrumented bolts were connect
Page 53 and 54: Figure 3-14 Applied Force Vs. Flang
Page 55 and 56: describing the configuration of the
Page 57 and 58: column flange by one row of ¾ in.
Page 59 and 60: prevent out-of-plane buckling of th
Page 61 and 62: Figure 3-20(c) shows the test instr
Page 63 and 64: Element Washer Bolt Line Number Tab
Page 65 and 66: modulus and the rate at which the h
Page 67 and 68: (a) (b) (c) Figure 4-3 Contacts In
Page 69 and 70: Bolt Force (kip) 0 2 4 (mm) 6 8 Fig
Page 71 and 72: It can be seen from the results pre
Page 73 and 74: a very early stage of loading with
Page 75 and 76: Moment (kip.ft) 300 200 100 0 -100
Page 77 and 78: Figure 4-17 Failure Of Bolts In The
Page 79 and 80: geometrical configuration of bolt h
Page 81 and 82: Figure 4-23 Failure Of The Angle Du
Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 5 5. DEVELOPMENT OF HYSTERE
Page 85 and 86: The schematic comparison of the pro
Page 87 and 88: Bolt-4 Bolt-5 Bolt-3 End-Plate Bolt
Page 89 and 90: The analyses were conducted by appl
Page 91 and 92: Figure 5-5 Schematic Drawing Of The
Page 93 and 94: F G Figure 5-6 Tri-Linear Hysteresi
Page 95 and 96: simulate the hysteresis characteris
Page 97: Table 5-5 Continued 80
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Table 5-7 Summary Of The Results An
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Section 5-6-3-4 Figure 5-7 Section
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These techniques yield information
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2 A value of R 1 implies that S is
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(kip.ft) Figure 5-9 Comparison Of T
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M e . .t . .A . .S . (5-17) The p
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Figure 5-16 Comparison Of The Predi
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(ksi) Figure 5-19 Comparison Of The
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(ksi) Figure 5-22 Comparison Of The
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CHAPTER 6 6. DISCUSSION OF THE RESU
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Table 6-2 Energy Dissipation Percen
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espectively. While in similar model
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Moment (kip.ft) 900 450 0 ‐450
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Models Tp1½-Bd½-d30, Tp1-Bd½-d30
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a) Tp½-Bd1¼-d30-CIR 140 Bolt Forc
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a) Tp1½-Bd1¼-d30-CIR 140 Bolt For
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a) Tp1½-Bd½-d30-CIR 25 Bolt Force
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This phenomenon is attributed to th
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6.5 Bolt-Force Variation Under Cycl
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a) Tp1.0-Bd1¼-d30- 140 Bolt Force
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a) Tp½-Bd½-d30- 25 Bolt Force (ki
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a) Tp¾-Bd¾-d30- 60 Bolt Force (ki
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configurations of the finite elemen
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Circular Bolt Pattern Square Bolt P
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0.15 0.3 0.45 0.6 0.75 (a) (b) Figu
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initial stiffness of the connection
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parameters is recommended to study
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The relation between applied torque
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146 Table B-1 Test Matrix of the Co
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Table B-3Test Matrix of the Connect
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The hysteresis results obtained fro
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Moment (kip.ft) 1500 1000 500 0 -2%
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Moment (kip.ft) 1500 1000 500 0 ‐
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Moment (kip.ft) 1500 1000 500 0 ‐
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Moment (kip.ft) Figure C-22 Compari
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Moment (kip.ft) ‐2% ‐1% 0% 1% 2
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Moment (kip.ft) ‐1.5% ‐1.0% ‐
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Moment (kip.ft) ‐1.5% ‐1.0% ‐
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Moment (kip.ft) ‐1.5% ‐1.0% ‐
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Moment (kip.ft) 1000 750 500 250 0
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Moment (kip.ft) 2000 1500 1000 500
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Moment (kip.ft) 1500 1000 500 0 ‐
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The hysteresis results obtained fro
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Moment (kip.ft) 2000 1500 1000 500
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Moment (kip.ft) -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% -5
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Moment (kip.ft) -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% -5
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Moment (kip.ft) -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% -5
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Moment (kip.ft) -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% -5
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Moment (kip.ft) Figure D-34 Compari
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Moment (kip.ft) 900 600 300 0 -2% -
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Moment (kip.ft) ‐1.5% ‐1.0% ‐
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Moment (kip.ft) ‐1.5% ‐1.0% ‐
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Page 223 and 224:
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Moment (kip.ft) ‐1.5% ‐1.0% ‐
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Moment (kip.ft) ‐1.5% ‐1.0% ‐
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Moment (kip.ft) 1500 1000 500 0 ‐
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Moment (kip.ft) 1500 1000 500 0 ‐
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The simulated tri-linear hysteresis
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Moment (kip.ft) 1500 1000 500 0 -2%
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Moment (kip.ft) -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% -5
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Moment (kip.ft) 1500 1000 500 0 -2%
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Moment (kip.ft) -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% -5
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Moment (kip.ft) -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% -5
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Moment (kip.ft) Figure E-34 Compari
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Moment (kip.ft) 900 600 300 0 -2% -
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Moment (kip.ft) -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% -5
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Moment (kip.ft) -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% -5
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Moment (kip.ft) Figure E-58 Compari
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Moment (kip.ft) -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% -2
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Moment (kip.ft) -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% -6
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Moment (kip.ft) 2000 1500 1000 500
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Moment (kip.ft) -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% -5
Page 263 and 264:
The statistical parameters used dur
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248
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250
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[11] Morrison, S. J., Astaneh-Asl,
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[33] Tsai K. C., Popov E. P. (1990)
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[56] Gebbeken, N., Rothert, H., and
Page 287:
BIOGRAGHICAL INFORMATION Roozbeh Ki
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