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international labour standards, as well as in-house efforts to prevent bribery and corruption. These will not be achieved, implemented and sustained without dialogue and consultation at all levels of the organization. 242. The costs of poor CSR and poor corporate governance are high and long-lasting. The oil industry has therefore developed due diligence practices in order to increase compliance with good governance principles and international and national laws. Increased transparency, engagement with and contribution to local communities, for example, through community employment creation, are important aspects of CSR. Concerns about corruption associated with the development of natural resources led to the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. Given the lack of effectiveness of some of voluntary initiative schemes, there is also a need for a legal framework, such as the OECD’s antibribery convention. 243. Exploring for and producing oil and gas often involve the rights of indigenous people. Social dialogue can contribute to improving the living conditions of indigenous people and their rights through a participatory approach. In a similar context, dialogue between indigenous people who are affected by the development of natural resources and the oil industry is important to ensure they can participate in the whole process. In another context, social dialogue can also bring together the industry and trade unions to protect workers’ rights in the massive oil industry procurement market. 244. Social dialogue can increase democracy and transparency in the management of sovereign wealth funds (SWFs); by 2010 they may exceed US$12 trillion. A lack of transparency is making it difficult for some recipient countries to accept capital inflows from SWFs. Norway, however, has shown that the successful management of a SWF requires transparency and ethics based on dialogue and has taken measures in this regard. 7.2. Suggested points for discussion 245. In the light of the foregoing treatment of the issues, the following points are offered as a basis for discussions at the meeting: 1. How can decent employment creation, increased efficiency and competitiveness in the oil industry be better combined? Which social measures should accompany changing employment practices? 2. What are the key elements that underpin good industrial relations in the oil industry? What measures could be taken by governments and the social partners to promote and ensure good industrial relations? 3. What challenges and opportunities are presented by contract labour in the oil industry? What measures could be taken in order to address the implications of a contract workforce on workers’ rights and their safety and health? 4. What skills and qualifications are conducive to the sustainable development of employment in the oil industry? How could the industry be made more attractive to young workers and provide better opportunities for training and career development, particularly for women? 5. How can social dialogue, good governance practices and voluntary initiatives promote sustainable enterprises and contribute to decent work in the oil industry? 6. What measures should the ILO take to contribute to promoting social dialogue and good industrial relations in the oil industry? 98 TMOGE-R-[2008-12-0110-1]-En.doc/v3
Appendix I Employment in petroleum refining in selected countries, 1990–2005 Country 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Argentina 7 071 5 088 4 866 4 884 7 353 7 162 6 845 6 802 7 065 7 162 Aruba 750 750 670 580 580 550 590 480 330 280 250 260 280 280 290 310 Australia 4 000 4 000 4 000 3 934 4 053 3 649 3 583 3 665 3 507 4 050 3 811 4 547 Austria 3 663 3 753 3 521 3 308 3 552 – – – – – – – – – – Azerbaijan 4 732 4 666 4 872 5 672 6 202 11 346 9 077 7 754 7 018 6 659 6 678 6 188 6 310 6 430 6 748 6 724 Belgium 4 128 4 260 4 216 3 968 – – – 4 005 4 097 Bolivia 602 612 1 075 1 068 1 084 958 869 929 821 904 930 848 Brazil 23 974 23 621 21 667 20 965 22 164 23 505 25 387 25 536 27 043 Bulgaria 11 710 13 072 12 800 11 710 10 387 10 334 9 177 8 054 – – Cameroon 535 542 567 560 563 566 620 601 – – – Canada 15 277 13 844 13 066 12 997 12 417 11 146 11 183 11 752 10 388 10 363 8 214 7 927 7 774 Chile 1 242 1 284 1 315 1 319 1 324 1 306 1 273 1 224 1 192 1 482 1 478 2 821 2 829 2 864 TMOGE-R-[2008-12-0110-1]-En.doc/v3 99 China 510 000 570 000 590 000 460 000 710 000 720 000 760 000 776 000 780 000 716 000 637 000 592 000 559 000 China (Hong Kong SAR) 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 – – – 100 China (Taiwan Province) 16 924 16 159 16 159 16 188 15 874 Colombia 5 400 4 789 6 303 6 623 6 301 6 090 5 952 6 124 5 615 3 213 4 568 3 998 3 829 3 650 3 611 3 400 Costa Rica 2 115 2 760 2 318 2 389 2 516 2 340 1 379 497 537 2 049 701 2 068 2 127 1 779 Croatia 4 965 4 413 4 453 4 446 4 530 4 291 4 265 3 961 4 039 Cyprus 143 141 157 152 153 143 144 143 147 142 146 143 143 140 74 59 Denmark 621 630 674 989 928 268 239 211 – – – – – Ecuador 1 665 1 410 1 410 2 632 2 277 2 618 2 570 2 726 2 681 2 617 2 577 2 573 2 884 2 705 2 682 2 566 Egypt 17 200 18 400 17 500 17 700 18 301 17 502 18 961 43 092 26 048 Estonia – – – – – – – – – – 1 000 1 000 1 000 France 23 894 22 387 22 762 22 805 21 649 – 19 402 18 450 18 601 17 711 17 155 17 810 17 616 21 163 Georgia 743 121 144 85 87 131 199 44 Germany 39 540 32 874 29 797 27 907 23 155 21 246 19 896 – – – – – – – Greece 4 633 4 111 4 108 4 182 4 261 4 118 3 711 3 596 3 531 Hungary – – 17 411 16 736 15 702 14 469 – – – 10 547 8 794 7 297 6 144
Page 1 and 2:
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION S
Page 3 and 4:
Contents Acknowledgements .........
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7. Summary and points for discussio
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Abbreviations AEEU Amalgamated Engi
Page 11 and 12:
Introduction 1. At its 298th Sessio
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1. The oil industry in context 1.1.
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alliance building; energy security;
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Table 1.1. Oil and gas companies an
Page 19 and 20:
2. Employment trends 2.1. Employmen
Page 21 and 22:
17. Broadly, employment trends are
Page 23 and 24:
employment in Malaysia increased by
Page 25 and 26:
(b) 2004 Pemex Corporative 5% Pemex
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estimated that 30,000 or more new w
Page 29 and 30:
Table 2.4. Female employees in petr
Page 31 and 32:
3. Conditions of work 3.1. Remunera
Page 33 and 34:
2007 Oil and gas extraction Mining
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Figure 3.1. Average monthly salary
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Figure 3.3. (a) Oil refineries wage
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(e) Oil refineries wages in Western
Page 41 and 42:
eceive medical care throughout thei
Page 43 and 44:
54. As in other 24-hour a day indus
Page 45 and 46:
Figure 3.4. Fatalities by cause in
Page 47 and 48:
Figure 3.6. Fatalities by age group
Page 49 and 50:
67. In Kuwait, in 2000, two major a
Page 51 and 52:
Box 3.1 Recommendations by BP US Re
Page 53 and 54:
childcare policies with a view to i
Page 55 and 56:
home work-related concerns and stre
Page 57 and 58: Box 3.2 Worker involvement in safet
Page 59 and 60: 89. The 48 cases concerning the oil
Page 61 and 62: arrests, detentions and sometimes l
Page 63 and 64: industry and the results of the Jun
Page 65 and 66: 109. Democracy and social dialogue
Page 67 and 68: without any right of appeal to the
Page 69 and 70: 4.2. Employee-employer relations 4.
Page 71 and 72: gender-neutral way and the principl
Page 73 and 74: 2006. 68 In South Africa, the last
Page 75 and 76: Box 4.1 Workers’ concerns about l
Page 77 and 78: to increase their numerical flexibi
Page 79 and 80: work as far as basic working condit
Page 81 and 82: and their companies must be resolve
Page 83 and 84: has found that recruiting new membe
Page 85 and 86: 1995 when the parties could not agr
Page 87 and 88: Box 4.2 Orientations for reference
Page 89 and 90: 5. Human resources development 5.1.
Page 91 and 92: total), ranking it 13th among all i
Page 93 and 94: 6. Corporate social responsibility
Page 95 and 96: 200. The MNE Declaration encourages
Page 97 and 98: the same time, increase job opportu
Page 99 and 100: eport. Many other African countries
Page 101 and 102: whistle-blowing. Although the Act d
Page 103 and 104: and the Bolivarian Republic of Vene
Page 105 and 106: seen higher wage increases than in
Page 107: 236. IFAs or GFAs have been signed
Page 111 and 112: Country 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 19
Page 113 and 114: 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Page 115 and 116: 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Page 117 and 118: 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Page 119 and 120: 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Page 121 and 122: 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Page 123 and 124: Appendix III Excerpt of the Right t
Page 125 and 126: Article 9 Article 10 2. The law of
Page 127 and 128: Company Year Country of origin Busi
Page 129 and 130: Table 2. Substantive provisions in
Page 131 and 132: Training Restructuring Health and s
Page 133 and 134: Table 3. Procedural provisions in i
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